M.Sc.(Agric) / Department of Horticultural Sciences

Direct dissemination of expert knowledge to agricultural producers through computer programs will increase product quality as well as profit margin. The construction of an expert system to help farmers manage apple orchards is reported. The system provides advice regarding specific pest management, treatment of winter injuries, drought control and general pesticide selection. The knowledge structures employed in the construction of the system are explained, and some sample interactions are provided. A model of the apple scab disease cycle is incorporated into POMME to give the system a more fundamental reasoning capability than available from the use of infection tables. Extension experts who have run trial cases on the system have approved its release for use by commercial apple growers. / Master of Science

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Historically, commercial agricultural research in South Africa has been state supported, but due to recent political changes in South Africa this is changing. The political transition has been accompanied by changing economic policies, causing a tightening of public funds allocated to agricultural research. In 1992 the Agricultural Research Council was formed, primarily to enable greater industry involvement in research as a result of the expected long term budget cuts in publicly funded research. As a result there has been an increased recognition of the need to evaluate research in terms of the economic returns to investment so that decision makers have hard evidence on which to prioritize their investments. This study employs the well known production function approach to evaluate the economic benefits of publicly funded research in the South African deciduous fruit industry. In reporting the results of the research the study proceeds from an overview of the deciduous fruit industry, as well as an analysis of the structure of deciduous fruit research in South Africa. This is followed by a description of the economics of research expenditure, a description of ex post methods of evaluating the economic benefits of research, and the manner in which the data for the analysis was collected. The analysis suggests there is a statistically significant relationship between research and development and industry output as well as industry prices and output. However the results should be interpreted with care, and more effort should be made to ensure that required data are gathered. Nevertheless, the results show that increased research expenditure m the industry is justified. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Histories gesien is kommersiele landbou-navorsing in Suid Afrika deur die owerheid ondersteun, maar as gevolg van die onlangse politieke veranderinge in Suid Afrika is hierdie toedrag van sake besig om te verander. Die politieke oorgang in die land het gepaard gegaan met 'n verandering in ekonomiese beleid, wat 'n inkorting van owerheidsbefondsing aan die Landbounavorsingsraad meegebring het. Hierdie Raad is in 1992 gestig, met die primere doe! om grater privaatsektor betrokkenheid in navorsing vanuit die betrokke sektor te verseker, as gevolg van die verwagte onttrekking van owerheidsteun. As gevolg hiervan, is daar nou 'n toenemende erkenning aan die behoefte om navorsingsprojekte te evalueer in terme van die ekonomiese opbrengs op sulke investering, sodat besluitnemers geldige bewyse het waarvolgens bestedingsprioriteite gemaak kan word. Hierdie studie gebruik die bekende produksie-funksie benadering om die ekonomiese voordele van navorsing in die Suid-Afrikaanse sagtevrugte bedryf te evalueer. Die studie begin met 'n oorsig oor die sagtevrugtebedryf, insluitend 'n analise van die navorsingstruktuur wat tans heers. Bogenoemde word gevolg deur 'n beskrywing van die bestaande ex post metodes om ekonomiese voordele van navorsing te evalueer, sowel as die wyse waarop die data vir die analiese ingesamel is. Die resultate wys dat daar 'n beduidende statiese verhouding is tussen besteding op navorsing en pryse en die opbrengs behaal deur produsente in die bedryf Hierdie resultate moet egter met sorg gelnterpreteer word, en meer moeite moet gedoen word om te verseker dat die nodige data ingesamel word. Nietemin toon die resultate dat verhoogde navorsingsbesteding in die bedryf geregverdig is

Os estudos dos sistemas agrícolas em geral, incluindo os sistemas de produção frutícola, com freqüência abordam a sua configuração e dinâmica numa ótica ex-post à sua origem e formação. Neste trabalho os sistemas agrícolas foram analisados numa ótica ex-ante. As variáveis determinantes da emergência dos sistemas de produção frutícola foram identificadas, com vistas à construção de um modelo de emergência destes sistemas. Inicialmente, por meio de entrevistas com experts, foram identificadas as variáveis percebidas como determinantes da emergência de um sistema de produção frutícola consolidado, localizado no Vale do Rio São Francisco, na Região Nordeste do Brasil. A seguir, estas variáveis foram avaliadas, quanto à sua importância, na emergência de oito sistemas de produção frutícola menos desenvolvidos, localizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo que destes, cinco sistemas são focalizados na citricultura e três na persicultura. Assim foi possível determinar um conjunto de variáveis que representam as condições básicas para a emergência de sistemas de produção frutícola. As condições edafoclimáticas, a demanda do mercado, o apoio tecnológico, a existência de mão-de-obra especializada, a infra-estrutura produtiva na região, as condições das estradas e a existência de uma liderança foram