Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diana Ferroni Bast.pdf: 725034 bytes, checksum: adb63192e443e561b81d67f59e0cd649 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-15 / This experiment examined the conditioned emotional functions after a experimental condition on the formation of stimulus equivalence relations. This study was composed by four phases and it has been initiated after six participants have completed the IDATE and BDI scales. Three favorite words had been chosen by participants in the first phase and they would be used at the end of experiment. The second phase consisted on the formation of stimulus equivalence of arbitrary stimuli and all participants have achieved the 90% criterion. After, Phase 3 was designed to stablish an operant response function for 3 stimuli of the previous phase that would acquire distincts functions: neutral, aversive (S-) and positive reinforcing stimuli (S+). Three participants showed conditioned suppression when submitted to the S-. Finally, in the Phase 4, new stimulus equivalence relations would be done with each stimuli used in the Phase 2 and new stimuli (arabic and positive words that had been choosen by participants). The results showed that, two participants could not reach the last criterion for the formation of stimulus equivalence relations and they required more testing trials in the MTS training blocks-to-criterion and equivalence testing for S-/S+ condition and S+/S+. These two participants were found in the group that demonstrated conditioned supperssion on Phase 3. The others participants required less repetitions and it was detected different patterns of mistake among them, probably related with the experimental history of Phase 3. The fact of the participants scored anxiety or depression in the scales utilized was not correlated with the main interfering effect but experimental history was. Implications of this study for treatment of clinical treatments are considered / O presente estudo investigou a emergência de relações entre estímulos que adquiriram funções diferentes a partir de uma história experimental. O estudo foi composto por quatro fases e iniciado após os seis participantes terem preenchido escalas para ansiedade e depressão, IDATE e BDI. A primeira fase consistia na escolha de três palavras favoritas que iriam ser utilizadas no final do estudo. Na segunda fase, os participantes foram expostos a um procedimento que permitiu a emergência da equivalência de estímulos fisicamente diferentes até atingirem o critério de 90% em testes de equivalência. Na terceira fase, foi construída uma história experimental na qual três estímulos que faziam parte da fase anterior adquiririam distintas funções como estímulo aversivo, reforçador e neutro. Três participantes demonstraram supressão condicionada perante a apresentação do estímulo aversivo condicionado. Finalmente, na última fase, os participantes foram submetidos a um procedimento que estabelecia novas relações arbitrárias de equivalência com todos os estímulos utilizados na Fase 2 e novos estímulos (sinais árabes e as palavras escolhidas pelos participantes na 1ª Fase). Apenas dois participantes não conseguiram estabelecer relações de equivalência e erraram em grande quantidade ao relacionar estímulos funcionalmente diferentes aversivo-reforçador e funcionalmente semelhantes reforçador-reforçador . Esses dois participantes encontravam-se entre aqueles que demonstraram supressão condicionada perante S- na Fase 3. Os demais participantes necessitaram fazer poucas repetições durante o treino de simetria e foram detectados distintos padrões de erros entre eles, o que provavelmente teve relação com a história experimental construída na Fase 3. O fato dos participantes terem apresentado escores para depressão ou ansiedade não foi correlacionado com os resultados, mas a história experimental demonstrou uma possível correlação. Implicações dos resultados deste estudo para o tratamento clínico da ansiedade foram considerados

Les nouvelles technologies jouent un rôle croissant dans notre société. Le droit s’est interrogé sur la façon de rendre possible l’utilisation du support électronique dans un monde où seule l’utilisation du support papier était possible jusqu’à peu. L’objectif était d’éviter que la loi par son attachement au support papier n’entrave l’utilisation des nouvelles technologies et plus largement le développement des échanges en ligne. Dans ce contexte, la Commission des Nations Unies pour le Développement du Commerce International (CNUDCI) a développé les principes de neutralité technologique et d’équivalence fonctionnelle aux termes desquels les écrits électroniques sont considérés comme équivalents à ceux papiers s’ils sont en mesure d’endosser les mêmes fonctions que ces derniers. Le législateur français, s’inspirant des travaux de la CNUDCI, a modifié sa législation pour permettre la reconnaissance de la valeur juridique des actes passés par voie électronique. La reconnaissance de la valeur juridique des actes conclus par voie électronique laisse cependant subsister certaines questions relatives la protection du consentement de celui qui contracte en ligne. Le législateur français a ainsi élaboré des règles formalistes et dérogatoires au droit commun concernant la conclusion des contrats électroniques pour protéger le consommateur en ligne. / New technologies play a growing role in the modern world. Some concerns have therefore been raised to determine how to enable the legal use of electronic paper where until recently, only paper support had existed. The main role of such concerns was to avoid that the existing regulations might prejudice development of new technologies (and in a broader way, of online exchange) because only paper support was taken into account. In this context, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has developed the principles of technological neutrality and functional equivalence. Pursuant to those principles, electronic writing is considered as equivalent to paper writing as long as the same functions are maintained. The French legislator has sought inspiration in the works of the UNCITRAL to modify the French regulations regarding electronic support. Despite this recognition, some issues remain pending, especially regarding protection of the consent for the online contractor. In this respect, the French legislator has established formalist rules and rules that constitute exception to ordinary law.

