nÃo hà / Colombia y Estados Unidos han mantenido una relaciÃn bilateral estrecha y amigable por casi dos siglos. Este fenÃmeno contrasta con el bajo nivel de inglÃs mostrado por la poblaciÃn Colombiana de manera general, y, particularmente, por los estudiantes del sector pÃblico. Esta debilidad ha sido evidenciada por resultados obtenidos en exÃmenes de proficiencia en ingles realizados a nivel nacional e internacional. Por este motivo, desde la dÃcada de los 80Âs el Ministerio de EducaciÃn Nacional de Colombia (MEN) ha desarrollado una serie de medidas con el fin de mejorar esta situaciÃn, en el aÃo 2004, se institucionalizà el: âPrograma de BilingÃismo,â con una polÃtica que se estructurà basada en el Marco ComÃn Europeo (MCER) y se oficializà el 12 de julio del 2013, cuando recibià el completo respaldo del Gobierno Nacional a travÃs de la Ley del BilingÃismo. Finalmente, en 2016, a travÃs de un convenio entre el (MEN) y el British Council fue diseÃado, y divulgado en dominio pÃblico el material -English Please! Fast Track, para la enseÃanza de inglÃs en la educaciÃn secundaria del paÃs. Sin embargo, algunas caracterÃsticas de este material no han sido analizadas aÃn, una de ellas es el uso que se le da a la traducciÃn como complemento en su propÃsito educativo. En atenciÃn a lo cual y para ser mÃs especÃfico los ejercicios de traducciÃn presentes en el material, fueron clasificados con base en los tipos de traducciÃn descritas por RomÃn Jakobson (1973), para ser analizados bajo la luz del funcionalismo de Christiane Nord (2012, 2010, 2009), Reiss y Vermeer (1996). El funcionalismo permitià obtener una visiÃn poco explorada en esta Ãrea de enseÃanza, principalmente, por el cuidado que la teorÃa alemana da al anÃlisis de los elementos inter/extratextuales circundantes al texto a ser traducido, este anÃlisis permite una interacciÃn y entendimiento no solo en el Ãmbito idiomÃtico, sino tambiÃn del cultural. El segundo aspecto es de alta relevancia, ya que es fundamental cuando se tiene como propÃsito enseÃar un idioma extranjero con una base comunicativa. Con esta base, se evidencià que los ejercicios de traducciÃn analizados carecÃan de informaciÃn suficiente con respecto lugar, gÃnero, tiempo, funciones del texto base y de las culturas envueltas en el proceso, para generar un acto comunicativo. En contraste, la teorÃa funcionalista presenta una guÃa detallada del proceso pretraslativo que ayudarà a los profesores de inglÃs a diseÃar y a evaluar materiales de traducciÃn funcional con un propÃsito comunicativo claro y estructurado para los alumnos. Lo cual es visible en las propuestas de traducciÃn planteadas en este trabajo.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:59:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Chaves Cavalcante.pdf: 5903922 bytes, checksum: a12b15ea1a85f76201b71961a4e5b960 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Human values are central to the study of the human being. Mainly because it is a theme connected to many themes embedded in psychology, such as welfare, sexuality, school performance, criminal behavior, etc. In the organizational environment, this issue can be well spent to be studied in line with several other relevant themes as performance, types of leadership and personality characteristics. This study aimed to develop an instrument that seeks to assess trends in organizational behavior based on functionalist theory of human values. The study will follow the basic topics for the development of tests, such as: array of specifications, items representing the descriptors of the theory, the judges analysis, standardization of electronic and print application, analysis of internal consistency of items, discriminative power analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, comparison of data samples, and intra-group standards. Data collection occurred in industries of the Polo Industrial de Manaus and in an electronic questionnaire with people who worked at the time of collection. Statistical analyzes were performed according to the reported above. Inconsistency was found in some of these analyzes, it was concluded that the instrument is not yet ready for mass deployment by requiring adjustments / Os valores humanos são centrais no estudo do ser humano. Principalmente por ser uma temática conectada a muitos temas inseridos na Psicologia, como é o caso do bem-estar, sexualidade, desempenho escolar, condutas delitivas, etc. No ambiente organizacional, esse tema pode ser bem aproveitado ao ser estudado em consonância com vários outros assuntos relevantes, como o desempenho e características de personalidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um