Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ja_me_ilha.pdf: 276180 bytes, checksum: d816bf18185d5a1f5af6b1e891193346 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) produz em ramos em crescimento, exigindo a poda de frutificação, encurtando os ramos que já produziram para estimular nova brotação, que será frutífera. A utilização de reguladores vegetais associados à poda de frutificação podem facilitar a emissão de brotos. Considerando a importância da poda de frutificação e a falta de informações sobre a utilização de reguladores vegetais na cultura da goiabeira, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: estudar o efeito da aplicação de nitrato de potássio (KNO3) após a poda de frutificação em goiabeira, sobre as variáveis: brotação, florescimento, frutificação e qualidade dos frutos das cultivares Paluma, Pedro Sato, Sassaoka e Século XXI. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições, uma planta por parcela, empregando-se o esquema fatorial 2x4, sendo duas doses (0 e 4%) e quatro cultivares de goiabeira. Os tratamentos foram: T1N1 (cv. Paluma com KNO3); T1N0 (cv. Paluma sem KNO3); T2N1 (cv. Pedro Sato com KNO3); T2N0 (cv. Pedro Sato sem KNO3); T3N1 (cv. Sassaoka com KNO3); T3N0 (cv. Sassaoka sem KNO3); T4N1 (cv. Século XXI com KNO3) e T4N0 (cv. Século XXI sem KNO3). Para as cultivares Paluma, Pedro Sato, Sassaoka e Século XXI concluiu-se que não houve efeito da aplicação de KNO3 após a poda de frutificação sobre as variáveis brotação, florescimento e frutificação dos ramos podados e a massa, o diâmetro longitudinal e transversal dos frutos e os valores para sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e o ratio (relação SS/AT) não foram alterados com a aplicação de nitrato de potássio após a poda de frutificação. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de novas pesquisas relacionadas à dose, produtos, épocas e intensidade de poda / The guava (Psidium guajava L.) yields in growing branches requiring pruning of fruit, shortening the branches that have already produced to stimulate new shoots, which should be fruitful. The use of plant growth regulators related to fructification pruning may become important alternatives to the cultivation of this plant. Considering the importance of pruning fruiting and lack of information on the use of plant growth regulators in the culture of guava, the objectives of this study to evaluate the effect effect of potassium nitrate (KNO3) application after fruit pruning on the bug break, flowering and fruiting and physico-chemical quality of the fruits of guava cultivars Paluma, Pedro Sato, Sassaoka and Seculo XXI. The experimental design used was the randomized block with three replications, one plant per plot, using a 2x4 factorial design, with two doses of potassium nitrate (0 and 4%) and four guava cultivars. The treatments were: T1N1 (cv. Paluma with KNO3); T1N0 (cv. Paluma without KNO3); T2N1 (cv. Pedro Sato with KNO3); T2N0 (cv. Pedro Sato without KNO3); T3N1 (cv. Sassaoka with KNO3); T3N0 (cv. Sassaoka without KNO3); T4N1 (cv. Século XXI with KNO3) e T4N0 (cv. Século XXI without KNO3).There was no effect of KNO3 after pruning fruiting variables on sprouting, flowering and fruiting branches pruned cultivars Paluma, Pedro Sato, Sassaoka and Seculo XXI. The mass, the longitudinal and transverse diameter of the fruits and the total amount of soluble solids, the titratable acidity and the ratio (SS/AT) also did not change with the application of potassium nitrate pruning after fruiting for the cultivars. The results show the need for further research related to dose, products, time and intensity of pruning

Orientador: Luiz de Souza Corrêa / Banca: Aparecida Conceição Boliani / Banca: Silvia Correa Santos / Resumo: A goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) produz em ramos em crescimento, exigindo a poda de frutificação, encurtando os ramos que já produziram para estimular nova brotação, que será frutífera. A utilização de reguladores vegetais associados à poda de frutificação podem facilitar a emissão de brotos. Considerando a importância da poda de frutificação e a falta de informações sobre a utilização de reguladores vegetais na cultura da goiabeira, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: estudar o efeito da aplicação de nitrato de potássio (KNO3) após a poda de frutificação em goiabeira, sobre as variáveis: brotação, florescimento, frutificação e qualidade dos frutos das cultivares Paluma, Pedro Sato, Sassaoka e Século XXI. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições, uma planta por parcela, empregando-se o esquema fatorial 2x4, sendo duas doses (0 e 4%) e quatro cultivares de goiabeira. Os tratamentos foram: T1N1 (cv. Paluma com KNO3); T1N0 (cv. Paluma sem KNO3); T2N1 (cv. Pedro Sato com KNO3); T2N0 (cv. Pedro Sato sem KNO3); T3N1 (cv. Sassaoka com KNO3); T3N0 (cv. Sassaoka sem KNO3); T4N1 (cv. Século XXI com KNO3) e T4N0 (cv. Século XXI sem KNO3). Para as cultivares Paluma, Pedro Sato, Sassaoka e Século XXI concluiu-se que não houve efeito da aplicação de KNO3 após a poda de frutificação sobre as variáveis brotação, florescimento e frutificação dos ramos podados e a massa, o diâmetro longitudinal e transversal dos frutos e os valores para sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e o ratio (relação SS/AT) não foram alterados com a aplicação de nitrato de potássio após a poda de frutificação. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de novas pesquisas relacionadas à dose, produtos, épocas e intensidade de poda / Abstract: The guava (Psidium guajava L.) yields in growing branches requiring pruning of fruit, shortening the branches that have already produced to stimulate new shoots, which should be fruitful. The use of plant growth regulators related to fructification pruning may become important alternatives to the cultivation of this plant. Considering the importance of pruning fruiting and lack of information on the use of plant growth regulators in the culture of guava, the objectives of this study to evaluate the effect effect of potassium nitrate (KNO3) application after fruit pruning on the bug break, flowering and fruiting and physico-chemical quality of the fruits of guava cultivars Paluma, Pedro Sato, Sassaoka and Seculo XXI. The experimental design used was the randomized block with three replications, one plant per plot, using a 2x4 factorial design, with two doses of potassium nitrate (0 and 4%) and four guava cultivars. The treatments were: T1N1 (cv. Paluma with KNO3); T1N0 (cv. Paluma without KNO3); T2N1 (cv. Pedro Sato with KNO3); T2N0 (cv. Pedro Sato without KNO3); T3N1 (cv. Sassaoka with KNO3); T3N0 (cv. Sassaoka without KNO3); T4N1 (cv. Século XXI with KNO3) e T4N0 (cv. Século XXI without KNO3).There was no effect of KNO3 after pruning fruiting variables on sprouting, flowering and fruiting branches pruned cultivars Paluma, Pedro Sato, Sassaoka and Seculo XXI. The mass, the longitudinal and transverse diameter of the fruits and the total amount of soluble solids, the titratable acidity and the ratio (SS/AT) also did not change with the application of potassium nitrate pruning after fruiting for the cultivars. The results show the need for further research related to dose, products, time and intensity of pruning / Mestre

