Endocytosis is an essential cellular process consisting of the internalization of extracellular cargo and its transport towards different intracellular destinations. Multiple endocytic routes are tailored for the internalization and trafficking of different types of cargo and multiple endocytic organelles provide specialized biochemical environments where different molecular events take place. Membrane receptors and cargo molecules are internalized by both Clathrin-dependent and –independent endocytosis into early endosomes. From here two main endocytic routes are followed: 1) the recycling route, mainly followed by membrane receptor and other molecules like Transferrin, brings the cargo back to the plasma membrane and 2) the degradative route, followed by molecules like Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Lipoprotein particles (LDL), leads the cargo to degradation into late endosomes/lysosomes. In addition to the basic function of intracellular cargo transport, the endocytic system fulfils many other cellular and developmental functions such as transmission of proliferative and survival signals and defence against pathogens. In order for cells to properly perform their various and numerous functions in organs and tissues, the activity of the endocytic system needs to be coordinated between cells and, within individual cells, integrated with other cellular functions. Even though molecules orchestrating the endocytic sorting and transport of different types of cargo have long been investigated, our understanding of the molecular machinery underlying endocytosis and its coordination into the cellular systems remains fragmentary. The work presented in this thesis aimed at understanding how this high-order regulation and integration is achieved. This requires not only a comprehensive analysis of molecular constituents of the endocytic system but also an understanding of the general design principles underlying its function. To this end, in collaboration with several members of the Zerial group and with the HT-Technology Development Studio (TDS) at MPI-CBG, I developed a new strategy to accurately profile the activity of human genes with respect to Transferrin (Tfn) and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) endocytosis by combining genome-wide RNAi with several siRNA/esiRNA per gene, automated high-resolution confocal microscopy, quantitative multi-parametric image analysis and high-performance computing. This provided a rich and complex genomic dataset that was subsequently subjected to analysis with a combination of tools such as a multi-parametric correlation of oligo profiles, phenotypic clustering and pathways analysis, and a Bayesian network reconstruction of key endocytic features. Altogether, the genomic endeavour and the subsequent analyses provided a number of important results: first, they revealed a much higher extent of off-target effects from RNAi and provided novel tools to infer the specific effects of genes loss of function; second, they identified a large number of novel molecules exerting a regulatory role on the endocytic system, including uncharacterized genes and genes implicated in human diseases; third, they uncovered the regulatory activity of signalling pathways such as Wnt, Integrin, TGF-β, and Notch, and found new genes regulating the sorting of cargo to a specialized subset of early endosomes that function as intracellular signalling platforms; and fourth, a systems analysis by Bayesian networks revealed that the cell specifically regulates the number, size, concentration of cargo and intracellular position of endosomes, thus uncovering novel properties of the endocytic system. In conclusion, the work presented here not only provided a dataset extremely rich of information whose potential has just begun to be uncovered but also shows how genomic datasets can be used to reveal design principles governing the functioning of biological processes.

This thesis describes the use of functional genomics screens in yeast to study anticancer drug action and intracellular transport. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides a particularly useful model system for global drug screens, due to the availability of knockout mutants for all yeast genes. A complete collection of yeast deletion mutants was screened for sensitivity to monensin, a drug that affects intracellular transport. A total of 63 deletion mutants were recovered, and most of them were in genes involved in transport beyond the Golgi. Surprisingly, none of the V-ATPase subunits were identified. Further analysis showed that a V-ATPase mutant interacts synthetically with many of the monensin-sensitive mutants. This suggests that monensin may act by interfering with the maintenance of an acidic pH in the late secretory pathway. The second part of the thesis concerns identification of the underlying causes for susceptibility and resistance to the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In a functional genomics screen for 5-FU sensitivity, 138 mutants were identified. Mutants affecting tRNA modifications were particularly sensitive to 5-FU. The cytotoxic effect of 5-FU is strongly enhanced in these mutants at higher temperature, which suggests that tRNAs are destabilized in the presence of 5-FU. Consistent with this, higher temperatures also potentiate the effect of 5-FU on wild type yeast cells. In a plasmid screen, five genes were found to confer resistance to 5-FU when overexpressed. Two of these genes, CPA1 and CPA2 encode the two subunits of the arginine-specific carbamoyl-phosphate synthase. The three other genes, HMS1, YAE1 and YJL055W are partially dependent on CPA1 and CPA2 for their effects on 5-FU resistance. The specific incorporation of [14C]5-FU into tRNA is diminished in all overexpressor strains, which suggest that they may affect the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.