instrumento que visa à avaliação de tendências de comportamento organizacional baseando-se na teoria funcionalista dos valores humanos. O estudo seguiu os tópicos básicos para a elaboração de instrumentos: matriz de especificações, itens representantes dos descritores da teoria, análise de juízes, padronização da aplicação eletrônica e impressa, análise da consistência interna dos itens, análise do poder discriminativo, análise fatorial confirmatória, comparação dos dados das amostras, e elaboração de normas intragrupo. A coleta de dados ocorreu em indústrias do Polo Industrial de Manaus e em um questionário com coleta eletrônica com trabalhadores. As análises estatísticas e psicométricas foram realizadas de acordo com o relatado acima. O instrumento apresentou qualidades e imprecisões durante as avaliações, o que indica que esse instrumento precisa de ajustes para ser distribuído.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:47:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita Maria Fonseca Matos Chagas.pdf: 3220359 bytes, checksum: c0f6bfd7a9ff971f73c9602c8213e2fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-11 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The aim of the present study is to investigate the ways in which social actors in Education (teachers, students and school) are represented in the reportages of the magazine Veja, year 2007, Education Sector. At first, the objective is to analyze the linguistic and ideological strategies mobilized by enunciators to represent social actors in building its image to the reading public. Secondly, it is our intention to present, through the analyses of these representations, the ethical and political developments arising out of these representations. To guide the research it is risen the possibility that Veja, grounding on neoliberalist philosophical assumptions and technicist pedagogy, builds for the reading public an ideal image of education, incorporating the educational system, teachers and students in pre-established models as the only means for solving problems in teaching and learning and, with that doing, naturalize hegemonic practices and stresses the ethical issue of social exclusion. Due to the interdisciplinary and interventionist nature of research, is chosen as the theoreticalmethodological apparatus, the qualitative interpretative paradigm, as discussed by Moita Lopes (1994), Signorini (1998), Cavalcanti (1996), Gialdino (1993), among others. It is used as theoretical foundation for the analyses, the assumptions of Critical Discourse Analysis, as discussed by Fairclough, (2001a, 2001b), Pedro (1997), Resende and Ramalho (2006), among others. The notions of ideology are presented as per contributions by Thompson (1995), Van Leeuwen (1997) and the notions of power are presented in accordance with the studies by Foucault (2000). A Critical Discourse Analysis considers some fundamentals of Functionalist Linguistics and accordingly, we use the contributions by Halliday (1994), Eggins (1994), Neves (2006), among others. We present some ideas about intertextuality, focusing on the heterogeneity of the texts and the discursive formations, as contributions by Bakthin (2003), among others. We study the ethos (AMOSSY, 2008), gender (MEURER; BONINI, Motta ROTH, 2005) and the assumptions of neo-liberal philosophy and technicist pedagogy. In addition to the hypothesis proved through the analyses, it was found that the reportages were characterized as article and, therefore, it is asserted that Veja reportages presented an opinionated angle masquerading as information. It was concluded also, through analyses, that the social actors of education were represented as objects and as ends in themselves to serve a larger project: to supply the market. / Pretende-se, nesta pesquisa, investigar as formas como os atores sociais da Educação (professores, alunos e escola) são representados nas reportagens da Revista Veja ano 2007, setor Educação. No primeiro momento, objetiva-se analisar as estratégias linguísticoideológicas mobilizadas pelos enunciadores para representar os atores sociais na construção de sua imagem ao público leitor. Objetiva-se, em segundo lugar, apresentar, mediante as análises dessas representações, os desdobramentos éticos e políticos advindos dessas representações. Para nortear a investigação, levanta-se a hipótese de que a Revista Veja, embasando-se nos pressupostos filosóficos neoliberais e na pedagogia tecnicista, constrói para o público leitor uma imagem ideal de educação, enquadrando o sistema educacional, professores e alunos em modelos pré-estabelecidos como únicos meios para a resolução