as variáveis que receberam os maiores escores de importância para a emergência. As variáveis relativas à logística, ao apoio governamental, ao envolvimento de múltiplos produtores, instituições e empresas complementares do sistema de produção frutícola, complementam os condicionantes da plena expressão das propriedades características dos sistemas emergentes. A identificação dessas variáveis pode ajudar nas decisões sobre iniciativas de estímulo de emergência de sistemas de produção frutícola desejados, embora a configuração do sistema resultante destas iniciativas não possa ser antevista. O próximo passo seria testar essas variáveis em outros tipos de sistemas agrícolas, para modelagem de uma equação da emergência dos sistemas agrícolas em geral. / General studies on agricultural systems, including fruit production systems, often approach their configuration and dynamics under an ex-post viewpoint to their origin and formation. In this work the agricultural systems were analyzed in their ex-ante aspects. The variables, which determine the emergence of fruit production systems were identified, and considered for the construction of a model of emergence of these systems. At first, through interviews with experts, it was possible to identify the variables perceived as determinant for the emergence of a consolidated fruit production system, located in the Sao Francisco River Valley, Brazilian northeastern region. Later, such variables were evaluated in terms of importance for the emergence of eight less developed fruit production systems located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, of which five were focused on citrus culture, and three were focused on peach culture. A set of variables were determined that represent the basic conditions for emergence of fruit production systems, which might represent the bases for emergence and development of other fruit production systems. Edaphic-climatic conditions, market demand, technological support, availability of skilled labor force, productive infra-structure in the region, road conditions, and the existence of leadership were the variables that received the highest scores of importance for the emergence. The variables involving infrastructure and logistics, government support, market and participation of multiple producers, institutions and complementary companies of the fruit system complete the other conditioning aspects of the full expression of the characteristic properties of emerging systems. The identification of these variables could help in processes of decision making, regarding initiatives to stimulate emergence of the fruits production systems, although the resulting configuration of the systems cannot be forecasted for sure. The next step in this kind of study would be to test these variables in other agricultural systems types, for modeling of an equation of the agricultural systems emergence in general.

Os estudos dos sistemas agrícolas em geral, incluindo os sistemas de produção frutícola, com freqüência abordam a sua configuração e dinâmica numa ótica ex-post à sua origem e formação. Neste trabalho os sistemas agrícolas foram analisados numa ótica ex-ante. As variáveis determinantes da emergência dos sistemas de produção frutícola foram identificadas, com vistas à construção de um modelo de emergência destes sistemas. Inicialmente, por meio de entrevistas com experts, foram identificadas as variáveis percebidas como determinantes da emergência de um sistema de produção frutícola consolidado, localizado no Vale do Rio São Francisco, na Região Nordeste do Brasil. A seguir, estas variáveis foram avaliadas, quanto à sua importância, na emergência de oito sistemas de produção frutícola menos desenvolvidos, localizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo que destes, cinco sistemas são focalizados na citricultura e três na persicultura. Assim foi possível determinar um conjunto de variáveis que representam as condições básicas para a emergência de sistemas de produção frutícola. As condições edafoclimáticas, a demanda do mercado, o apoio tecnológico, a existência de mão-de-obra especializada, a infra-estrutura produtiva na região, as condições das estradas e a existência de uma liderança foram as variáveis que receberam os maiores escores de importância para a emergência. As variáveis relativas à logística, ao apoio governamental, ao envolvimento de múltiplos produtores, instituições e empresas complementares do sistema de produção frutícola, complementam os condicionantes da plena expressão das propriedades características dos sistemas emergentes. A identificação dessas variáveis pode ajudar nas decisões sobre iniciativas de estímulo de emergência de sistemas de produção frutícola desejados, embora a configuração do sistema resultante destas iniciativas não possa ser antevista. O próximo passo seria testar essas variáveis em outros tipos de sistemas agrícolas, para modelagem de uma equação da emergência dos sistemas agrícolas em geral. / General studies on agricultural systems, including fruit production systems, often approach their configuration and dynamics under an ex-post viewpoint to their origin and formation. In this work the agricultural systems were analyzed in their ex-ante aspects. The variables, which determine the emergence of fruit production systems were identified, and considered for the construction of a model of emergence of these systems. At first, through interviews with experts, it was possible to identify the variables perceived as determinant for the emergence of a consolidated fruit production system, located in the Sao Francisco River Valley, Brazilian northeastern region. Later, such variables were