Malaria is a pernicious disease that has greatly impacted and continues to affect the human population. While much research has been performed to understand the underlying nature of this disease, gaps in the knowledge-base persist. In order to address these deficiencies, a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional project has been funded to study the systems biology of the host pathogen interaction during malaria infection in both humans and non-human primates. In the course of investigating the transcriptome during two 100-day experiments in Macaca mulatta, this work elucidated many of the underlying molecular pathways of the host and parasite that are affected by antimalarial drugs, as well as through host-pathogen interactions. The malaria-disease-related host pathways are related to, not surprisingly, immune-associated signalling and hematopoesis, and the altered parasite pathways demonstrate an association between disease severity and parasite life stage abundance. Continuing integration of this research with other data-types collected during the course of these experiments will improve our understanding of malaria systems biology and improve targeted malaria therapies.

More than a decade after the completion of the human genome project, the function of a large number of genes remains to be elucidated. Forward and reverse genetic approaches have proven to be powerful tools to study gene function and have provided insights into fundamental biological processes. Furthermore, functional genetic screening can lead to a better understanding of the action of endogenous and exogenous stimuli such as hormones or drugs on biological systems. Thus far, systematic and unbiased studies have largely been limited to model organisms. However, complex disease-relevant genotypes and phenotypes cannot be studied in entirety in lower organisms creating a need for systematic approaches in human cells. This thesis describes a series of studies using forward and reverse genetic approaches combined with state-of-the-art technology in haploid human cells. The first chapter describes the development of a quantitative phenotypic read-out using a novel application of RNA-sequencing that allows the functional annotation of genes in signalling pathways. The presented data demonstrate that the employed shallow RNA-sequencing method is scalable and suitable as a read-out for reverse genetic screening. The second chapter focuses on the implementation of this method in a large reverse genetic study in human cells to functionally annotate tyrosine kinases in signalling pathways upon stimulation with a set of ten polypeptides and small molecules. The screens revealed known and unexpected interactions between different signalling molecules and pathways, validating the technical approach in a biological context. The third chapter presents a pilot study describing the set-up of a forward genetic technique for compound mode-of-action screening using a pooled human mutant cell line collection. The chemical genetic approach displayed sufficient sensitivity and allowed to monitor thousands of gene-drug interactions simultaneously. Together, this thesis combines elements to advance technological and biological aspects of functional genomics and chemical genetics.