de problemas no ensino/aprendizagem e, com esse fazer, naturaliza práticas hegemônicas e acentua a questão ética da exclusão social. Devido ao cariz interdisciplinar e intervencionista da pesquisa, escolhe-se, como aparato teórico-metodológico, o paradigma qualitativo interpretativista, conforme discutem Moita Lopes (1994), Signorini (1998), Cavalcanti (1996), Gialdino (1993), dentre outros. Emprega-se, como fundamentação teórica para as análises, os pressupostos da Análise de Discurso Crítica, conforme discutem Fairclough, (2001 a, 2001 b), Pedro (1997), Resende e Ramalho (2006), dentre outros. As noções de ideologia são apresentadas segundo as contribuições de Thompson (1995), Van Leuween (1997) e as noções de poder são apresentadas de acordo com os estudos de Foucault (2000). A Análise Crítica do Discurso considera alguns fundamentos da Lingüística Funcionalista e em função disso, utilizam-se as contribuições de Halliday (1994), Eggins (1994), Neves (2006), dentre outros. Apresentam-se algumas noções a respeito da intertextualidade, focalizando para a heterogeneidade dos textos e as formações discursivas, conforme contribuições de Bakthin (2003), dentre outros. Estuda-se o ethos (AMOSSY, 2008), o gênero (MEURER; BONINI; MOTTA ROTH, 2005) e os pressupostos da filosofia neoliberal e da pedagogia tecnicista. Além de a hipótese ter sido comprovada por meio das análises, verificou-se que as reportagens se caracterizaram como artigo e, por isso, afirmou-se que a Veja apresentou nas reportagens uma angulação opinativa disfarçada de informação. Concluiu-se, também, pelas análises, que os atores sociais da educação foram representados como objetos e como fins em si mesmos para servirem a um projeto maior: abastecer o mercado.

Submitted by Daniely Januário (daniely.januario@gmail.com) on 2018-02-28T18:39:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 venisevieiramendesdoutorado.pdf: 3317868 bytes, checksum: db5b5c96272c5cdc8d27d69ab91042e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-01T15:35:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 venisevieiramendesdoutorado.pdf: 3317868 bytes, checksum: db5b5c96272c5cdc8d27d69ab91042e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-01T15:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 venisevieiramendesdoutorado.pdf: 3317868 bytes, checksum: db5b5c96272c5cdc8d27d69ab91042e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-07 / PROQUALI (UFJF) / O presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo as duas únicas traduções brasileiras do livro Le petit Nicolas, de Sempé e Goscinny (1960), e seu objetivo principal é a determinação do escopo dessas traduções e das características do público-alvo de cada uma delas por meio da apuração de seus encargos tradutórios. Como pressupostos teóricos que orientam esta pesquisa, destacam-se a Abordagem Funcionalista da Tradução, na ótica de Christiane Nord (1997, 2000, 2005, 2006, 2008), os estudos dedicados à Literatura Infantojuvenil (COELHO, 1980, 1991, 1993; HUNT, 2010) e à sua tradução (AZENHA JUNIOR, 1991, 1996, 2005, 2005, 2008, 2012). Aborda-se, também, o discurso de teóricos voltados para o estudo da Historiografia, com ênfase na historiografia da tradução. A análise dos dados baseou-se em três corpora: o primeiro corpus é constituído pelo livro original Le petit Nicolas, publicado pela Editora Denoël, cuja edição aqui consultada é de 1999; o segundo é a tradução de Marcelo Corção, de 1975, publicado pela Editora Artenova e o terceiro, a tradução da Martins Fontes Editora, de 1997, assinada por Luis Lorenzo Rivera; ambas as traduções levam o nome O Pequeno Nicolau. A análise dos dados aponta para a diferença de concepção sobre o fazer tradutório na qual a tradução operada pela Editora Artenova busca um resultado final que elimina a presença do estrangeiro no texto, enquanto a tradução feita pela Editora Martins Fontes resguarda, investe e insiste na presença da cultura estrangeira. / The aim of this work is to study the only two Brazilian versions of the book Le petit Nicolas, written by Sempé and Goscinny (1960). The main purpose is to define the scope of these translations and the target audience characteristics of each of those versions by analysing their translation-briefs. As theoretical assumptions that guide this research, stand out the Translation Functionalist Approach, in the view of Christiane Nord (1997, 2000, 2005, 2006, 2008), some studies dedicated to children and youth literature (Coelho, 1980, 1991, 1993; HUNT, 2010) and its translation (AZENHA JUNIOR, 1991, 1996, 2005, 2005, 2008, 2012).This work also focuses on theoretical discourse of the study of translation historiography. The data analysis was based on three corpora: the first corpus consists on the original book Le petit Nicolas, published by Denoël, whose edition consulted is from 1999; the second is the translation of Marcelo Corção, 1975, published by Artenova. The third was the translation of Martins Fontes Publisher, 1997, signed by Luis Lorenzo Rivera. Both translations are named O pequeno Nicolau. Data analysis highlights the different conceptions of translation work between the two publishers. While Artenova seeks a final result that eliminates the foreign presence in the text, Martins Fontes protects sources, invests and insists on the presence of the foreign culture.