L'un des défis auxquels sont confrontés les producteurs de fruits est de réussir à maintenir d'année en année un équilibre entre croissance végétative et production. La productivité des arbres fruitiers au cours des années est étroitement liée à leur développement. Intégrer les caractères architecturaux dans les programmes de sélection pourrait donc, améliorer la régularité de production et aider à optimiser la gestion des cultures. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le déterminisme génétique des caractères architecturaux chez l'olivier (Olea europaea L. subsp. Europaea), en incluant le développement végétatif et reproducteur. L'olivier a un grand intérêt en raison de l'importance de l'huile d'olive et des olives dans l'alimentation humaine. L'étude a porté sur une descendance issue du croisement entre les variétés 'Olivière' et ‘Arbequina' qui a été cultivée en verger dans deux environnements contrastés. En premier lieu, nous avons étudié le déterminisme génétique de la croissance et ramification des arbres durant la phase juvénile sur un site en considérant trois échelles d'observation: arbre, unité de croissance et entrenœuds. Les interactions entre les facteurs liés à l'ontogénie de l'arbre ainsi que les facteurs génotype et environnement ont été prises en compte. Des modèles génétiques, incluant les effets année de croissance et/ou ordre de ramification, environnement, génotype et leurs interactions respectives, ont été construits en intégrant une fonction de variance et une structure de covariance lorsque cela était nécessaire. Après une étape de sélection de modèle, les facteurs impactant significativement l'architecture de l'arbre ont été identifiés et les valeurs d'héritabilité au sens large ont été estimées. Ces résultats nous ont permis de définir à quel moment au cours de l'ontogenèse de l'olivier et à quelle échelle d'observation, les caractères de croissance et ramification sont déterminés génétiquement. De plus, cette étude a permis d'investiguer la plasticité des caractères architecturaux et leur stabilité entre environnements contrastés. Enfin, les changements associés à l'acquisition des facultés reproductives ont été observés. Quand tous les descendants ont atteint l'âge adulte, j'ai étudié les bases génétiques du développement reproducteur. La stratégie était basée sur (i) une décomposition d'un sous échantillon d'unités de croissance localisées à la périphérie de la couronne de l'arbre en variables quantitatives liées à la fois aux processus de floraison et fructification en relation avec leur croissance et ramification (ii) une évaluation annuelle du rendement des arbres durant quatre années. L'observation d'arbres 'ON' ou ‘OFF' pour une année donnée a révélé des tendances de production régulière vs irrégulière au sein de la descendance. Après avoir développé une nouvelle carte génétique, une recherche QTLs associés aux caractères reproductifs a été réalisée. Des QTLs présentant les effets des deux parents et des co-localisations ont été identifiés. Cette étude a mis en évidence le schéma de développement de l'olivier pendant les phases juvénile et mature mettant en évidence l'existence de gradients ontogéniques se traduisant par des caractères héritables qu'à la périphérie de l'arbre. Une stratégie de phénotypage adaptée aux caractéristiques architecturales de l'olivier a été proposée. Enfin, les descendants montrant une supériorité intéressante par rapport à leurs parents ont été identifiés. Ces génotypes pourraient être valorisés dans les programmes de sélection futurs pour la création de variétés innovantes. / One of the most challenging questions that fruit growers are facing is to maintain trees in a stable balance between production and vegetative growth from year to year. Fruit trees productivity over years is closely linked to their development. Integrating architectural traits in breeding programs could thus, optimise cultivation management and improve bearing regularity. Here, we investigate the genetic determinism of architectural traits in the olive tree (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea) including vegetative and reproductive behaviour. The olive tree raises high interest because of the importance of olive oil and olives in the human diet. The segregating population under study derived from a cross between ‘Olivière' and ‘Arbequina' cultivars and was grown on two orchards under contrasting environments. First, we investigated the genetic determinism of juvenile growth and branching traits in one site at three different scales: whole tree, growth unit and internodes. Interaction between tree ontogeny, genetic and environmental factors were considered. Genetic models, including the year of growth, environment, genotype effects and their interactions, were built with variance function and covariance structure of residuals when necessary. After a model selection step, morphogenetic factors impacting significantly tree architecture were identified and heritabilities were estimated. These finding allow us to define when during the olive tree ontogeny and at which observation scale, growth and branching traits are under genetic influence. Moreover, progenies plastic response to contrasted environments was highlighted and traits showing significant genotype-by-environment effect were identified. Changes over time associated to the acquisition of reproductive competence were further observed. Once all progenies attempt adulthood, we studied the genetic basis of reproductive behaviour. Our strategy was based on (i) a decomposition of adult growth units at the crown periphery in quantitative variables related to both flowering and fruiting process in relation to their growth and branching (ii) an annual assessment of individual trees yield. The observation of ‘on' or ‘off' olive trees in a given year over four years revealed patterns of regular vs. irregular bearing. After developing a new genetic map, a QTL mapping was carried out on reproductive traits, leading to the identification of QTLs with effects from both parents and co-localizations. This study gives an overview of olive tree development during juvenility and maturity periods showing the existence of ontogenic trends, which result in traits heritable mostly at the tree periphery. A phenotyping strategy adapted to its architectural characteristics is proposed. Finally, progenies showing interesting superiority in comparison to their parents were identified and could constitute interesting sources for innovative materials in future selection programs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Fernando_Jose_ Hawerroth.pdf: 3146259 bytes, checksum: 9a1582822ee01601422d0cc7ea2ea69e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-30 / Temperature is the main climate factor related to induction, maintenance and dormancy release in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The inadequate chilling exposure for this species causes the occurrence of budbreak problems, resulting in decrease in yield potential. Thus, the knowledge of physiological principles and environmental factors determining the dormancy phenomenon, especially winter temperature effects, it is necessary for the cultivars efficient selection in a productive region. Similarly cultural practices can be developed and adapted to minimize the problems cause by lack chilling during winter. The budbreak promoters application is one of main management s strategies used to decrease the problems of insufficient winter chilling on temperate fruit trees. Because the influence of budbreak promoters on plant s productive behavior, detecting this effects along of productive season became important. This study aimed to evaluate the budbreak and depth dormancy of apple cultivars exposed to different chilling conditions during the winter, and evaluate the apple productive response by budbreak promoters application. For this, three experiments were carried out in this research. In the first experiment, one-yearold twigs of Castel Gala and Royal Gala cultivars, grafted on M7 rootstock, were submitted to temperatures of 5, 10 and 15 C for different exposure periods (168, 336, 672, 1008 and 1344 hours). After treatments execution, the plants were kept in a greenhouse at 25ºC. Budbreak was quantified when accumulated 3444, 6888, 10332, 13776, 17220 and 20664 GDHºC after temperature treatments. The cultivars responded differently to temperature effect during the winter period. The temperature of 15 °C showed greater effectiveness on Castel Gala budbreak, while temperatures of 5 and 10ºC showed better performance in Royal Gala apple trees. It was not possible to estimate chilling requirement of cultivars studied through autumn grafted twigs, because the low budbreak obtained, derived of high apical dominance expressed by apple tree in this evaluation system. The objective of the second experiment was to evaluate the dormancy progression of apple cultivars with different chilling requirements. One-year-old twigs of Castel Gala , Condessa , Daiane , Fuji , Imperatriz and Royal Gala cultivars were exposed to 0, 336, 