Orientadores: Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira, Juan Lucas Argueso Gomes de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T04:49:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sampaio_NadiaMariaVieira_M.pdf: 5240623 bytes, checksum: 83a8fd832d725a15f52ace4fb49f9106 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, a busca por fontes renováveis de energia tem sido intensificada em todo o mundo e, atualmente, o processo fermentativo de produção de bioetanol destaca-se como uma alternativa energética economicamente viável e menos poluente do que os combustíveis fósseis. Diferentes etapas do processo de produção desse biocombustível vêm sendo aprimoradas e, recentemente, o melhoramento genético de linhagens da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae é apontado como um ponto chave para tornar a produção do bioetanol ainda mais rentável. No Brasil, a linhagem JAY270/PE-2 é amplamente utilizada pelo setor industrial devido a sua elevada produtividade e robustez, consideravelmente superiores em relação à linhagem padrão de laboratório S288c. Em busca da compreensão das características genéticas associadas ao fenótipo da linhagem JAY270/PE-2, nosso grupo de pesquisa realizou o sequenciamento de um isolado haploide dessa linhagem, denominado JAY291, o qual revelou um total de 21 genes preditos não identificados no genoma da linhagem S288c. As significativas diferenças fenotípicas observadas entre essas linhagens motivou a investigação do envolvimento destes genes nas características de interesse industrial da linhagem JAY270/PE-2. Para isso, foi realizada uma investigação funcional de 4 desses genes, por meio da avaliação fenotípica de linhagens knockout, testadas quanto às suas principais características de interesse industrial. A partir dos testes realizados, não foi possível correlacionar estes genes a uma função específica. Apesar disso, a anotação dessas sequências, a conservação desses genes em outras linhagens industriais e, adicionalmente, a observação de que alguns deles apresentam-se diferencialmente expressos ao longo de uma fermentação industrial forneceram fortes indícios de que os mesmos apresentam um papel importante para a fisiologia da linhagem em condições industriais. Dessa forma, os dados gerados por este trabalho deverão servir como base para futuros estudos focados na elucidação do papel desses genes, a qual é de fundamental importância, tanto para a geração de conhecimento básico acerca da biologia dessa espécie, como para a identificação de potenciais alvos para o melhoramento genético da linhagem JAY270/PE-2 / Abstract: In the past years, the search for renewable energy sources has increased worldwide and, recently, the bioethanol fermentation process rises as an economically viable and less pollutant alternative supply. Several steps of the production process have been enhanced and the genetic improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains plays a key role on that effort. In Brazil, the yeast strain JAY270/PE-2 is widely used in the industrial sector due to its high productivity and robustness, being remarkably superior to the reference laboratory strain S288c. In order to shed light to the genetic characteristics underlying these traits, our group sequenced the genome of the derivative haploid JAY291, which unveiled a total of 21 predicted genes absent in the S288c reference genome. The substantial differences observed between these strains motivated us to investigate the relationship between these predicted genes and the industrially relevant phenotype of JAY270/PE-2 strain. Thus, we accomplished the functional investigation of 4 putative genes through phenotypic evaluation of knockout strains. It was not possible to correlate those genes to a specific function. Although, considering their functional annotation, their conservation between industrial strains and also their differential expression during an industrial fermentation strengthens their potential to be related to these industrially valuable traits. Therefore, this study might work as a backbone for the future functional characterization of these genes. This knowledge is of cardinal importance for a comprehensive understanding of the biology of this specie and could possibly provide new targets for the genetic manipulation of the industrial strain JAY270/PE-2 / Mestrado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Mestra em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Human neurodevelopment requires the coordinated expression of thousands of genes, exquisitely regulated in both spatial and temporal dimensions, to achieve the proper specialization and inter-connectivity of brain regions. Consequently, the dysregulation of complex gene networks in the developing brain is believed to underlie many neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism has a significant genetic etiology, but there are hundreds of genes implicated, and their functions are heterogeneous and complex. Therefore, an understanding of shared molecular and cellular pathways underlying the development ASD has remained elusive, hampering attempts to develop common diagnostic biomarkers or treatments for this disorder. I hypothesized that analyzing functional genomics relationships among ASD candidate genes during normal human brain development would provide insight into common cellular and molecular pathways that are affected in autistic individuals, and may help elucidate how hundreds of diverse genes can all be linked to a single clinical phenotype. This thesis describes a coordinated set of bioinformatics experiments that first (i) assessed for gene expression and co-expression properties among ASD candidates and other non-coding RNAs during normal human brain development to discover potential shared mechanisms; and then (ii) directly assessed for changes in these pathways in autistic post-mortem brain tissue. The results demonstrated that when examined in the context of normal human brain gene expression during early development, autism candidate genes appear to be strongly related to the neurodevelopmental pathways of synaptogenesis, mitochondrial function, glial cytokine signaling, and transcription/translation regulation. Furthermore, the known sex bias in ASD prevalence appeared to relate to differences in gene expression between the developing brains of males and females. Follow up studies in autistic brain tissue confirmed that changes in mitochondrial gene expression networks, glial pathways, and gene expression regulatory mechanisms are all altered in the brains of autistic individuals. Together, these results show that the heterogeneous set of autism candidate genes are related to each other through shared transcriptional networks that funnel into common molecular mechanisms, and that these mechanisms are aberrant in autistic brains.