evaluated in terms of importance for the emergence of eight less developed fruit production systems located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, of which five were focused on citrus culture, and three were focused on peach culture. A set of variables were determined that represent the basic conditions for emergence of fruit production systems, which might represent the bases for emergence and development of other fruit production systems. Edaphic-climatic conditions, market demand, technological support, availability of skilled labor force, productive infra-structure in the region, road conditions, and the existence of leadership were the variables that received the highest scores of importance for the emergence. The variables involving infrastructure and logistics, government support, market and participation of multiple producers, institutions and complementary companies of the fruit system complete the other conditioning aspects of the full expression of the characteristic properties of emerging systems. The identification of these variables could help in processes of decision making, regarding initiatives to stimulate emergence of the fruits production systems, although the resulting configuration of the systems cannot be forecasted for sure. The next step in this kind of study would be to test these variables in other agricultural systems types, for modeling of an equation of the agricultural systems emergence in general.

Os estudos dos sistemas agrícolas em geral, incluindo os sistemas de produção frutícola, com freqüência abordam a sua configuração e dinâmica numa ótica ex-post à sua origem e formação. Neste trabalho os sistemas agrícolas foram analisados numa ótica ex-ante. As variáveis determinantes da emergência dos sistemas de produção frutícola foram identificadas, com vistas à construção de um modelo de emergência destes sistemas. Inicialmente, por meio de entrevistas com experts, foram identificadas as variáveis percebidas como determinantes da emergência de um sistema de produção frutícola consolidado, localizado no Vale do Rio São Francisco, na Região Nordeste do Brasil. A seguir, estas variáveis foram avaliadas, quanto à sua importância, na emergência de oito sistemas de produção frutícola menos desenvolvidos, localizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo que destes, cinco sistemas são focalizados na citricultura e três na persicultura. Assim foi possível determinar um conjunto de variáveis que representam as condições básicas para a emergência de sistemas de produção frutícola. As condições edafoclimáticas, a demanda do mercado, o apoio tecnológico, a existência de mão-de-obra especializada, a infra-estrutura produtiva na região, as condições das estradas e a existência de uma liderança foram as variáveis que receberam os maiores escores de importância para a emergência. As variáveis relativas à logística, ao apoio governamental, ao envolvimento de múltiplos produtores, instituições e empresas complementares do sistema de produção frutícola, complementam os condicionantes da plena expressão das propriedades características dos sistemas emergentes. A identificação dessas variáveis pode ajudar nas decisões sobre iniciativas de estímulo de emergência de sistemas de produção frutícola desejados, embora a configuração do sistema resultante destas iniciativas não possa ser antevista. O próximo passo seria testar essas variáveis em outros tipos de sistemas agrícolas, para modelagem de uma equação da emergência dos sistemas agrícolas em geral. / General studies on agricultural systems, including fruit production systems, often approach their configuration and dynamics under an ex-post viewpoint to their origin and formation. In this work the agricultural systems were analyzed in their ex-ante aspects. The variables, which determine the emergence of fruit production systems were identified, and considered for the construction of a model of emergence of these systems. At first, through interviews with experts, it was possible to identify the variables perceived as determinant for the emergence of a consolidated fruit production system, located in the Sao Francisco River Valley, Brazilian northeastern region. Later, such variables were evaluated in terms of importance for the emergence of eight less developed fruit production systems located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, of which five were focused on citrus culture, and three were focused on peach culture. A set of variables were determined that represent the basic conditions for emergence of fruit production systems, which might represent the bases for emergence and development of other fruit production systems. Edaphic-climatic conditions, market demand, technological support, availability of skilled labor force, productive infra-structure in the region, road conditions, and the existence of leadership were the variables that received the highest scores of importance for the emergence. The variables involving infrastructure and logistics, government support, market and participation of multiple producers, institutions and complementary companies of the fruit system complete the other conditioning aspects of the full expression of the characteristic properties of emerging systems. The identification of these variables could help in processes of decision making, regarding initiatives to stimulate emergence of the fruits production systems, although the resulting configuration of the systems cannot be forecasted for sure. The next step in this kind of study would be to test these variables in other agricultural systems types, for modeling of an equation of the agricultural systems emergence in general.