Abstract Adolescent males are being suspended or expelled at high rates. Faith-based organizations have developed programs to address these problems by using adult male volunteers to mentor high-risk youth; however, recruiting sufficient mentors is a problem because organizers lack an understanding of the factors that motivate men to volunteer. If this problem can be alleviated, then faith-based organizations will be better able to recruit volunteers to serve students. Guided by the functionalist theory, the purpose of this study was to determine what demographic characteristics and motivating factors discriminated between volunteers and non-volunteers. A causal comparative design was employed and the Volunteer Function Inventory was administered to determine differences between volunteers (n = 112) and non-volunteers (n = 202) in terms of motivating factors, demographic characteristics, and future intentions to volunteer. In alignment with the functionalist theory, multivariate analysis of variance revealed that volunteers were more motivated by social, value, understanding, and self-enhancement factors than were non-volunteers. Descriptive data analyses indicated that volunteers were older, unmarried, employed full time, and less educated than non-volunteers, and revealed no difference in future intentions to volunteer. Based upon the findings of this study, it is concluded that faith-based organizations recruit and retain adult males as role models who exhibit social, value, understanding, and self-enhancement factors to provide support for adolescent males. It is recommended that faith-based leaders use the Volunteer Function Inventory as a screening tool to identify volunteers who would mentor high risk male students. This practice may enable male at risk students to remain in school, graduate, and lead fulfilling lives, thus resulting in positive social change.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Nesta tese, objetiva-se investigar o funcionamento sintático, semântico e pragmático das construções com se... verbo ser + porque sob uma perspectiva da teoria funcionalista da linguagem. Utilizam-se os postulados de Dik (1989), que propõe um modelo de interação verbal, segundo o qual, na construção dos enunciados linguísticos, o falante antecipa uma possível interpretação do ouvinte e este reconstrói a intenção comunicativa do falante. Assim, na análise dos enunciados, os fatores sintático e semântico são conjugados ao componente pragmático. Baseia-se, ainda, nas considerações de Taylor (2003) e Rosch (2004), que defendem que as fronteiras de uma categoria são flexíveis; tal ideia conduz à questão da fluidez semântica, presente na construção com se... ser porque. Em relação à metodologia, para a exemplificação da construção em estudo na parte teórica, usam-se textos jornalísticos contemporâneos de diversificados gêneros discursivos; para a análise semântica e pragmática, utilizam-se entrevistas jornalísticas (contemporâneas), pois estas trazem natureza interativa, compatível com a construção em pauta; para o exame da formação da estrutura com se... ser porque, adota-se, especialmente, o Corpus do Português, visto que esse material permite a visualização de dados em uma diacronia. No que concerne à natureza sintática das construções com se... ser porque, verifica-se que: i) elas constituem uma correlação entre duas hipotaxes; ii) elas são construções híbridas, e as orações condicional e causal não possuem oração matriz explícita. No que tange à questão semântica, aliada ao componente pragmático, observa-se que: i) a oração com se pode ser factual, demonstrando, por exemplo, concordância do locutor em relação à avaliação feita pelo interlocutor; ii) a oração com se pode ser hipotética, sentido que, na estrutura com se... ser porque, é compatível com a expressão da habitualidade, com a presença do matiz temporal; iii) há, muitas vezes, fluidez semântica em se... ser porque, com a manifestação dos valores de causa e de