672, 1008 and 1344 chilling units at 4.5 ± 0.5 º C. After chilling exposure, the twigs were segmented into four cuttings (terminal, axillary superior, axillary median and axillary basal) and placed in growth chamber at 23±1ºC. The depth dormancy was measured by the mean time of budbreak (MTB). Through the method was not possible to group the cultivars according chilling requirement, indicating that correlation between the depth dormancy and chilling requirement isn t observed for all apple cultivars. In the third experiment were evaluated different hydrogen cyanamide and mineral oil combinations on phenology, budbreak and fruit production of Imperial Gala and Suprema s Fuji apple trees, during 2007/2008 growing season. Five budbreak promoters treatments were tested (1. control; 2. mineral oil 3.2%; 3. mineral oil 3.2% + hydrogen cyanamide 0.20%; 4. mineral oil 3.2% + hydrogen cyanamide 0.39%; 5. mineral oil 3.2% + hydrogen cyanamide 0.59%). The budbreak promoters application anticipated and reduced the blooming period, increasing the blooming overlap between Imperial Gala and Suprema´s Fuji cultivars. The budbreak promoters equalized and increased the budbreak in axillary and terminal buds, with the major budbreak level observed in Imperial Gala cultivar with 0.44% of hydrogen cyanamide and 3.2% of mineral oil treatment. The increase of hydrogen cyanamide concentration showed the tendency to decrease the fruit set. It was observed different treatment responses on production and mean fruit weight, probably to be related to fruit production predominance in different fructification structures. / A temperatura é o principal fator climático relacionado a indução, manutenção e superação da dormência na macieira (Malus domestica Borkh.). O inadequado suprimento em frio para esta espécie determina a ocorrência de problemas relacionados a brotação, repercutindo na diminuição do potencial produtivo. Dessa forma, o conhecimento dos princípios fisiológicos e dos fatores ambientais determinantes no fenômeno da dormência, sobretudo o efeito das temperaturas hibernais, faz-se necessário para a eficiente seleção de cultivares em determinada região produtora, assim como para eficiente elaboração e adequação de práticas culturais para minimização dos problemas oriundos do insuficiente acúmulo de frio hibernal. A aplicação de indutores de brotação é uma das principais estratégias de manejo utilizadas para minimizar os problemas da falta de frio em frutíferas de clima temperado. Em razão da influência dos indutores de brotação sobre a resposta produtiva das plantas, a mensuração de seus efeitos ao longo do ciclo produtivo torna-se importante. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a brotação e profundidade de dormência de cultivares de macieira frente a diferentes condições de exposição ao frio durante o período hibernal, e avaliar a resposta produtiva de macieiras frente à aplicação de indutores de brotação. Para tanto, foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro experimento, ramos de um ano das cultivares Castel Gala e Royal Gala, enxertadas no porta-enxerto M7, foram submetidos as temperaturas de 5, 10 e 15ºC durante diferentes períodos de exposição (168; 336; 672; 1008 e 1344 horas). Após a efetivação dos tratamentos, as plantas foram mantidas em casa de vegetação a 25ºC. A brotação foi quantificada quando acumulada soma térmica de 3444, 6888, 10332, 13776, 17220 e 20664 GDHºC após tratamentos térmicos. As cultivares estudadas responderam diferentemente as temperaturas durante o período hibernal. A temperatura de 15ºC apresentou maior efetividade na brotação de gemas da cultivar Castel Gala, enquanto as temperaturas de 5 e 10ºC apresentaram melhor desempenho na cultivar Royal Gala. Não foi possível estimar o requerimento em frio das cultivares estudadas através do uso de ramos enxertados no outono, visto os baixos percentuais de brotação obtidos, decorrentes da alta dominância apical apresentada pela macieira neste sistema de avaliação. O objetivo do segundo experimento foi avaliar a dinâmica da dormência em cultivares com diferentes requerimentos em frio. Ramos de um ano das cultivares Castel Gala, Condessa, Daiane, Fuji, Imperatriz e Royal Gala foram expostos a 0, 336, 672, 1008 e 1344 unidades de frio a 4,5±0,5ºC. Após a exposição ao frio, os ramos foram segmentados em quatro estacas (terminal, axilar superior, axilar mediana e axilar inferior) e colocados em câmara de crescimento à 23±1ºC. A profundidade de dormência foi avaliada pelo tempo médio para brotação das gemas (TMB). Através do método utilizado não foi possível agrupar as cultivares segundo o requerimento em frio, indicando que a correlação entre a profundidade de dormência e o requerimento em frio não é valida para todas as cultivares de macieira. No terceiro experimento foram avaliadas diferentes combinações de cianamida hidrogenada e óleo mineral sobre a fenologia, brotação de gemas e produção de frutos em macieiras Imperial Gala e Fuji Suprema , durante o ciclo 2007/2008. Foram testados cinco níveis de indutor de brotação (1. testemunha; 2. óleo mineral 3,2%; 3. óleo mineral 3,2% + cianamida hidrogenada 0,20%; 4. óleo mineral 3,2% + cianamida hidrogenada 0,39%; 5. óleo mineral 3,2% + cianamida hidrogenada 0,59%). A aplicação dos indutores de brotação antecipou e reduziu o período de florescimento, aumentando a coincidência de florescimento das cultivares Imperial Gala e Fuji Suprema. Os indutores de brotação uniformizaram e aumentaram a brotação de gemas axilares e terminais, obtendo-se máxima brotação na cultivar Imperial Gala com 0,44% de cianamida hidrogenada e 3,2% de óleo mineral. O aumento da concentração de cianamida hidrogenada apresentou a tendência de diminuir a frutificação efetiva. Observaram-se respostas diferenciadas entre tratamentos quanto à produção e a massa média dos frutos, podendo ser atribuídas ao predomínio da produção de frutos em distintas estruturas de frutificação.

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No. of bitstreams: 17 Aline_Gonzalez_Saller_Dissertação.pdf: 2284497 bytes, checksum: 4cf1e18cb1cc888bd8074f4f408bdeba (MD5) Aline_Saller_Glossário Frutificação.pdf: 2112752 bytes, checksum: 4540be5b6eb0f418c6fb8a8fd40633f0 (MD5) ANDROCEU.mp4: 16597184 bytes, checksum: 3e7e2345b8c515322b7be79b00f20d13 (MD5) ANGIOSPERMA.mp4: 16580206 bytes, checksum: 4c115ecb2e062c9712d1b7fea81f3cc1 (MD5) CARPELO.mp4: 14450818 bytes, checksum: 17196ba5bdadb2a54ce38fca937283c4 (MD5) ENDOSPERMA.mp4: 19875381 bytes, checksum: 8d8541ae890ccb754fd6ed00c912ad4e (MD5) ESTAMES.mp4: 14517073 bytes, checksum: b4f21dddcbf69aa7b2bf1e0cce2587ab (MD5) FLOR.mp4: 13045192 bytes, checksum: 52959b79a11885dfb0cfeecb6671981a (MD5) FRUTO CARNOSO.mp4: 12198123 bytes, checksum: 391190b6d2ea7b09814fd2a069d21908 (MD5) FRUTO SECO.mp4: 13617570 bytes, checksum: 96034a9b56fcc7dee7a7dd5217a3f283 (MD5) OVÁRIO.mp4: 14571632 bytes, checksum: 0f5d8b5e291273f913aedb489a83d77f (MD5) ÓVULOS.mp4: 14573385 bytes, checksum: e35d2b08821303c2160c87751d532681 (MD5) PÓLEN.mp4: 17165601 bytes, checksum: a2623257fdf579c2bc3baab9f0738a7f (MD5) POLINIZAÇÃO.mp4: 18375330 bytes, checksum: b7fe6a797ac5eac5b4cd40d40bdb72ac (MD5) PSEUDOFRUTO.mp4: 14068736 bytes, checksum: b7725b7e851c23b1ec595065281f5ae5 (MD5) SEMENTE.mp4: 12551305 bytes, checksum: 60b5e55dcef2f48bce43c207fc91ae2f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-18 / Esta dissertação de mestrado é fruto do interesse da pesquisadora em aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre o ensino de Ciências/Biologia para educandos surdos, que se deu já em curso da graduação em ciências biológicas, porém é a partir do mestrado profissional que estas inquietações são aprimoradas partindo do problema de pesquisa “como tornar o ensino de Botânica-frutificação significativo para alunos surdos a partir de uma proposta de ensino centrada na visualidade?” tendo como objetivo produzir recursos de cunho visual de apoio para professores e discentes, que valorizem a cultura e a diferença linguística desses, possibilitando uma aprendizagem significativa dos conceitos sobre frutificação, porquanto que o ensino de Botânica é uma das áreas da Biologia pouco exploradas e trabalhadas pelos