Orientador: Roberto Luiz do Carmo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:36:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_MonicaAparecidaTome_D.pdf: 10137946 bytes, checksum: 4f6f77a60ee621b00b546d7c33d1573e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho remete a relação entre a dinâmica econômica e demográfica em um subespaço dinâmico, constituído por municípios que foram palco de ações e estratégias governamentais, sob uma nova óptica da questão regional por parte do Estado, localizados na Região Nordeste do Brasil, no período entre 1990 e 2000. A proposta foi analisar as características sócio-econômicas e demográficas desse subespaço nordestino, considerando a estruturação histórica e econômica dessa área dinâmica e as principais funções exercidas pelos municípios, a partir dos fluxos migratórios e a evolução do emprego na região. A escala espacial de análise é uma região constituída por 16 municípios, cujos principais municípios são Petrolina - PE e Juazeiro - BA. O recorte temporal, inicia na década de 1990 e vai até meados de 2000, sendo que aspectos anteriores e posteriores a este período foram incorporados, utilizando os censos demográficos de 1970, 1980 e 2010, além de informações da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais - RAIS, Cadastro Geral dos Empregados e Desempregados - CAGED, e ainda as séries históricas do Produto Agrícola Municipal - PAM. É importante ressaltar que a abordagem utilizada no estudo da estruturação histórica e econômica, teve como pano de fundo os resultados do processo de desconcentração produtiva entre as décadas de 1970-90 em âmbito nacional e, mais especificamente, no estado de São Paulo. É neste momento que se intensificam as ações e estratégias que viabilizaram a formação de áreas dinâmicas, na Região Nordeste do país, como é o caso de Petrolina e Juazeiro. A partir das análises observa-se que, estes municípios apresentam, ao longo das ultimas quatro décadas, resultados econômicos e populacionais importantes, baseados na principal atividade econômica: a fruticultura irrigada. O expressivo aumento populacional, com saldo migratório positivo no período analisado; a manutenção da população rural em termos relativos e absolutos; o aumento da participação no mercado internacional de frutas, através da exportação; a expansão dos postos de trabalho no setor primário, com conexões importantes na industria e em principalmente no setor de serviços são alguns dos elementos que foram captados / Abstract: This work refers to the relationship between demographic and economic dynamics in a dynamical subspace, consisting of municipalities that were the scene of governmental actions and strategies in a new perspective of the regional issue by the state, located in northeastern Brazil during the period between 1990 and 2000. The proposal was to analyze the socioeconomic and demographic subspace of the Northeast, considering the historical and economic structure of this dynamic area of training and the main functions performed by municipalities, based on the migration and evolution of employment in the region. The spatial scale of analysis is a region consisting of 16 municipalities, whose main cities are Petrolina - PE and Juazeiro - BA. The time frame set, starting in the 1990s and runs through mid-2000, and features before and after this period were intended to be incorporated into the background of the object in question, using the population census of 1970, 1980 and 2010, as well as information from the Annual Social Information - RAIS, General Registry of Employed and Unemployed - CAGED, and even the time series of the Municipal Agricultural Product - PAM. Importantly, the approach used in the study of historical and economic structure of this region has as background the results of the production process of devolution between the decade of 1970-90 at the national and, more specifically, the state of São Paulo. It is at this point that intensifies the actions and strategies that enabled the formation of dynamic areas in the Northeast of the country, as is the case of Petrolina and Juazeiro. From the analysis shows that these municipalities have, over the last four decades, major population and economic results, based on the main economic activity: the irrigated horticulture. The significant increase in population, with positive net migration during the period analyzed, the retention of the rural population in absolute and relative terms, the increase in participation in the international fruit market through exports, the expansion of jobs in the primary sector, with connections important in industry and especially in the service sector are some of the elements that have been captured / Doutorado / Demografia / Doutor em Demografia