A leptospirose é uma zoonose disseminada mundialmente, causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira. A melhor maneira de contornar o problema é por de medidas preventivas, já que a contenção da proliferação de roedores é inviável e não há vacina eficaz disponível. Estratégias de genômica funcional têm identificado um grande número de proteínas a serem estudadas. Esse fato aliado a dados da literatura, que identificaram proteínas envolvidas na patogenicidade e que são expressas somente em condição de virulência, levou à proposição da utilização da proteômica para canalizar os estudos. A metodologia envolveu obtenção de extratos protéicos de leptospiras retiradas de animais infectados, sua separação por gel bidimensional, e identificação dos spots por espectrometria de massas. O objetivo central foi a identificação de proteínas expressas em bactérias virulentas e ausentes nas não-virulentas. A identificação dessas proteínas pode facilitar a busca de proteínas envolvidas na virulência e infecção da leptospirose. Adicionalmente, é um avanço no esclarecimento da biologia e patogenicidade das leptospiras, bem como para o reconhecimento de candidatos potenciais para a composição de vacinas e/ou métodos diagnósticos mais eficientes. / Leptospirosis, one of the most spread zoonosis worldwide, is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Preventive measures are the best way to control the disease due to the difficulty to impair the proliferation of rodents and because no efficient vaccine is currently available. Functional genomics strategies have pointed a large number of proteins that could be important immunogens. This fact allied to published data reporting the identification of proteins involved in pathogenesis that are expressed only in virulent strains, led us to propose the use of proteomics as a tool to narrow down these studies. The methodology involved the preparation of protein extracts from tissuederived leptospires, separation by two-dimensional gel and identification of the spots by mass spectrometry. The central objective was to identify proteins expressed only in virulent bacteria. The identification of these proteins could help the search for proteins involved in virulence with a role during infection. Additionally, the data presented here represent a large step to clarify the biology and pathogenicity of leptospires, as well as the identification of potentially important vaccine candidates and/or proteins to compose more efficient diagnostic methods.

Les picocyanobactéries marines Synechococcus sont les seconds organismes photosynthétiques les plus abondants sur Terre. Elles présentent une grande diversité pigmentaire du fait de différences dans la composition de leur antenne collectrice de lumière (phycobilisome), ce qui leur permet d'utiliser efficacement une grande partie du spectre lumineux. Cependant, l'évolution, l'écologie et les bases moléculaires de cette diversité restent mal comprises. La comparaison d'une région génomique impliquée dans la synthèse des phycobilisomes de 54 souches et de populations naturelles m'a permis de proposer un scénario pour l'évolution des différents types pigmentaires et de montrer que cette diversité pigmentaire précède la diversification des Synechococcus marins. J'ai ensuite développé une procédure bioinformatique pour quantifier l'abondance relative de tous les types pigmentaires connus à partir de métagénomes. Appliquée aux données de Tara Oceans, cela m'a permis de décrire leur répartition à l'échelle mondiale, révélant que l'acclimatation chromatique de type IV, qui permet aux cellules de modifier leur spectre d'absorption en fonction de la couleur de la lumière, domine les populations naturelles de Synechococcus, et que des mutants naturels de l'acclimatation chromatique prévalent dans les étendues oligotrophes de l'océan Pacifique sud. Enfin, la caractérisation génétique de deux membres d'une famille d'enzymes liant les pigments à la phycoérythrine II, constituant majeur des phycobilisomes, a apporté de nouvelles perspectives sur les bases moléculaires de l'acclimatation chromatique et révélé l'importance des variations alléliques dans la diversité des types pigmentaires. / Marine Synechococcus are the second most abundant photosynthetic