Plus de dix ans après la mise en place du projet d’harmonisation du droit du commerce électronique, l’ASEAN, « The Association of Southeast Asian Nations » rassemblant dix États membres en Asie du Sud-est, n’arrive toujours pas à doter chacun de ses États membres d’une législation harmonisée en la matière. Dans cette optique, nous tenterons, pour contribuer à cette harmonisation, de démontrer la situation problématique relative au droit du commerce électronique dans six des dix États membres de l’ASEAN où, en plus de leur non-uniformité législative, les textes nationaux régissant le formalisme du contrat électronique demeurent difficiles à comprendre, à interpréter et donc à appliquer ; ce qui cause parfois des erreurs interprétatives voire l’oubli total de ces textes. Cette expérience n’est pas unique dans l’ASEAN, car l’on trouve également de similaires situations dans d’autres juridictions, telles que le Canada et les États-Unis. Pour pallier cette rupture entre la loi et la jurisprudence, nous proposons une quête d’une méthode d’interprétation comme une piste de solution qui nous semble la plus pertinente au regard de l’état des textes déjà en vigueur et de l’objectif de l’harmonisation du droit du commerce électronique dans l’ASEAN. Parmi les méthodes interprétatives très variées, nous arrivons à identifier la méthode contextuelle, aussi large soit-elle, comme la méthode la plus pertinente eu égard aux caractéristiques particulières du formalisme du contrat électronique, à savoir l’écrit et la signature électroniques. Nous proposons donc une grille d’analyse de cette méthode composée de contextes juridique, technique et social, qui aideront les juristes, surtout les juges, à mieux saisir le sens des textes et à leur donner « une meilleure interprétation » en faveur de l’objectif de l’harmonisation du droit dans l’ASEAN. / More than ten years after the implementation of the harmonization project of e-commerce law, ASEAN, "The Association of Southeast Asian Nations" gathering ten Member States in Southeast Asia, is still not able to provide each of their Member States with a harmonized legislation in this respect. In this context, we try, in contribution to this harmonization, to demonstrate the problematic situation on e-commerce law in six of the ten ASEAN Member States where, in addition to their statutory non-uniformity, these national laws governing the formalism of electronic contract are difficult to understand, to interpret and therefore to apply; sometimes causing interpretative errors or total neglect of these texts. This experience is not unique to ASEAN, because there are also similar situations in other jurisdictions such as Canada and the United States. To address this disconnect between the law and jurisprudence, we propose a search for a method of interpretation as a possible solution that seems most relevant to the state of the texts already in place and to the objective of harmonizing of the electronic commerce law in ASEAN. Among the wide variety of interpretive methods, we are able to identify the contextual approach, as large as it is, as the most appropriate method regarding to the particular characteristics of the formalism of electronic contract, namely the electronic writing and electronic signature. We propose an analytical method that consists of legal, technical and social contexts that will help lawyers, especially judges, to better understand the meaning of the texts and to give them a "best interpretation" in favor of the objective of harmonization of law in ASEAN. / Commentaires généraux du rapport externe (par Prof. Arthur Oulaï) : Il faut saluer la préoccupation du candidat pour l’apport d’un éclairage sur les textes qui régissent le contrat électronique afin de les rendre plus accessibles aux juges. L’élaboration d’une méthode d’interprétation de ces textes constitue, sans aucun doute, une contribution telle qu’attendue d’une thèse de doctorat en droit. Nous tenons à l’en féliciter. Nous recommandons donc la soutenance de sa thèse et lui accordons la mention « Très bonne ». 12 Déc. 2013 – Vincent Gautrais (Directeur de thèse) : Sambath Hel vient de se voir attribuer le doctorat en droit de l’Université de Montréal avec la mention selon laquelle sa thèse est jugée «Très bonne». En plus des félicitations qui lui ont été adressées lors de la soutenance, je puis aussi témoigner du grand plaisir que j’ai eu à l’accompagner durant ce long processus. Bravo Sambath!

Electronic contracts in the new technological age and electronic commerce have brought about world-wide legal uncertainty. When compared to the traditional paper-based method of writing and signing, the question has arisen whether contracts concluded by electronic means should be recognised as valid and enforceable agreements in terms of the functional equivalence approach. This study will examine the law regulating e-commerce from a South African perspective in contrast to international trends and e-commerce law from the perspective of the United States. The research investigates various aspects of contract formation such as time and place, validity of electronic agreements, electronic signatures, attribution of electronic data messages and signatures, automated transaction as well as select aspects of e-jurisdiction from a South African and United States viewpoint. / Mercantile Law / LLM

Electronic contracts in the new technological age and electronic commerce have brought about world-wide legal uncertainty. When compared to the traditional paper-based method of writing and signing, the question has arisen whether contracts concluded by electronic means should be recognised as valid and enforceable agreements in terms of the functional equivalence approach. This study will examine the law regulating e-commerce from a South African perspective in contrast to international trends and e-commerce law from the perspective of the United States. The research investigates various aspects of contract formation such as time and place, validity of electronic agreements, electronic signatures, attribution of electronic data messages and signatures, automated transaction as well as select aspects of e-jurisdiction from a South African and United States viewpoint. / Mercantile Law / LLM

Electronic contracts in the new technological age and electronic commerce have brought about world-wide legal uncertainty. When compared to the traditional paper-based method of writing and signing, the question has arisen whether contracts concluded by electronic means should be recognised as valid and enforceable agreements in terms of the functional equivalence approach. This study will examine the law regulating e-commerce from a South African perspective in contrast to international trends and e-commerce law from the perspective of the United States. The research investigates various aspects of contract formation such as time and place, validity of electronic agreements, electronic signatures, attribution of electronic data messages and signatures, automated transaction as well as select aspects of e-jurisdiction from a South African and United States viewpoint. / Mercantile Law / LLM