The modernization of brazilian agriculture has brought different socioeconomic and environmental impacts. New forms of production were incorporated into this territory by deploying modern agriculture, particularly from the 1970s, a period in which capital entered the field more intensively. In this changing landscape techniques and scientific achievements that presents the general objective of this study that is to analyze the social-spatial transformation of the peasant in the microregion of Livramento do Brumado in South Central Bahia, with the deployment of modernized agriculture and polo fruitful. The economic base of these municipalities is based on agriculture. The economic base of these cities is based on agriculture. With the implementation of the irrigation district in 1986, was the creation and diffusion of small farms. From that period the productive structure sat in the small property, work and family in the cultivation of mango fruit with dominance. The modernization of agriculture is not only the change in the technical basis of production - its consequences are economic and social. The methodology adopted was as follows: literature review, data collection agencies such as Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) and the Superintendency of Economic and Social Studies of Bahia (SEI). Information on the regional agriculture were obtained in sectors such as the Departments of Agriculture this micro municipalities, associations of rural workers, cooperatives and unions, producers and workers in horticulture. Empirical research was developed from the research papers on the history and occupation of the interior of Bahia and questionnaires and structured interviews with social workers: workers, farmers, businessmen, President of associations and local leaders. With the implementation of this perimeter were significant changes in land use that space, production techniques and labor relations. The modernization resized the agrarian space that micro and social reproduction allowed the small farmer. Currently, this stands as strong micro producer of fruits especially mangoes production. The production and marketing of these fruits has specialized over the years due to the collective organization of producers and the private sector. The fruit production in this micro-region is a potential market while agricultural product. The small farmers have their production units controlled mainly by family labor and supported by collective organizations that favor their reproduction strategies. This activity presents factors favorable to the continuation of the project with the same fruit presented adverse factors. / A modernização da agricultura brasileira trouxe diferentes impactos socioeconômicos e ambientais. Novas formas de produção foram incorporadas ao território com a implantação dessa agricultura moderna, particularmente a partir da década de 1970, período no qual o capital penetrou no campo de forma mais intensa. Nesse cenário de mudanças técnicas e conquistas científicas que se apresenta o objetivo geral desse estudo que é analisar as transformações socioespaciais ocorridas na microrregião de Livramento do Brumado, no Centro Sul Baiano, com a implantação da agricultura modernizada e, do polo frutífero. A base econômica desses municípios está fundamentada na agricultura. Com a implantação do perímetro irrigado em 1986, houve a constituição e difusão da pequena propriedade rural. A partir desse período a estrutura produtiva se assentou na pequena propriedade, no trabalho familiar e no cultivo da fruta com predominância da manga. A modernização da agricultura não representa apenas a mudança na base técnica da produção - suas consequências são econômicas e sociais. A metodologia adotada foi a seguinte: revisão bibliográfica, coleta de dados em órgãos como: Ministério da Agricultura; Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE); Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA) e Superintendência de Estudos Econômicos e Sociais da Bahia (SEI). As informações sobre a agricultura regional foram obtidas em setores como as Secretarias de Agricultura dos municípios dessa microrregião; associações de trabalhadores rurais, cooperativas e sindicatos; produtores e trabalhadores da fruticultura. A pesquisa empírica foi desenvolvida a partir da investigação em documentos sobre a história e ocupação do interior da Bahia e aplicação de questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas aos agentes sociais: trabalhadores, produtores, empresários, presidente de associações e lideranças