professores em sala de aula. Este estudo é configurado como uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando como metodologia de pesquisa um estudo de caso, desenvolvido com 29 alunos surdos e ouvintes do ensino médio e fundamental, sendo 19 alunos (5 surdos e 14 ouvintes) do segundo ano do ensino médio de uma Escola Municipal de Ensino Médio, e 10 alunos do sexto ano de uma Escola Especial de Ensino Fundamental para alunos surdos ou com baixa audição, ambas de Pelotas, e com os professores de Biologia e Ciências destas escolas. A aplicação do glossário nos colégios ocorreu a partir de uma Unidade Didática e fora analisada através de um estudo de caso, com o objetivo de verificar a relevância que o glossário terá no ensino de Ciências e na aprendizagem do conteúdo de frutificação pelos estudantes. Foi possível concluir que o glossário atingiu seu objetivo, facilitando os processos de ensino e aprendizagem sobre frutificação, favorecendo um ensino ao mesmo tempo prazeroso e agradável tanto aos alunos surdos quanto aos ouvintes, valorizando a cultura e a diferença linguísticas dos alunos surdos. Além disso permitiu que esses estudantes pudessem reconhecer-se durante esse processo, identificando seus pares, possibilitando o contato, mesmo que apenas visual, entre aluno surdo e adulto surdo. Percebe-se ainda que não só o glossário, mas a utilização de vídeos, imagens, recursos como os desenhos, principalmente quando produzido pelo próprio aluno, além de atividades práticas como o reconhecimento das estruturas florais e das partes constituintes dos frutos nas próprias flores e frutos, foram significativos, contribuindo para a aquisição dos conhecimentos científicos. Contudo, com esta pesquisa não temos o objetivo de esgotar as discussões acerca deste assunto, pelo contrário, esperamos que este sirva de base para novos estudos, visto que demonstramos ser imprescindível continuar as pesquisas e o desenvolvimento de recursos nesta área, além da produção e validação de sinais científicos, permitindo que os alunos surdos possam ter acesso a estes conhecimentos, tal qual os ouvintes / This dissertation is a result of the researcher's interest in deepening the knowledge about the teaching of Science/Biology for deaf students, which was already underway in the undergraduate degree in biological sciences, but it is from the professional master's degree that these concerns are improved by starting of the research problem "how to make botany-fruiting teaching meaningful to deaf students from a teaching proposal focused on visuality?" with the objective of producing visual support resources for teachers and students that value the culture and linguistic difference of these, allowing a meaningful learning of the concepts about fruiting, since the teaching of Botany is one of the areas of biology little explored and worked by teachers in the classroom. This study is set up as a qualitative research, using as a research methodology a case study, developed with 29 deaf students and middle schoolers, and 19 students (5 deaf and 14 listeners) from the second year of high school to one Municipal School of High School, and 10 students from the sixth grade of a Special Elementary School for deaf or low-hearing students, both from Pelotas, and with the Biology and Science professors of these schools. The application of the glossary in colleges took place from a didactic unit and was analyzed through a case study, with the purpose of verifying the relevance that the glossary will have in the teaching of Sciences and in the learning of the fruiting content by the students. It was possible to conclude that the glossary reached its objective, facilitating the teaching and learning processes on fruiting, favoring a pleasant and pleasant teaching both to deaf students and listeners, valuing the culture and the linguistic difference of the deaf students. In addition, it allowed these students to recognize themselves during this process, identifying their peers, enabling the contact, even if only visual, between deaf and deaf adults. It is also noticed that not only the glossary, but the use of videos, images, resources such as drawings, especially when produced by the student himself, as well as practical activities such as recognition of floral structures and parts of the fruits in the flowers themselves. fruits, were significant, contributing to the acquisition of scientific knowledge. However, with this research we do not aim to exhaust the discussions on this subject, on the contrary, we hope that this will serve as a basis for further studies, since we have demonstrated that it is essential to continue the research and development of resources in this area, besides the production and validation of scientific signals, allowing deaf students to have access to this knowledge, just like the listener

Coffea arabica var. Laurina (Bourbon pointu, BP) est un mutant naturel de C. arabica ‘Bourbon’ (B). La mutation laurina est récessive, monolocus, Mendélienne et ses effets pléiotropiques. Ces effets ont été étudiés sur le développement des graines et chez les plantules en histologie, morphologie et biochimie. La standardisation de la croissance en taille des graines était primordiale, notamment pour l'étude fine de la composition en polysaccharides pariétaux (PP). Les stades (st) de développement ont été reliés à l'âge des fruits et leur aspect histo-morphologique (st 1-2, 3, 4 : croissance ; st 5 à 7 : maturation). L'étude de la composition en PP a mis en évidence trois phases : φ 1 (st 1-2, 3), φ 2 (st 3, 4, première partie du 5), et φ 3 (deuxième partie du 5, st 6 et 7). La mutation affecte les φ 1 et 2, probablement par le biais du périsperme. Chez la plantule, la mutation affecte la longueur des hypocotyles exposés à la lumière en provoquant le semi-nanisme de BP par rapport à B par un nombre moindre de cellules. Les teneurs en ABA, auxine et cytokinines sont aussi touchées. La composition en PP et en acides chlorogéniques (CQA) n'est affectée ni par la mutation, ni par la lumière pendant la croissance des plantules (sauf pour les CQA ses racines). Un effet-organe est mis en évidence. La mutation réduit la teneur en caféine (CAF) et la différence variétale est présente à la lumière et à l'obscurité. Ces résultats permettent de mieux caractériser les effets pléiotropiques de la mutation laurina. Ils permettent une meilleure 1/ compréhension de l'évolution des PP de la graine au cours de son développement et 2/ connaissance des hormones, CAF, CQA et PP des plantules. / Coffea arabica var Laurina (Bourbon pointu, BP), is a natural mutant of C. arabica ‘Bourbon’ (B). The laurina mutation is recessive, monolocus and Mendelian, with pleiotropic effects. This work highlighted new effects of this mutation, with histological, morphological and biochemical approaches on seeds development and on seedlings. Simultaneous fitting of growth curves of B and BP and their standardization allow comparisons of these varieties and fine study of polysaccharide cell wall (PCW) composition over time. Thus, anatomic specificities, development stages (st) and fruit age were linked (growth: st 1-2 to 4; maturation: st 5 to 7). When taking in account the CWP evolution in time-course, three phases occurred: φ 1 (st 1-2, 3), φ 2 (st 3, 4 and the beginning of 5), and φ 3 (the end of 5, st 6, 7). The two first were affected by the mutation probably through maternal effect (perisperm). In seedlings, the hypocotyls semi-dwarfism in light growth condition is an effect of the mutation and was due to a lower cell number than in B. The phytohormones content was also affected (ABA, auxine, cytokinins). But, neither CWP composition nor chlorogenics acids (CQA) content were affected by the mutation, or growth condition (expected for CQA content in roots). The composition in CWP and CQA was different depending on organs. Finally, caffeine (CAF) content was affected by the mutation in light or darkness conditions. These results represent an important step in 1/ the characterization of the pleiotropic effects of the laurina mutation, 2/ the understanding of the CWP evolution in seed time course, and 3/ new knowledge on seedlings (hormone, CAF, CQA and CWP composition).

Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojektes „Zukunftsorientierte Waldwirtschaft (1998-2003)“ erstellt werden. Dieses Vorhaben hat die bundesweiten Forderungen und Zielvorstellungen der Landesforstverwaltungen aufgegriffen, die nicht standortsgemäßen, naturfernen und instabilen Nadelbaumreinbestände umzubauen und den Anteil an Mischbeständen in den Forstbetrieben deutlich zu erhöhen. Neben ökonomischen Zielen sollte der Waldumbau vor allem auch ökologische Belange berücksichtigen. Dies wurde durch entsprechende Forschungsschwerpunkte vom BMBF wissenschaftlich begleitet. Die Vogelbeere (Gemeine Eberesche, Sorbus aucuparia L.) ist aufgrund ihrer hohen klimatischen und standörtlichen Anpassungsfähigkeit in den Mittelgebirgslagen Europas eine der häufigsten Nebenbaumarten in Fichtenwaldgesellschaften und künstlichen Fichtenforsten. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte geprüft werden, wie einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren, welche sich natürlich angesamt haben, frühzeitig in die Behandlung von Fichtenjungbeständen einbezogen werden können. Die Vogelbeere wird somit für eine erhebliche Dauer des Bestandeslebens – mindestens aber bis zum Zeitpunkt ihrer möglichen natürlichen Verjüngung – als ein vitales Bestandesglied im Sinne eines ökologischen Waldumbauverfahrens angesehen. Ziel war dabei die optimale Einzelbaumentwicklung der Vogelbeere hinsichtlich ihrer Dimension und Qualität, vor allem aber ihrer Vitalität. Grundlegend ist durch eine Abfrage in der Forsteinrichtungsdatenbank (FESA) für den Landeswald Sachsens das Flächenpotential an Fichtenjungbeständen bis zum Alter 50 Jahre in den mittleren Lagen erfasst worden, in denen natürlich angesamte und einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren vorkommen. Mit Hilfe einer terrestrischen Inventur wurden die ausgewählten Bestände stichprobenartig aufgesucht und dabei die vorkommenden Vogelbeeren hinsichtlich Dimension, Qualität, Vitalität und Schäden untersucht. Für ein waldbauliches Experiment sind weiterhin Fichtenjungbestände im Alter 16, 19, 26 und 32 Jahre auf Standorten mäßiger Trophie in den mittleren Lagen des sächsischen Forstbezirkes Bärenfels ausgewählt worden. In diesen Beständen wurden einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren unterschiedlicher soziologischer Stellung in den drei Varianten „keine“, „mäßige“ und „starke“ Freistellung gefördert. Die Zuwachsreaktionen verschiedener Baumkompartimente der untersuchten Vogelbeeren wurden in Abhängigkeit der Faktoren Alter, Freistellungsvariante und Konkurrenzsituation analysiert. Für einige Messungen war es notwendig dem Versuchsdesign auch Bäume destruktiv zu entnehmen. Insgesamt wurden ca. 700 ha Fichtenjungbestände erfasst, in denen die Vogelbeere einzelbaumweise in den Oberstand eingemischt war oder als weitere Baumart erwähnt wurde. Das durchschnittliche Mischprozent der Vogelbeere im Oberstand betrug ca. 16%. Die terrestrische Inventur zeigte, dass in den sehr jungen und kleinflächigen Beständen (mit bis zu 4 ha Größe) das Vorkommen der der Vogelbeeren am höchsten ist. Die Bäume sind dort zwar vor allem durch Mehrstämmigkeit (Garbenwuchs) gekennzeichnet, dennoch konnte bei den untersuchten Bäumen überwiegend eine gerade Stammform angesprochen werden. In den älteren Beständen stieg dann der Anteil der einschnürigen Stämme und Gabelungszwiesel, und zunehmend wurde die soziologische Stellung als „beherrscht“ und „unterdrückt“ für die Vogelbeeren angesprochen. Die erfassten Schälschäden fielen entgegen den Erwartungen vergleichsweise gering aus. Merkliche Schälschäden wurden erst in den beiden ältesten Fichtenaltersklassen angesprochen und diese nur als gering eingestuft. Die Einschätzung der Vitalität der Vogelbeeren mit Hilfe des baumartenunabhängigen Kronenanspracheschlüssels nach ROLOFF (2001) ergab in allen betrachteten Fichtenaltersklassen überwiegend eine geschwächte bis merklich geschwächte Vitalität. Die Ergebnisse des waldbaulichen Experimentes zeigten, dass die Wachstumsreaktionen der Vogelbeeren je nach betrachteter Fichtenaltersstufe unterschiedlich sind. Je früher eine Förderung erfolgt, umso stärker sind die Reaktionen des Einzelbaumes. Die freigestellten Bäume reagierten deutlich mit gesteigertem relativem BHD-Zuwachs, wobei die Kategorie „mäßige Freistellung“ am Ende der Beobachtungsperiode tendenziell die höchsten Werte besaß und dieser Zuwachs mit zunehmender Fichtenaltersstufe abnahm. Jahrringanalysen an Stammscheiben von entnommenen Probebäumen zeigten, dass die gesteigerte Zuwachsrate des Dickenwachstums nach 3 Vegetationsperioden wieder nachlässt. Das Höhenwachstum wurde in jeder beobachteten Fichtenaltersstufe und Konkurrenzsituation nicht signifikant durch die angewendeten Maßnahmen beeinflusst. Insgesamt zeichneten sich alle Probebäume durch hohe HD-Werte (im Mittel 138) aus, nur die Vogelbeeren der Fichtenaltersstufe 19 besaßen vergleichsweise stabile Werte unter 100. Die freigestellten Vogelbeeren entwickelten in allen betrachteten Altersstufen deutlich erweiterte Kronenschirmflächen und einen signifikanten Kronenradiuszuwachs. Die Ergebnisse der Gesamtblattmasseschätzungen zeigten für Vogelbeeren der Fichtenaltersstufe 26 deutliche Tendenzen, die belegen, dass geförderte Bäume mehr Blattmasse pro Baum ausgebildet haben als nicht geförderte Bäume. Die Anzahl der fruktifizierenden Bäume stieg von 41 % im Jahr 2001 auf 81 % im Jahr 2003, wobei die Stichprobe im Jahr 2003 um 17 Bäume durch destruktive Beprobungen reduziert gewesen ist. Es zeichnete sich ein Trend zum Anstieg der Fruchttrockenmasse je Vogelbeere in Abhängigkeit von der Freistellungsvariante ab, wobei stärker freigestellte Bäume mehr Fruchtmasse produzierten, als mäßig freigestellte Bäume (p = 0,029). Für einen mittleren Probebaum von ca. 5 cm BHD wurde eine Gesamtfeinwurzelmasse von ca. 202 g (R² = 0,30) und eine maximale horizontale Feinwurzelausbreitung von etwa 8 m ermittelt. Die höchsten mittleren Biomasseanteile an der gesamten oberirdischen Biomasse der Bäume hatte jeweils das Kompartiment „Stamm“, mit Anteilen zwischen 67 und 86 % über alle betrachteten Versuchsvarianten. Darauf folgen bei fast allen Versuchsvarianten die Biomasseanteile der Äste aus der Lichtkrone (ca. 5,5 bis 15,5 %). Die Blattbiomasse nimmt am Gesamtbaum einen verhältnismäßig geringen Anteil ein (zwischen 3,1 und 12,4 % über alle Varianten). Die jüngeren Bäume der Fichtenaltersstufe 16 hatten über alle Versuchsvarianten verhältnismäßig hohe Blattmasseanteile im Vergleich zu den Bäumen der Fichtenaltersstufe 26. Insgesamt hat die starke Freistellung tendenziell das Allokationsverhältnis zugunsten der Astbiomasse verschoben. Die älteren Bäume bildeten weniger Blattbiomasse im Vergleich zur Stammbiomasse. Einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren können als ideale Mischbaumart für einen ökologischen Waldumbau, speziell in jungen Fichtenreinbeständen, angesehen werden. Die Vogelbeere findet sich auf natürlichem Wege in diesen Beständen ein, wenn eine ausreichende Präsenz an fruktifizierenden Altbäumen gewährleistet ist. Um sie als wertvolle Zeitmischung zu erhalten, muss sie aber als eigenständiger Z-Baum Eingang in die Waldbaustrategien der Fichtenjungbestände finden, indem sie frühzeitig und regelmäßig gefördert wird. Ein passendes Wildmanagement sollte dabei Schäden an den Bäumen weitestgehend vermeiden, welche die Qualität und Vitalität, und somit den Erhalt der Vogelbeeren, nachweislich gefährden. Aus ökologischem Blickwinkel erfahren Standort, Fauna und Flora der Fichtenreinbestände durch die Präsenz geförderter und somit vitaler Vogelbeeren eine Aufwertung. Die freigestellten Bäume produzieren höhere Blattbiomassen, die nachweislich zu einer Verbesserung der Humusauflage führen, und von gesteigerten Fruktifikationsraten können Insekten und Säugetiere profitieren. Eine erhöhte unterirdische Wurzelaktivität und entsprechende Bodenmelioration wird zudem angenommen. Wenn geeignete Verjüngungsnischen in näherer Umgebung der Einzelbäume existieren, kann mit einer konsequent und regelmäßig geförderten Vogelbeere auch dem Nachhaltsumbau für die Gestaltung von zukünftigen Bestandesgenerationen gedient werden. Weiterhin kann sie als eine geeignete Baumart hinsichtlich der Gestaltung eines Risikomanagements nach Störungen und Katastrophen angesehen werden, da sie aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften für eine rasche Wiederbewaldung sorgt. Vor dem Hintergrund eines prognostizierten Klimawandels stellt sie zudem mit ihrer standörtlichen Anspruchslosigkeit eine geeignete Mischbaumart für zukünftige Bestockungen dar. Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte zeigen, dass das Wuchspotential der Vogelbeere in bisherigen Untersuchungen und daraus resultierenden Erkenntnissen unterschätzt wurde. Konsequent gepflegte Vogelbeeren ohne Wildschäden existieren kaum und konnten somit kaum untersucht werden. An dieser Stelle besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf, welcher auf längerfristigen Versuchsaufbauten basieren sollte. / The present work is part of the joint research program „Zukunftsorientierte Waldwirtschaft (1998-2003)“ which was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The program acted on nationwide requests and formulated goals of federal forest administrations to convert artificial and instable conifer stands unsuited to the site and to significantly increase the portion of mixed populations. Besides economic goals the conversion measures primarily were to consider ecological needs. These were assured by scientific super-vision by the BMBF in respective focal programs. Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) exhibits high climatic and habitational adoptability. Therefore, it is a major secondary tree species in Europe’s average mountain ranges both in natural and artificial spruce forests. This work aimed to investigate how naturally seeded single tree admixtures of rowan can precociously be integrated into the management of young spruce stands. By rowan is viewed as a vital member of stand for a considerable part of the stand`s lifecycle in the sense of natural forest conversion, at least until its potential natural rejuvenation. The major goal in this approach was an ideal single tree development of rowan with respect to dimension, quality and, above all, its vitality. As a basis, the areal potential of young spruce stands aged up to 50 years in the mid altitudinal ranges containing naturally seeded single tree admixtures of rowan was determined by querying the forest inventory system database of the Federal Forest of Saxony (FESA). Selected stands were visited at random in the frame of a terrestrial inventory and found rowans were examined with respect to dimension, quality, vitality and damage. Furthermore, young spruce stands in the age of 16, 19, 26 and 32 years at sites of moderate trophic level at midaltitude of the Saxon forestry district Bärenfels were selected for a silvicultural experiment. In these stands single tree admixtures of rowans differing in sociological situation were supported by either no, moderate or strong thinning. Growth responses of different tree compartments of the examined rowans were analyzed in relation to the factors age, thinning variant and competition. For some measurements destructive removal of trees from the experimental design became necessary. In total, approx.700 ha of young spruce stands containing rowan as single tree admixtures in the overstorey or as additional tree species records were registered. The average percentage of mountain as in the overstorey was approx. 16 %. The terrestrial inventory demonstrated that very young stands with small plot sizes (up to 4 ha) exhibit the highest occurrence of rowan. Even though trees are mainly characterized by several secondary trunks here, straightshaped stems could be found in the majority of examined individuals. In older stands the percentage of constricted and bifurcated stems raised and sociological position of the rowan trees was increasingly determined as “dominated” and “repressed”. Recorded stripping damage was low in contrast to expectations. Notable stripping damage was only found in the two oldest age classes of spruce and was determined as low. The vitality assessment of the rowans using the tree species independent crown assessment method according to ROLOFF (2001) resulted predominantly in a weakened to substantially weakened vitality. Results of the silvicultural experiment demonstrated the growth reactions of rowan differ depending on the age class of spruces under investigation. The earlier crown release is initiated the stronger are the reactions of a single tree. Released trees considerably reacted by enhanced increment of relative diameter at breast height with the category of “moderate thinning” in direction showed highest values at the end of the observation period while this increment decreased with increasing age class of the spruces. Treering analysis of stem disks from removed individuals revealed that the enhanced rate of diameter growth decreased again after 3 vegetation periods. Vertical growth was not significantly influenced by the taken measures in any of the spruce age classes or competitive situations under investigation. Overall, all trees under investigation were characterized by high height to diameter ratios (mean of 138) with only rowans of age category 19 exhibiting relatively stable values below 100. Released rowans developed markedly expanded crown areas in all investigated ageclasses and a significantly elevated increment in crown diameter. Results of the total leaf biomass estimations revealed clear tendencies for rowans in the spruce age category 26. These prove the supported trees having developed more leaf biomass per individual as nonsupported. The number of fructifying trees rose from 41 % in 2001 to 81 % in 2003 whereas the sample size was reduced by 17 in 2003 by destructive sampling. A tendency of increased dry fruit mass per rowan berry depending on the release variant could be seen with stronger released trees producing more fruit mass than moderately released ones (p=0.029). For an average sample tree of approx. 5 cm breast height diameter a total hair root mass of approx. 202 g (R² = 0.30) and a maximum horizontal hair root distribution of approx. 8 m was determined. Highest mean portions of overall aboveground biomass of the trees were assigned to the stem compartment with percentages ranging from 67 to 86 % throughout all experimental variants. These were followed by the biomass portions of branches from the light crown (approx. 5.5 to 15.5 %). The leaf biomass accounts for a comparatively low proportion of the tree (between 3.1 und 12.4 % throughout all variants). The younger trees of spruce age category 16 had relatively high portions of leaf biomass as compared to trees of spruce age category 26. Altogether the strong release shifted the allocation pattern in favor of the branches biomass. Older trees developed less leaf biomass compared to stem biomass. Single tree admixtures of rowan can be considered ideal for ecological forest conversion, especially in young spruce stands. Rowan naturally adapts to these stands if a sufficient presence of fructifying, old trees is ensured. To preserve it as valuable temporal mixture, it has to make its way into forestry planting strategies for young spruce stands as an autonomous future tree by being receiving early and regular support. Associated wildlife management should as far as possible avoid damage of the trees endangering quality and vitality and by that preservation of rowans. From an ecological perspective the site, fauna and flora of pure spruce stands experience a revaluation through the presence of supported and therefore vital rowans. The released trees produce higher amounts of leaf biomass demonstrably leading to an amelioration of the humus layer and insects and mammals can profit from enhanced fructification rates. Furthermore, an increased underground root activity and related soil melioration is assumed. If suitable regeneration niches exist nearby the single trees, consequently and regularly supported rowans can as well serve sustainable conversion for the design of future generations of tree populations. Furthermore it can be considered a suitable tree species in view of the creation of a risk management plan following disturbances and catastrophes as its characteristics ensure fast reforestation. Against the background of a predicted climate change the rowan with its habitational modesty constitutes a suitable species for future stockings. The present work could demonstrate a clear underestimation of the growth potential of rowan in studies to date and their resulting conclusions. Consequently maintained rowans without damage caused by game do rarely exist and could therefore rarely be examined. Here, additional research is needed which should be based on longerterm experimental setups.

Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojektes „Zukunftsorientierte Waldwirtschaft (1998-2003)“ erstellt werden. Dieses Vorhaben hat die bundesweiten Forderungen und Zielvorstellungen der Landesforstverwaltungen aufgegriffen, die nicht standortsgemäßen, naturfernen und instabilen Nadelbaumreinbestände umzubauen und den Anteil an Mischbeständen in den Forstbetrieben deutlich zu erhöhen. Neben ökonomischen Zielen sollte der Waldumbau vor allem auch ökologische Belange berücksichtigen. Dies wurde durch entsprechende Forschungsschwerpunkte vom BMBF wissenschaftlich begleitet. Die Vogelbeere (Gemeine Eberesche, Sorbus aucuparia L.) ist aufgrund ihrer hohen klimatischen und standörtlichen Anpassungsfähigkeit in den Mittelgebirgslagen Europas eine der häufigsten Nebenbaumarten in Fichtenwaldgesellschaften und künstlichen Fichtenforsten. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte geprüft werden, wie einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren, welche sich natürlich angesamt haben, frühzeitig in die Behandlung von Fichtenjungbeständen einbezogen werden können. Die Vogelbeere wird somit für eine erhebliche Dauer des Bestandeslebens – mindestens aber bis zum Zeitpunkt ihrer möglichen natürlichen Verjüngung – als ein vitales Bestandesglied im Sinne eines ökologischen Waldumbauverfahrens angesehen. Ziel war dabei die optimale Einzelbaumentwicklung der Vogelbeere hinsichtlich ihrer Dimension und Qualität, vor allem aber ihrer Vitalität. Grundlegend ist durch eine Abfrage in der Forsteinrichtungsdatenbank (FESA) für den Landeswald Sachsens das Flächenpotential an Fichtenjungbeständen bis zum Alter 50 Jahre in den mittleren Lagen erfasst worden, in denen natürlich angesamte und einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren vorkommen. Mit Hilfe einer terrestrischen Inventur wurden die ausgewählten Bestände stichprobenartig aufgesucht und dabei die vorkommenden Vogelbeeren hinsichtlich Dimension, Qualität, Vitalität und Schäden untersucht. Für ein waldbauliches Experiment sind weiterhin Fichtenjungbestände im Alter 16, 19, 26 und 32 Jahre auf Standorten mäßiger Trophie in den mittleren Lagen des sächsischen Forstbezirkes Bärenfels ausgewählt worden. In diesen Beständen wurden einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren unterschiedlicher soziologischer Stellung in den drei Varianten „keine“, „mäßige“ und „starke“ Freistellung gefördert. Die Zuwachsreaktionen verschiedener Baumkompartimente der untersuchten Vogelbeeren wurden in Abhängigkeit der Faktoren Alter, Freistellungsvariante und Konkurrenzsituation analysiert. Für einige Messungen war es notwendig dem Versuchsdesign auch Bäume destruktiv zu entnehmen. Insgesamt wurden ca. 700 ha Fichtenjungbestände erfasst, in denen die Vogelbeere einzelbaumweise in den Oberstand eingemischt war oder als weitere Baumart erwähnt wurde. Das durchschnittliche Mischprozent der Vogelbeere im Oberstand betrug ca. 16%. Die terrestrische Inventur zeigte, dass in den sehr jungen und kleinflächigen Beständen (mit bis zu 4 ha Größe) das Vorkommen der der Vogelbeeren am höchsten ist. Die Bäume sind dort zwar vor allem durch Mehrstämmigkeit (Garbenwuchs) gekennzeichnet, dennoch konnte bei den untersuchten Bäumen überwiegend eine gerade Stammform angesprochen werden. In den älteren Beständen stieg dann der Anteil der einschnürigen Stämme und Gabelungszwiesel, und zunehmend wurde die soziologische Stellung als „beherrscht“ und „unterdrückt“ für die Vogelbeeren angesprochen. Die erfassten Schälschäden fielen entgegen den Erwartungen vergleichsweise gering aus. Merkliche Schälschäden wurden erst in den beiden ältesten Fichtenaltersklassen angesprochen und diese nur als gering eingestuft. Die Einschätzung der Vitalität der Vogelbeeren mit Hilfe des baumartenunabhängigen Kronenanspracheschlüssels nach ROLOFF (2001) ergab in allen betrachteten Fichtenaltersklassen überwiegend eine geschwächte bis merklich geschwächte Vitalität. Die Ergebnisse des waldbaulichen Experimentes zeigten, dass die Wachstumsreaktionen der Vogelbeeren je nach betrachteter Fichtenaltersstufe unterschiedlich sind. Je früher eine Förderung erfolgt, umso stärker sind die Reaktionen des Einzelbaumes. Die freigestellten Bäume reagierten deutlich mit gesteigertem relativem BHD-Zuwachs, wobei die Kategorie „mäßige Freistellung“ am Ende der Beobachtungsperiode tendenziell die höchsten Werte besaß und dieser Zuwachs mit zunehmender Fichtenaltersstufe abnahm. Jahrringanalysen an Stammscheiben von entnommenen Probebäumen zeigten, dass die gesteigerte Zuwachsrate des Dickenwachstums nach 3 Vegetationsperioden wieder nachlässt. Das Höhenwachstum wurde in jeder beobachteten Fichtenaltersstufe und Konkurrenzsituation nicht signifikant durch die angewendeten Maßnahmen beeinflusst. Insgesamt zeichneten sich alle Probebäume durch hohe HD-Werte (im Mittel 138) aus, nur die Vogelbeeren der Fichtenaltersstufe 19 besaßen vergleichsweise stabile Werte unter 100. Die freigestellten Vogelbeeren entwickelten in allen betrachteten Altersstufen deutlich erweiterte Kronenschirmflächen und einen signifikanten Kronenradiuszuwachs. Die Ergebnisse der Gesamtblattmasseschätzungen zeigten für Vogelbeeren der Fichtenaltersstufe 26 deutliche Tendenzen, die belegen, dass geförderte Bäume mehr Blattmasse pro Baum ausgebildet haben als nicht geförderte Bäume. Die Anzahl der fruktifizierenden Bäume stieg von 41 % im Jahr 2001 auf 81 % im Jahr 2003, wobei die Stichprobe im Jahr 2003 um 17 Bäume durch destruktive Beprobungen reduziert gewesen ist. Es zeichnete sich ein Trend zum Anstieg der Fruchttrockenmasse je Vogelbeere in Abhängigkeit von der Freistellungsvariante ab, wobei stärker freigestellte Bäume mehr Fruchtmasse produzierten, als mäßig freigestellte Bäume (p = 0,029). Für einen mittleren Probebaum von ca. 5 cm BHD wurde eine Gesamtfeinwurzelmasse von ca. 202 g (R² = 0,30) und eine maximale horizontale Feinwurzelausbreitung von etwa 8 m ermittelt. Die höchsten mittleren Biomasseanteile an der gesamten oberirdischen Biomasse der Bäume hatte jeweils das Kompartiment „Stamm“, mit Anteilen zwischen 67 und 86 % über alle betrachteten Versuchsvarianten. Darauf folgen bei fast allen Versuchsvarianten die Biomasseanteile der Äste aus der Lichtkrone (ca. 5,5 bis 15,5 %). Die Blattbiomasse nimmt am Gesamtbaum einen verhältnismäßig geringen Anteil ein (zwischen 3,1 und 12,4 % über alle Varianten). Die jüngeren Bäume der Fichtenaltersstufe 16 hatten über alle Versuchsvarianten verhältnismäßig hohe Blattmasseanteile im Vergleich zu den Bäumen der Fichtenaltersstufe 26. Insgesamt hat die starke Freistellung tendenziell das Allokationsverhältnis zugunsten der Astbiomasse verschoben. Die älteren Bäume bildeten weniger Blattbiomasse im Vergleich zur Stammbiomasse. Einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren können als ideale Mischbaumart für einen ökologischen Waldumbau, speziell in jungen Fichtenreinbeständen, angesehen werden. Die Vogelbeere findet sich auf natürlichem Wege in diesen Beständen ein, wenn eine ausreichende Präsenz an fruktifizierenden Altbäumen gewährleistet ist. Um sie als wertvolle Zeitmischung zu erhalten, muss sie aber als eigenständiger Z-Baum Eingang in die Waldbaustrategien der Fichtenjungbestände finden, indem sie frühzeitig und regelmäßig gefördert wird. Ein passendes Wildmanagement sollte dabei Schäden an den Bäumen weitestgehend vermeiden, welche die Qualität und Vitalität, und somit den Erhalt der Vogelbeeren, nachweislich gefährden. Aus ökologischem Blickwinkel erfahren Standort, Fauna und Flora der Fichtenreinbestände durch die Präsenz geförderter und somit vitaler Vogelbeeren eine Aufwertung. Die freigestellten Bäume produzieren höhere Blattbiomassen, die nachweislich zu einer Verbesserung der Humusauflage führen, und von gesteigerten Fruktifikationsraten können Insekten und Säugetiere profitieren. Eine erhöhte unterirdische Wurzelaktivität und entsprechende Bodenmelioration wird zudem angenommen. Wenn geeignete Verjüngungsnischen in näherer Umgebung der Einzelbäume existieren, kann mit einer konsequent und regelmäßig geförderten Vogelbeere auch dem Nachhaltsumbau für die Gestaltung von zukünftigen Bestandesgenerationen gedient werden. Weiterhin kann sie als eine geeignete Baumart hinsichtlich der Gestaltung eines Risikomanagements nach Störungen und Katastrophen angesehen werden, da sie aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften für eine rasche Wiederbewaldung sorgt. Vor dem Hintergrund eines prognostizierten Klimawandels stellt sie zudem mit ihrer standörtlichen Anspruchslosigkeit eine geeignete Mischbaumart für zukünftige Bestockungen dar. Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte zeigen, dass das Wuchspotential der Vogelbeere in bisherigen Untersuchungen und daraus resultierenden Erkenntnissen unterschätzt wurde. Konsequent gepflegte Vogelbeeren ohne Wildschäden existieren kaum und konnten somit kaum untersucht werden. An dieser Stelle besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf, welcher auf längerfristigen Versuchsaufbauten basieren sollte. / The present work is part of the joint research program „Zukunftsorientierte Waldwirtschaft (1998-2003)“ which was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The program acted on nationwide requests and formulated goals of federal forest administrations to convert artificial and instable conifer stands unsuited to the site and to significantly increase the portion of mixed populations. Besides economic goals the conversion measures primarily were to consider ecological needs. These were assured by scientific super-vision by the BMBF in respective focal programs. Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) exhibits high climatic and habitational adoptability. Therefore, it is a major secondary tree species in Europe’s average mountain ranges both in natural and artificial spruce forests. This work aimed to investigate how naturally seeded single tree admixtures of rowan can precociously be integrated into the management of young spruce stands. By rowan is viewed as a vital member of stand for a considerable part of the stand`s lifecycle in the sense of natural forest conversion, at least until its potential natural rejuvenation. The major goal in this approach was an ideal single tree development of rowan with respect to dimension, quality and, above all, its vitality. As a basis, the areal potential of young spruce stands aged up to 50 years in the mid altitudinal ranges containing naturally seeded single tree admixtures of rowan was determined by querying the forest inventory system database of the Federal Forest of Saxony (FESA). Selected stands were visited at random in the frame of a terrestrial inventory and found rowans were examined with respect to dimension, quality, vitality and damage. Furthermore, young spruce stands in the age of 16, 19, 26 and 32 years at sites of moderate trophic level at midaltitude of the Saxon forestry district Bärenfels were selected for a silvicultural experiment. In these stands single tree admixtures of rowans differing in sociological situation were supported by either no, moderate or strong thinning. Growth responses of different tree compartments of the examined rowans were analyzed in relation to the factors age, thinning variant and competition. For some measurements destructive removal of trees from the experimental design became necessary. In total, approx.700 ha of young spruce stands containing rowan as single tree admixtures in the overstorey or as additional tree species records were registered. The average percentage of mountain as in the overstorey was approx. 16 %. The terrestrial inventory demonstrated that very young stands with small plot sizes (up to 4 ha) exhibit the highest occurrence of rowan. Even though trees are mainly characterized by several secondary trunks here, straightshaped stems could be found in the majority of examined individuals. In older stands the percentage of constricted and bifurcated stems raised and sociological position of the rowan trees was increasingly determined as “dominated” and “repressed”. Recorded stripping damage was low in contrast to expectations. Notable stripping damage was only found in the two oldest age classes of spruce and was determined as low. The vitality assessment of the rowans using the tree species independent crown assessment method according to ROLOFF (2001) resulted predominantly in a weakened to substantially weakened vitality. Results of the silvicultural experiment demonstrated the growth reactions of rowan differ depending on the age class of spruces under investigation. The earlier crown release is initiated the stronger are the reactions of a single tree. Released trees considerably reacted by enhanced increment of relative diameter at breast height with the category of “moderate thinning” in direction showed highest values at the end of the observation period while this increment decreased with increasing age class of the spruces. Treering analysis of stem disks from removed individuals revealed that the enhanced rate of diameter growth decreased again after 3 vegetation periods. Vertical growth was not significantly influenced by the taken measures in any of the spruce age classes or competitive situations under investigation. Overall, all trees under investigation were characterized by high height to diameter ratios (mean of 138) with only rowans of age category 19 exhibiting relatively stable values below 100. Released rowans developed markedly expanded crown areas in all investigated ageclasses and a significantly elevated increment in crown diameter. Results of the total leaf biomass estimations revealed clear tendencies for rowans in the spruce age category 26. These prove the supported trees having developed more leaf biomass per individual as nonsupported. The number of fructifying trees rose from 41 % in 2001 to 81 % in 2003 whereas the sample size was reduced by 17 in 2003 by destructive sampling. A tendency of increased dry fruit mass per rowan berry depending on the release variant could be seen with stronger released trees producing more fruit mass than moderately released ones (p=0.029). For an average sample tree of approx. 5 cm breast height diameter a total hair root mass of approx. 202 g (R² = 0.30) and a maximum horizontal hair root distribution of approx. 8 m was determined. Highest mean portions of overall aboveground biomass of the trees were assigned to the stem compartment with percentages ranging from 67 to 86 % throughout all experimental variants. These were followed by the biomass portions of branches from the light crown (approx. 5.5 to 15.5 %). The leaf biomass accounts for a comparatively low proportion of the tree (between 3.1 und 12.4 % throughout all variants). The younger trees of spruce age category 16 had relatively high portions of leaf biomass as compared to trees of spruce age category 26. Altogether the strong release shifted the allocation pattern in favor of the branches biomass. Older trees developed less leaf biomass compared to stem biomass. Single tree admixtures of rowan can be considered ideal for ecological forest conversion, especially in young spruce stands. Rowan naturally adapts to these stands if a sufficient presence of fructifying, old trees is ensured. To preserve it as valuable temporal mixture, it has to make its way into forestry planting strategies for young spruce stands as an autonomous future tree by being receiving early and regular support. Associated wildlife management should as far as possible avoid damage of the trees endangering quality and vitality and by that preservation of rowans. From an ecological perspective the site, fauna and flora of pure spruce stands experience a revaluation through the presence of supported and therefore vital rowans. The released trees produce higher amounts of leaf biomass demonstrably leading to an amelioration of the humus layer and insects and mammals can profit from enhanced fructification rates. Furthermore, an increased underground root activity and related soil melioration is assumed. If suitable regeneration niches exist nearby the single trees, consequently and regularly supported rowans can as well serve sustainable conversion for the design of future generations of tree populations. Furthermore it can be considered a suitable tree species in view of the creation of a risk management plan following disturbances and catastrophes as its characteristics ensure fast reforestation. Against the background of a predicted climate change the rowan with its habitational modesty constitutes a suitable species for future stockings. The present work could demonstrate a clear underestimation of the growth potential of rowan in studies to date and their resulting conclusions. Consequently maintained rowans without damage caused by game do rarely exist and could therefore rarely be examined. Here, additional research is needed which should be based on longerterm experimental setups.