conclusão; iv) a leitura causal não se limita a uma relação entre causa e consequência, pois há casos em que se manifesta uma conexão entre motivação e ação; v) são expressos dois tipos de conclusão, a dedução e a abdução; e a determinação do tipo de conclusão envolve certa subjetividade, não se restringindo, assim, a uma questão lógica. Em relação à organização discursiva, constata-se que: i) a oração condicional atua como tópico, trazendo resumo, paráfrase, contraste ou exemplificação; ii) o verbo ser atua como focalizador, tomando como escopo a segunda oração da correlação e explicitando, muitas vezes, informação nova; iii) a oração com ser porque é utilizada para anular outras inferências possíveis, e o segmento focalizado indica, entre outros aspectos, informação solicitada pelo interlocutor, negação de ideia exposta anteriormente, confirmação. A partir dos resultados obtidos, é possível questionar conceitos tradicionalmente estabelecidos, como a atribuição apenas do sentido de hipótese à oração condicional e somente do valor semântico de causa à oração causal. Além disso, esta tese tem como objeto de estudo uma construção ainda pouco investigada em pesquisas linguísticas, podendo, assim, oferecer subsídios para novas reflexões sobre a estrutura com se... ser porque. / This research investigates the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic operation of constructions with \"if... verb to be + because\" under the perspective of the functionalist theory of language. The Dik\'s (1989) postulates are used. They propose a verbal interaction model, according to which, in the construction of linguistic utterances, the speaker anticipates a possible interpretation of the listener, who reconstructs the communicative intention of the speaker. Thus, in the analysis of the utterances, the syntactic and semantic factors are conjugated to the pragmatic component. It is also based on considerations of Taylor (2003) and Rosch (2004), who advocate that the boundaries of a category are flexible; such idea leads to the question of semantic fluidity, present in the construction with if... be because. Regarding the methodology for exemplification of the construction under study in theoretical part, contemporary journalistic texts of diverse genres are used; for semantic and pragmatic analysis, contemporary journalistic interviews are used, as these bring interactive nature, compatible with the construction in question; for examination of the formation of the structure if... be because, the \"Corpus of Portuguese \" is embraced, specially, as this material allows the visualization of data in a diachrony. Regarding the syntactic nature of constructions with if... be because, it can be noticed that: i) they constitute a correlation between two hypotaxis constructions; ii) they are hybrid constructions, and conditional and causal clauses have no matrix clause. Regarding the semantic issue, allied to pragmatic component, it is observed that: i) clauses with if may be factual, showing, for example, agreement of the speaker in relation to the assessment made by the interlocutor; ii) clauses with if may be hypothetical, a meaning that in the structure if... be because is compatible with the habitual expression, with presence of temporal nuance; iii) quite often, there is semantic fluidity in if... be because, due to manifestation of cause and conclusion values; iv) causal reading is not limited to a relation between cause and consequence, as there are cases in which a connection between motivation and action is manifested; v) two types of conclusion are expressed, deduction and abduction; and determining the type of conclusion involves some subjectivity, thus, it is not restricted to a logical issue. Regarding the discursive organization, it is confirmed that: i) conditional clauses act as a topic, bringing summary, paraphrase, contrast or exemplification; ii) the verb to be acts as a focusing event, taking the second correlation sentence as a scope and, quite often, clarifying new information; iii) clauses with be because are used to nullify other possible inferences, and the focused segment indicates, among other aspects, information requested by the interlocutor, denial of previously exposed idea, and confirmation. From the results obtained, it is possible to enquire traditionally established concepts, as the assignment of only hypothesis sense to conditional clauses and of only the cause semantic value to causal clauses. Moreover, this thesis has as object of study a construction still poorly investigated in linguistic research, thus, it can offer subsidies to new reflection about the structure if... be because.

The study focused on the translation and interpretation of cultural concepts from Xitsonga into English. The main aim of the study was to formulate strategies and methods as well as techniques of translating cultural concepts from Xitsonga into English with the view towards bridging the gap between the two cultures. The study used a mixed method approach combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches. It examined the research problem by selecting respondents who deal with translation issues on a day-to-day basis and also observed how cultural concepts are presented in the bilingual dictionaries. This was done by comparing three languages i.e. Xitsonga, Northern-Sotho and Tshivenda. The researcher had to identify the afore-mentioned cultural concepts and to find if they were properly described or translated into English. The observation focused on the translation of both Xitsonga, Northern-Sotho and Tshivenda cultural fixed expressions which were given to translation studies students to translate into English. The aim was to find if they are able to give proper explanations or translation to the given expressions. Quantitatively, 24 out of the 30 questionnaires that were sent out to respondents, were returned to the researcher for presentation, analysis and interpretation. The study found that translating cultural concepts is very challenging. These challenges are presented by lack of equivalence and not recognising the cultural concepts in the source text. The study however found that employing the right strategies, methods and techniques can assist in bridging the gap between the languages and cultures. The translator also needs to have an in-depth knowledge of the two cultures: Xitsonga and English. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Nesta tese, objetiva-se investigar o funcionamento sintático, semântico e pragmático das construções com se... verbo ser + porque sob uma perspectiva da teoria funcionalista da linguagem. Utilizam-se os postulados de Dik (1989), que propõe um modelo de interação verbal, segundo o qual, na construção dos enunciados linguísticos, o falante antecipa uma possível interpretação do ouvinte e este reconstrói a intenção comunicativa do falante. Assim, na análise dos enunciados, os fatores sintático e semântico são conjugados ao componente pragmático. Baseia-se, ainda, nas considerações de Taylor (2003) e Rosch (2004), que defendem que as fronteiras de uma categoria são flexíveis; tal ideia conduz à questão da fluidez semântica, presente na construção com se... ser porque. Em relação à metodologia, para a exemplificação da construção em estudo na parte teórica, usam-se textos jornalísticos contemporâneos de diversificados gêneros discursivos; para a análise semântica e pragmática, utilizam-se entrevistas jornalísticas (contemporâneas), pois estas trazem natureza interativa, compatível com a construção em pauta; para o exame da formação da estrutura com se... ser porque, adota-se, especialmente, o Corpus do Português, visto que esse material permite a visualização de dados em uma diacronia. No que concerne à natureza sintática das construções com se... ser porque, verifica-se que: i) elas constituem uma correlação entre duas hipotaxes; ii) elas são construções híbridas, e as orações condicional e causal não possuem oração matriz explícita. No que tange à questão semântica, aliada ao componente pragmático, observa-se que: i) a oração com se pode ser factual, demonstrando, por exemplo, concordância do locutor em relação à avaliação feita pelo interlocutor; ii) a oração com se pode ser hipotética, sentido que, na estrutura com se... ser porque, é compatível com a expressão da habitualidade, com a presença do matiz temporal; iii) há, muitas vezes, fluidez semântica em se... ser porque, com a manifestação dos valores de causa e de conclusão; iv) a leitura causal não se limita a uma relação entre causa e consequência, pois há casos em que se manifesta uma conexão entre motivação e ação; v) são expressos dois tipos de conclusão, a dedução e a abdução; e a determinação do tipo de conclusão envolve certa subjetividade, não se restringindo, assim, a uma questão lógica. Em relação à organização discursiva, constata-se que: i) a oração condicional atua como tópico, trazendo resumo, paráfrase, contraste ou exemplificação; ii) o verbo ser atua como focalizador, tomando como escopo a segunda oração da correlação e explicitando, muitas vezes, informação nova; iii) a oração com ser porque é utilizada para anular outras inferências possíveis, e o segmento focalizado indica, entre outros aspectos, informação solicitada pelo interlocutor, negação de ideia exposta anteriormente, confirmação. A partir dos resultados obtidos, é possível questionar conceitos tradicionalmente estabelecidos, como a atribuição apenas do sentido de hipótese à oração condicional e somente do valor semântico de causa à oração causal. Além disso, esta tese tem como objeto de estudo uma construção ainda pouco investigada em pesquisas linguísticas, podendo, assim, oferecer subsídios para novas reflexões sobre a estrutura com se... ser porque. / This research investigates the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic operation of constructions with \"if... verb to be + because\" under the perspective of the functionalist theory of language. The Dik\'s (1989) postulates are used. They propose a verbal interaction model, according to which, in the construction of linguistic utterances, the speaker anticipates a possible interpretation of the listener, who reconstructs the communicative intention of the speaker. Thus, in the analysis of the utterances, the syntactic and semantic factors are conjugated to the pragmatic component. It is also based on considerations of Taylor (2003) and Rosch (2004), who advocate that the boundaries of a category are flexible; such idea leads to the question of semantic fluidity, present in the construction with if... be because. Regarding the methodology for exemplification of the construction under study in theoretical part, contemporary journalistic texts of diverse genres are used; for semantic and pragmatic analysis, contemporary journalistic interviews are used, as these bring interactive nature, compatible with the construction in question; for examination of the formation of the structure if... be because, the \"Corpus of Portuguese \" is embraced, specially, as this material allows the visualization of data in a diachrony. Regarding the syntactic nature of constructions with if... be because, it can be noticed that: i) they constitute a correlation between two hypotaxis constructions; ii) they are hybrid constructions, and conditional and causal clauses have no matrix clause. Regarding the semantic issue, allied to pragmatic component, it is observed that: i) clauses with if may be factual, showing, for example, agreement of the speaker in relation to the assessment made by the interlocutor; ii) clauses with if may be hypothetical, a meaning that in the structure if... be because is compatible with the habitual expression, with presence of temporal nuance; iii) quite often, there is semantic fluidity in if... be because, due to manifestation of cause and conclusion values; iv) causal reading is not limited to a relation between cause and consequence, as there are cases in which a connection between motivation and action is manifested; v) two types of conclusion are expressed, deduction and abduction; and determining the type of conclusion involves some subjectivity, thus, it is not restricted to a logical issue. Regarding the discursive organization, it is confirmed that: i) conditional clauses act as a topic, bringing summary, paraphrase, contrast or exemplification; ii) the verb to be acts as a focusing event, taking the second correlation sentence as a scope and, quite often, clarifying new information; iii) clauses with be because are used to nullify other possible inferences, and the focused segment indicates, among other aspects, information requested by the interlocutor, denial of previously exposed idea, and confirmation. From the results obtained, it is possible to enquire traditionally established concepts, as the assignment of only hypothesis sense to conditional clauses and of only the cause semantic value to causal clauses. Moreover, this thesis has as object of study a construction still poorly investigated in linguistic research, thus, it can offer subsidies to new reflection about the structure if... be because.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)