locais. Com a implantação desse perímetro ocorreram significativas transformações no uso da terra nesse espaço, nas técnicas de produção e nas relações de trabalho. A modernização redimensionou o espaço agrário dessa microrregião e permitiu a reprodução social do pequeno agricultor. Atualmente, essa microrregião se destaca como forte produtora de frutas com destaque para produção de mangas. A produção e comercialização dessas frutas tem se especializado ao longo dos anos em função da organização coletiva dos produtores e da iniciativa privada. A produção frutícola nessa microrregião constitui um mercado em potencial enquanto produto agrícola. Os pequenos produtores rurais têm suas unidades de produção comandadas essencialmente pelo trabalho familiar e apoiadas por organizações coletivas que favorecem suas estratégias de reprodução. Essa atividade apresenta fatores favoráveis à continuação do empreendimento com a fruta mesmo apresentado fatores adversos.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Winter survival is variable among commercially grown strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cultivars. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the molecular basis that contribute to this difference in strawberry cultivars and to identify potential biomarkers that can be used to facilitate the development of new strawberry cultivars with improved overwintering hardiness. With these goals in mind, the freezing tolerance was examined for four cultivars, ‘Jonsok’, ‘Senga Sengana’, ‘Elsanta’, and ‘Frida’ (listed from most to least freezing tolerant based on survival from physiological freezing experiments) and the protein expression was investigated in the overwintering relevant crown structure of strawberry. Biomarker selection was based on comparing the protein profiles from the most cold-tolerant cultivar, ‘Jonsok’ with the least cold-tolerant cultivar ‘Frida’ in a comprehensive investigation using two label-free global proteomic methods, shotgun and two dimensional electrophoresis, with support from univariate and multivariate analysis. A total of 143 proteins from shotgun and 64 proteins from 2DE analysis were identified as significantly differentially expressed between ‘Jonsok’ and ‘Frida’ at one or more time points during the cold treatment (0, 2, and 42 days at 2 ºC). These proteins included molecular chaperones, antioxidants/detoxifying enzymes, metabolic enzymes, pathogenesis related proteins and flavonoid pathway proteins. The proteins that contributed to the greatest differences between ‘Jonsok’ and ‘Frida’ are candidates for biomarker development. The novel and significant aspects of this work include the first crown proteome 2DE map with general characteristics of the strawberry crown proteome, a list of potential biomarkers to facilitate the development of new strawberry cultivars with improved cold stress tolerance.

The pomegranate fruit is one of the high valued crops, but there is insufficient information regarding the fruit properties in South Africa. The aim of the study was to evaluate the physico-chemical properties as well as total phenols, anthocyanin, antioxidant, organic sugars and acids of cultivar Wonderful on three locations of the Western Cape. This study was conducted on mature pomegranate fruits harvested in the 2012 and 2013 seasons. Fruit weight (g), length (mm), and width (mm), peel/aril colour and total arils weights (g) were measured. Fruits were also analysed for total soluble solids (TSS) or °Brix), titratable acidity (TA) and juice pH. Results of the study showed that there were significant differences in all measured factors with the exception of % aril yield between the three locations. Though varied per season, fruits produced at Bonnievalle had better physical and chemical properties than at the other localities. With the exception of Aril hue angle, all measured parameters had significant interaction effect regardless of locality (P<0.05). Total soluble solids content varied from 16.0–17.3 (°Brix), pH values from 2.7–3.0, titratable acid content varied from 1.3–1.7 and maturity index from 9.7–13.4. The anthocyanin, total phenols and antioxidant were in order of 772–1134; 1611–1834 and 12.57–14.84. Organic acids (Citric and Malic) showed differences while Acetic acid was not significant in all areas and organic sugar (fructose, Glucose and Sucrose) all had significant differences. It can also be concluded that changes in colour of peel and arils of pomegranate (cv. Wonderful) was mostly as a result of seasonal variation as well as growing area as evident by the interaction between both main factors. / Agriculture / M.Sc (Agriculture)