organisms on the planet. These picocyanobacteria present very diverse pigmentations due to differences in the composition of their light-harvesting antenna (phycobilisome), allowing them to efficiently exploit a wide range of spectral niches. Yet, the evolution, ecology and molecular bases of the different Synechococcus pigment types are not well understood. By comparing the genomic regions involved in the synthesis of phycobilisome rods from 54 sequenced isolates spanning all cultured pigment types and from natural Synechococcus populations, I proposed a scenario for the evolution of the different pigment types and showed that the pigment diversity of marine Synechococcus predates the diversification of this genus. Then, I developed a bioinformatic pipeline for reliably quantifying all known Synechococcus pigment types from metagenomes. Applying it to the Tara Oceans dataset allowed me to describe for the first time their distribution in the global ocean and revealed that type IV chromatic acclimation, a process by which cells can match their absorption properties to the ambient light colour, is widespread and constitutes the dominant pigmentation in Synechococcus populations. It also showed that natural chromatic acclimation mutants prevail in wide oligotrophic areas of the southern Pacific Ocean. Finally, I genetically characterized two members of an enzyme family binding chromophores to phycoerythrin-II, a major component of phycobilisomes. This provided new insights into the molecular bases of chromatic acclimation and revealed the importance of allelic variation for the diversity of pigment types.

abstract: Phenotypic and molecular profiling demonstrates a high degree of heterogeneity in the breast tumors. TP53 tumor suppressor is mutated in 30% of all breast tumors and the mutation frequency in basal-like subtype is as high as 80% and co-exists with several other somatic mutations in different genes. It was hypothesized that tumor heterogeneity is a result of a combination of neo-morphic functions of specific TP53 driver mutations and distinct co-mutations or the co-drivers for each type of TP53 mutation. The 10 most common p53 missense mutant proteins found in breast cancer patients were ectopically expressed in normal-like mammary epithelial cells and phenotypes associated with various hallmarks of cancer examined. Supporting the hypothesis, a wide spectrum of phenotypic changes in cell survival, resistance to apoptosis and anoikis, cell migration, invasion and polarity was observed in the mutants compared to wildtype p53 expressing cells. The missense mutants R248W, R273C and Y220C were most aggressive. Integrated analysis of ChIP and RNA seq showed distinct promoter binding profiles of the p53 mutant proteins different than wildtype p53, implying altered transcriptional activity of mutant p53 proteins and the phenotypic heterogeneity of tumors. Enrichment and model-based pathway analyses revealed dysregulated adherens junction and focal adhesion pathways associated with the aggressive p53 mutants. As several somatic mutations co-appear with mutant TP53, we performed a functional assay to fish out the relevant collaborating driver mutations, the co-drivers. When PTEN was deleted by CRISPR-Cas9 in non-invasive p53-Y234C mutant cell, an increase in cell invasion was observed justifying the concept of co-drivers. A genome wide CRISPR library-based screen on p53-Y234C and R273C cells identified separate candidate co-driver mutations that promoted cell invasion. The top candidates included several mutated genes in breast cancer patients harboring TP53 mutations and were associated with cytoskeletal and apoptosis resistance pathways. Overall, the combined approach of molecular profiling and functional genomics screen highlighted distinct sets of co-driver mutations that can lead to heterogeneous phenotypes and promote aggressiveness in cells with different TP53 mutation background, which can guide development of novel targeted therapies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 2019

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20662号 / 医博第4272号 / 新制||医||1024(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 武藤 学, 教授 松田 道行, 教授 原田 浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM