L’objectif principal de ce travail est de fournir une compréhension plus complète du costume funéraire au cours de l’Âge du Fer sur tout le territoire actuel de l’Albanie, et d’en suivre sa variabilité dans le temps et l’espace. Le cadre chronologique de notre analyse s’étend du XIe à la fin du VIe/début Ve siècle av. J.-C. Afin de mieux encadrer les ensembles dans le temps et l’espace, on a, dans un premier temps, réalisé une analyse typo-chronologique exhaustive des principales catégories d’accessoires vestimentaires et de parure du corps, analyse étayée par des comparaisons provenant d’un cadre géographique plus large, balkanique et européen. Considérant le costume comme un moyen important d’expression des identités individuelles, du groupe ou d’une région, l’étude se poursuit avec l’analyse des ensembles de parure pour chaque région et même pour chaque nécropole. Cette analyse vise à l’identification de « règles » dans l’association des différents composants du costume, en tenant compte aussi de leur typologie et de la manière de les porter, afin d’arriver à meilleur compréhension des différents types de costumes régionaux et de leur évolution chronologique. Cette étude comprend aussi une analyse de la dynamique des contacts régionaux et intra-régionaux au cours de l’Âge du Fer en Albanie, et l’impact des relations et les échanges culturels dans l’élaboration des différents costumes régionaux. Enfin, nous espérons que la définition d’une chronologie plus fine du costume funéraire pourra servir d’élément de réflexion à part entière pour une meilleure redéfinition de la séquence chronologique relative de l’Âge du Fer en Albanie. / The main aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of funerary costumes during the Iron Age in the present territory of Albania, and to follow their variability in time and space. The chronological context of this study covers the period from the 11th to the end of the 6th/ beginning of the 5th century B.C. In order to better frame the assemblages in time and space, the study focuses first on a systematic typo-chronological analysis of the main categories of dress and body ornaments associated with burial costumes, based on comparisons from a wider geographical context, from the Balkans and Europe. Considering appearance and modes of dress as important means of expressing individual, group or regional identities, the study continues by analyzing specific regional assemblages of ornaments and sometimes those of specific cemeteries. In order to provide a better understanding of the different types of regional costumes and their chronological development during the Iron Age, this analysis aims to identify “rules” of dress by examining the association patterns of individual components of costume, while also taking into account their typology and their position relative to the body. In this part of the study, the dynamics of regional and intra-regional contacts during the Iron Age in Albania are also analyzed, as are the impact of cultural relationships and exchanges in the development of various regional costumes. Finally, a finer chronology of the burial costume as defined in this study should serve as a starting point for redefining the relative chronological sequence of the Iron Age in Albania.

Ce travail aborde les rites et les monuments funéraires grecs au travers de toutes les sources iconographiques et écrites les plus pertinentes pour ce faire (vases, stèles, peintures, lois, épigrammes, littérature, etc.), datées avant tout des périodes classique et hellénistique. L’intérêt est de respecter le fonctionnement distinct de ces sources, pour ne pas que l’une constitue le faire-valoir ou la simple illustration de l’autre, et de dégager tous leurs apports. S’il s’agit avant tout d’un travail d’Histoire de l’art, fondé sur les sources qui servent notre propos, des exemples archéologiques supplémentaires émaillent également cette étude, de sorte à renforcer celle-ci, mais également à donner une meilleure vision au lecteur. Basée sur un système comparatif également, cette étude prend en compte la zone du monde grec antique répartie entre la Grèce propre, Macédoine comprise, l’Asie Mineure et, dans une moindre mesure, l’Italie du Sud. La thèse se divise en trois parties. La première se concentre avant tout sur les rites, du point de vue des vivants qui les pratiquent. La deuxième est orientée davantage sur la figure du défunt lui-même, ainsi que sur le monument qui marque sa sépulture. Enfin, la dernière partie consiste en une analyse des sources utilisées, de sorte à dégager leurs catégories d’apports et à voir si une certaine vision de la mort les sous-tend. / The present work deals with the Greek funerary rites and monuments via the most relevant iconographic and written sources (vases, stelai, paintings, laws, epigrams, literature, etc.) dating back to the Classical and Hellenistic times. The interest here is to abide by the specific mode of functioning of each source so that one source should not be perceived merely as the sparring-partner of another, and so as to be able to fully appreciate whatever they are bound to convey. Even though we are first and foremost dealing with Art History, relying on the sources that are most likely to serve our purpose, the present essay is also strewn with additional archaeological examples purporting to reinforce its central thesis; it is intent also on presenting the reader with as accurate a vision as possible. Based on a comparative system, the present essay takes into account the area of the Greek world comprising Greece proper, including Macedonia, Asia Minor, and, to a lesser extent, Southern Italy. It divides into three main parts. The first part focuses above all on rites from the standpoint of the living people who perform them. The second part deals more specifically with the figure of the deceased as such, as well as with the monument marking his/her burial-place. The third part consists of an analysis of the sources so as to point out their categories of contributions while examining whether they might or might not be subsumed by a specific vision of death.

Death in Ancient Perú. An Introduction to Funerary Contexts and ConceptsThis paper is an introduction to the subject of death and its relevance lo Ancient Peru's history. The author discusses the available information (from 16th to 20th cent.), and presents a methodology for analysis and interpretation followed by a synthesis of the evidence and their significance. The subject of death is of utmost importance for the understanding of Ancient Peru, but actual investigation does not work with a reliable data base and has not been able to produce an appropiate theoretical framework. / Como introducción al tema de la muerte y su relevancia en la historia del Antiguo Perú, el autor discute las fuentes (siglos XVI a XX), presenta una metodología para análisis e interpretación y una síntesis de las evidencias y su significado. El tema de la muerte es de importancia crucial para la comprensión del Antiguo Perú, pero los estudios no cuentan con una base de datos que sea apropiada ni se ha logrado elaborar un marco teórico propio.

Depuis que son statut scientifique a été établi à la fin du XVIIIème siècle, l'archéologie funéraire se trouve au centre des recherches sur les sociétés italiotes de Grande Grèce. Suscitant comme les vases l’admiration des élites culturelles, les marqueurs de tombe des nécropoles d’Italie du Sud se sont très tôt retrouvés dans les collections européennes et ont d'abord été étudiés par les historiens de l’art. En prenant en compte les questions de terminologie (bien qu'il soit moderne, le mot marqueur est pertinent) et sur la base d'un corpus d'environ 800 marqueurs patiemment réunis, cette recherche démontre qu'une étude minutieuse et méthodique des marqueurs enrichit la connaissance historique et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives. Ces édifices et objets avaient pour fonctions de signaler les tombes, définir le nouveau statut du mort et lui rendre hommage ainsi que de célébrer sa famille aux yeux des vivants. Ils donnent donc à voir des pans entiers et mal connus des sociétés italiotes et de leur genèse. Du Vème siècle avant J.-C., quand territoires grecs et indigènes commencent à échanger au sein d’une koinè italiote, au IIIème siècle avant J.-C., quand les Romains prennent pied dans la région, ils apportent des informations précieuses sur l’évolution des sociétés locales. Une étude confrontant l’ensemble des sources disponibles permet d’aborder des aspects importants des sociétés : mutations sociales, hiérarchisation des communautés et affirmation de pouvoir, relations entre Grecs et autochtones, phénomènes d’acculturation, rites funéraires et croyances eschatologiques. La thèse se présente en deux volumes destinés à être simultanément et complémentairement lus et consultés. L’un contient les fiches extraites de la base de données conçue pour l’étude du corpus : près de 800 marqueurs ou fragments de marqueurs. L’autre développe les analyses archéologiques et historiques. Après un état de la question historiographique, étymologique et méthodologique, l’étude examine le matériel du corpus dans une perspective principalement archéologique, en mettant l’accent sur les questions de contexte et en opérant éventuellement des confrontations avec les sources iconographiques et textuelles. Après avoir élaboré une typologie aussi méthodique et nuancée que possible des marqueurs, elle en exploite les acquis en deux synthèses. L’une est consacrée au concept même de marqueur de tombe (pourquoi et selon quels critères les Grecs marquent-ils leurs tombes ?), l’autre étudie les influences de la koinè méditerranéenne et du creuset italiote sur les marqueurs de Grande Grèce, afin de mieux comprendre les processus d’acculturation et de diffusion. / Since the scientific value of funerary archaeology has been acknowledged at the end of the XVIIIth century, it has been at the heart of research on Magna Graecia italiot societies. Because they aroused the cultural elite’s admiration, as much as the vases, grave markers from Southern Italia have been at a very early stage brought in European collections and first studied by art historians.Taking into account terminology issues (however modern, the term “marker” remains relevant) and based on a corpus of around 800 markers patiently put together, this study seeks to demonstrate that a methodical and meticulous analysis of the markers helps us to expand our historical knowledge and open new perspectives. These monuments and objects were there to indicate tombs, define the deceased’s new status and pay tribute to him, as well as praise his family in the eyes of the livings. They allow us to see, then, entire parts, which are little known, of the italiot societies and their origins. From the Vth century, when the interactions between Greek and indigenous territories start within the italiot koine, to the IIIrd century B.-C., when the Romans started to settle down in the region, these monuments give useful information about the evolution of local societies. Bringing together the whole range of the available evidence allows us to study important features of the societies: social mutations, communities hierarchy, power claims, relationships between Greek and native people, acculturation process, funerary rites and eschatological beliefs.This dissertation is divided into two volumes, which are to be read in a simultaneous and complementary way. One volume consists of the forms from the database designed for the corpus analysis: nearly 800 entire or fragmentary markers. The other one holds the archaeological and historical analyses. After stating the current status in historiography, etymology and methodology, this study looks into the corpus material, mainly from an archaeological point of view, focusing on contextualization, and sometimes comparing it with iconographic and textual evidence. In two overviews, the analysis then draws conclusions from a typology of the markers, made as methodical and critical as possible. The first one questions the concept of grave marker (why and according to which criteria do the Greeks mark their tombs?), the second one studies how the Mediterranean koinè and italiot melting-pot influenced the Magna Graecia markers, in order to have a better understanding of the acculturation and circulation processes.

Around the late third millennium BC small cup-shaped vessels began to appear in burial contexts across the North of England where they were found to be associated with Early Bronze Age funerary practices. Known by the name of incense cups, accessory vessels or miniature cups, their true purpose has been elusive. This study comprises an investigation of cups from Northern England and finds the tradition to be heavily influenced by Beaker culture practices resulting in the earliest cups emulating some attributes of Beaker ceramics. The Northern English Cup assemblage defies the current perception that all Cups are perforated as 63% are not; fabrics are found to be locally sourced and not imported and a review of the typology finds a strong regional adherence to the Food Vessel and Collared Urn tradition. Association in the grave with larger Urns is not as common as once believed and Cups have been found as the solitary ceramic indicating that they were important in their own right. Firing damage such as spalling has been interpreted as use of the funeral pyre for firing vessels prior to deposition with cremated remains and it is suggested that this is a recognisable signature of the cup tradition and therefore the name ‘funerary Cup’ is more appropriate. An active cross country trade network can be inferred from distributions of metalwork, precious materials and an affinity in some cases to Irish cups. / Prehistoric Society, Yorkshire Ladies Council for Education and the Andy Jagger Fund / The full text will be available at the end of the embargo period: 23rd Oct 2025

The crematory funerary rites practiced by those living in parts of mainland Britain during the first millennium AD included burning complete or parts of animals on the pyre. This thesis highlights the potential for archaeozoological analysis of faunal pyre goods using assemblages from the first millennium AD as a dataset. Experimental study and the integration of current research from a number of disciplines is used to suggest that although pyrolysis and cremation practices fragment and distort burnt bone assemblages, careful analysis can reveal a wealth of data leading to the interpretation of various forms of pyre good. The results of the author's analysis of material from the sites of Brougham, Cumbria, St. Stephen's, Hertfordshire, Castleford, West Yorkshire and Heath Wood, Derbyshire are combined with data from other published cemeteries to suggest a series of chronological and regional continuities in the use of animals but with a distinct change at the start of the Early Medieval period. The results from Brougham are particularly significant as they alter preconceived views on the utilisation of animals in Romano-British funerary practice. Cremation burials in first millennium AD Britain are shown to include the burnt remains of predominantly domestic taxa with occasional wild species. The pyre goods are interpreted as representing food offerings, companions, amulets, gaming items and sacrifices. This thesis demonstrates that cremated animal bone should not be disregarded but rather valued as source of archaeozoological data, and a significant functional tool for interpreting past funerary behaviour and animal utilisation.

Le peuplement ancien des régions allant de l’Iran à l’Inde en passant par l’Afghanistan et le Turkménistan est connu majoritairement par des échanges transrégionaux existant probablement dès le Néolithique. Du point de vue funéraire, les éléments accompagnant le défunt sont parmi les plus étudiés. En revanche, il est bien souvent peu fait état de leur contexte, à savoir la tombe et le défunt auquel ce mobilier était dédié. C’est en partant de ces constats qu’il est apparu intéressant d’enquêter sur ces peuplements anciens. À partir d’une étude approfondie des sépultures, cette étude se propose de reconstruire les programmes funéraires qui ont encadré les différentes pratiques mortuaires. Dans un second temps, nous avons cherché à souligner les traits funéraires communs de ces populations ainsi que les divergences. Sur l’ensemble du Balochistan pakistanais, seuls quatre sites ont livré des sépultures attribuables à la période Chalcolithique. Les sites de Miri Qalat et Shahi‐Tump ont livré plus de 200 individus répartis sur deux périodes pour le IVe millénaire. Sur le site de Sohr Damb, à Nal, un total d’une centaine d’individus sont dénombrés pour deux périodes situées au IVe et tout début du IIIe millénaire. Ces trois sites aux données inédites sont le cœur de cette étude. Nous avons rapproché nos conclusions des publications effectuées pour le site de Mehrgarh, où deux ensembles funéraires ont été étudiés, ainsi que des données publiées pour les pays limitrophes. / The old settlements of the areas extending from Iran to India including Afghanistan and Turkmenistanare mainly known through transregional exchanges existing probably as early as Neolithic. From the funerarypoint of view, grave goods are among the most studied items. On the other hand, there is often little mentionof their context, namely the tomb and the deceased to whom those grave goods were dedicated. It was fromthese observations that it became interesting to work on these ancient stands. Based on an in‐depth study ofburials, this work proposes to reconstruct the funeral programs that have framed the various mortuarypractices. In a second step, we sought to highlight the common funeral traits of these populations as well asthe differences. On the whole of the Pakistani Balochistan, only four sites yielded tombs related to theChalcolithic period. The sites of Miri Qalat and Shahi‐Tump, have delivered over 200 individuals spread overtwo periods for the fourth millennium. At the Sohr Damb site, in Nal, about 100 individuals are counted for twoperiods in the fourth and early third millennium. These three sites with unpublished data are the heart of thisstudy. We have compared our findings with publications for the Mehrgarh site, where two cemeteries werestudied, as well as published data for neighboring areas.

A pesquisa intitulada História e Arte Funerária dos Cemitérios São José I e II em Porto Alegre (1888-2014) analisa as mudanças culturais no trato com a morte e com o sepultamento, bem como com o impacto dessas mudanças para a preservação da arte cemiterial. Apresentamos ao leitor um histórico dos principais cemitérios de Porto Alegre, com foco nos Cemitérios São José I e II, pertencentes à Comunidade de Alemães Católicos de São José. Desde 2000, os Cemitérios São José I e São José II sofrem a gradual subtração de seus monumentos funerários em virtude da construção de um estacionamento anexo a um crematório. O estudo aborda também a obra das marmorarias que construíram os túmulos dos Cemitérios São José I e II, em especial a Marmoraria Casa Aloys (1894-1961). Além do inventário tumular, realizamos um levantamento dos sepultados nos cemitérios de São José, encontrando ali diversos nomes importantes, ligados a atividades artísticas e culturais no Rio Grande do Sul, como os pintores Pedro Weingärtner e José Lutzenberger. Propomos, ainda, um roteiro para visita monitorada que apresente à sociedade estes e outros mortos ilustres sepultados nos Cemitérios São José I e II. / The research entitled History and Funerary Art of São José I and II Cemeteries in Porto Alegre (1888-2014) examines the cultural changes in dealing with death and burial, as well as the impact of these changes for the preservation of graveyard art. We present the reader with a history of the major cemeteries in Porto Alegre, focusing on Cemeteries São José I and II, owned by the Community of Catholic Germans of São José. Since 2000, Cemeteries São José I and II suffer the gradual subtraction of their funerary monuments due to construction of an annex parking at a crematorium. The study also addresses the work of marble yards which built the tombs of Cemeteries São José I and II, especially the marble yard Casa Aloys (1894-1961). Besides the tomb inventory, we conducted a survey of those buried in the Cemeteries São José, finding several important names linked to artistic and cultural activities in Rio Grande do Sul, such as painters Pedro Weingärtner and Jose Lutzenberger. We also propose an itinerary for a guided tour to present to the society these and other illustrious dead buried in Cemeteries São José I and II.

A pesquisa intitulada História e Arte Funerária dos Cemitérios São José I e II em Porto Alegre (1888-2014) analisa as mudanças culturais no trato com a morte e com o sepultamento, bem como com o impacto dessas mudanças para a preservação da arte cemiterial. Apresentamos ao leitor um histórico dos principais cemitérios de Porto Alegre, com foco nos Cemitérios São José I e II, pertencentes à Comunidade de Alemães Católicos de São José. Desde 2000, os Cemitérios São José I e São José II sofrem a gradual subtração de seus monumentos funerários em virtude da construção de um estacionamento anexo a um crematório. O estudo aborda também a obra das marmorarias que construíram os túmulos dos Cemitérios São José I e II, em especial a Marmoraria Casa Aloys (1894-1961). Além do inventário tumular, realizamos um levantamento dos sepultados nos cemitérios de São José, encontrando ali diversos nomes importantes, ligados a atividades artísticas e culturais no Rio Grande do Sul, como os pintores Pedro Weingärtner e José Lutzenberger. Propomos, ainda, um roteiro para visita monitorada que apresente à sociedade estes e outros mortos ilustres sepultados nos Cemitérios São José I e II. / The research entitled History and Funerary Art of São José I and II Cemeteries in Porto Alegre (1888-2014) examines the cultural changes in dealing with death and burial, as well as the impact of these changes for the preservation of graveyard art. We present the reader with a history of the major cemeteries in Porto Alegre, focusing on Cemeteries São José I and II, owned by the Community of Catholic Germans of São José. Since 2000, Cemeteries São José I and II suffer the gradual subtraction of their funerary monuments due to construction of an annex parking at a crematorium. The study also addresses the work of marble yards which built the tombs of Cemeteries São José I and II, especially the marble yard Casa Aloys (1894-1961). Besides the tomb inventory, we conducted a survey of those buried in the Cemeteries São José, finding several important names linked to artistic and cultural activities in Rio Grande do Sul, such as painters Pedro Weingärtner and Jose Lutzenberger. We also propose an itinerary for a guided tour to present to the society these and other illustrious dead buried in Cemeteries São José I and II.

Funerary ritual in San Pedro de Atacama: evidence for Tiwanaku interment?Given the homogeneous nature of mortuary practices among the Prehispanic residents of San Pedro de Atacama, Chile, atypical graves have been interpreted as evidence for foreigners buried among the local dead in San Pedro cemeteries. This study reexamines graves generally attributed to colonizers from Tiwanaku (AD 500-1000). Emphasizing contexts with gold and silver, detailed comparison is made between the mortuary practices of San Pedro and Tiwanaku. These analyses and data coincide in challenging the efficacy of the colonization model, and support instead the model of indirect Tiwanaku presence that Berenguer (1998) termed "clientage". Confirmation of Tiwanaku tombs similar to the San Pedro graves is lacking, given the importance of Tiwanaku pottery in altiplano tombs, in comparison with the placement of individual Tiwanaku objects in San Pedro graves that otherwise contain only objects of local origin, as well as the possibility that gold and silver objects found in San Pedro graves came from places other than Tiwanaku, it is premature to assign Tiwanaku identity to San Pedro's atypical tombs. / Dada la homogeneidad de las prácticas funerarias de los habitantes prehispánicos de San Pedro de Atacama, Chile, los entierros de carácter excepcional han sido interpretados como producto de la presencia de individuos foráneos en la zona. El presente trabajo retoma los casos y objetos típicamente asociados a la colonización tiwanaku (entre 500 y 1000 d.C.), y poniendo énfasis sobre todo en los contextos con oro y plata, hace una comparación detallada entre los patrones funerarios sanpedrinos y tiwanaku. Los datos presentados coinciden para rechazar el modelo colonizador y apoyan al modelo indirecto de presencia tiwanaku de "clientelaje" (Berenguer 1998). Se establece que, dada la escasez de información sobre prácticas funerarias estatales, la importancia de la cerámica en los entierros altiplánicos recuperados cuando los ejemplos sanpedrinos carecen de la misma, la incorporación casi exclusiva del material cultural tiwanaku en contextos de carácter local y la posibilidad de que los objetos de oro puedan proceder de otros lugares no basta para confirmar una identidad tiwanaku a estos entierros excepcionales.