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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Hydrogen peroxide as a controlling factor in Armillaria mellea pathogenicity

Veness, Robert George January 1991 (has links)
No description available.
2

The morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in the parasitization of cordyceps militaris on its lepidopteran host, antheraea pernyi.

January 1998 (has links)
by Wynstan, H.K. Cheuk. / Thesis submitted in: Dec., 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-65). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter I. --- ABSTRACT --- p.i / Chapter II. --- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.iii / Chapter III. --- TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / Chapter IV. --- LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / Chapter V. --- LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / Chapter VI. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter VII. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.3 / Chapter A. --- Cordyceps militaris infection --- p.3 / Chapter B. --- The diagnostic criteria for C. militaris infection --- p.3 / Chapter 1. --- Telemorphic stage of C. militaris --- p.4 / Chapter 2. --- Anamorphic stage of C. militaris --- p.4 / Chapter C. --- The natural occurrence of C. militaris infection --- p.5 / Chapter D. --- The epizootiology of C. militaris infection --- p.5 / Chapter E. --- The values of studying C. militaris infection --- p.6 / Chapter 1. --- Potential insect biocontrol agent --- p.6 / Chapter 2. --- Exploitation of medicinal values --- p.8 / Chapter (i) --- Chemical constituents --- p.8 / Chapter (ii) --- Pharmacological action --- p.9 / Chapter VIII. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.11 / Chapter A. --- Pathogen culture establishment --- p.11 / Chapter 1. --- Source of pathogen and strain maintenance --- p.11 / Chapter 2. --- Selection of the artificial medium for C. militaris --- p.11 / Chapter (i) --- Colony diameter --- p.11 / Chapter (ii) --- Enumeration of conidia --- p.12 / Chapter 3. --- Examination of the morphological features of C. militaris in selected agar medium of RF Agar --- p.13 / Chapter B. --- Host species establishment --- p.13 / Chapter 1. --- Source of host species and laboratory rearing --- p.13 / Chapter 2. --- Assessment of viable insect population --- p.13 / Chapter C. --- The Biological characteristics of C. militaris in RF broth --- p.14 / Chapter 1. --- Methods for the cultivation of C. militaris in RF broth --- p.14 / Chapter (i) --- Pathogen inoculum and culture medium --- p.14 / Chapter (ii) --- Culture conditions --- p.15 / Chapter 2. --- Techniques for harvesting --- p.15 / Chapter 3. --- Methodologies of various assessments --- p.15 / Chapter (i) --- Germination --- p.15 / Chapter (ii) --- Morphological developments --- p.16 / Chapter (iii) --- Biomass increase --- p.16 / Chapter (iv) --- Key enzymes profiles --- p.16 / Chapter a. --- Inocula preparation --- p.16 / Chapter 1. --- Extracellular enzymes --- p.16 / Chapter 2. --- Intracellular enzymes --- p.16 / Chapter b. --- Preliminary screening --- p.17 / Chapter c. --- Procedures for quantitative measure of selected enzymes --- p.17 / Chapter d. --- Eight selected key enzymes --- p.18 / Chapter 1. --- Esterase --- p.18 / Chapter 2. --- Lipase --- p.18 / Chapter 3. --- Peroxidase --- p.18 / Chapter 4. --- Acid phosphatase --- p.18 / Chapter 5. --- β- galactosidase --- p.19 / Chapter 6. --- N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase --- p.19 / Chapter 7. --- Trypsin --- p.19 / Chapter 8. --- β-glucosidase --- p.20 / Chapter e. --- Total protein analysis --- p.20 / Chapter (v) --- Quantation of cordycepin --- p.20 / Chapter a. --- "Standard, mobile phase and reagents" --- p.20 / Chapter b. --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) apparatus --- p.20 / Chapter c. --- Assay procedures --- p.21 / Chapter D. --- C. militaris infection process --- p.22 / Chapter 1. --- "Sterilization of insect host, Antheraea pernyi" --- p.22 / Chapter 2. --- Criteria for eliminating unfit pupae for the infection experiments --- p.22 / Chapter 3 --- Techniques for inducing infection --- p.22 / Chapter (i) --- Cuticular contact --- p.22 / Chapter (ii) --- Injection --- p.23 / Chapter (iii) --- Dipping --- p.23 / Chapter 4. --- Assessment of gross infection and the percentage of parasitization --- p.24 / Chapter 5. --- Verification of Cordyceps infection --- p.24 / Chapter 6. --- Methodologies of histological and ultrastructural examinations --- p.24 / Chapter (i) --- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) --- p.24 / Chapter a. --- "Sample preparation, fixation and dehydration" --- p.24 / Chapter b. --- Critical point drying --- p.25 / Chapter c. --- Mounting --- p.25 / Chapter d. --- SEM examination --- p.25 / Chapter (ii) --- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) --- p.25 / Chapter a. --- "Sample preparation, fixation and dehydration" --- p.25 / Chapter b. --- Infiltration --- p.26 / Chapter c. --- "Semi-thin sectioning, ultra-thin sectioning and post-staining" --- p.26 / Chapter d. --- TEM examination --- p.27 / Chapter (iii) --- Light Microscopy (LM) --- p.27 / Chapter a. --- Sample preparation --- p.27 / Chapter b. --- Fixation and dehydration --- p.27 / Chapter c. --- Embedding --- p.28 / Chapter d. --- Sectioning and staining --- p.28 / Chapter e. --- LM examination --- p.28 / Chapter 7. --- Methodology of HPLC assay for cordycepin in infected host --- p.28 / Chapter 8. --- In vitro susceptibility testing of the microbes isolated from A. pernyi against cordycepin --- p.29 / Chapter (i) --- Isolation of microbes from the cuticle surface of the healthy A. pernyi --- p.29 / Chapter (ii) --- Isolation of microbes from the non-cuticle surface of the healthy A. pernyi --- p.29 / Chapter (iii) --- Isolation of microbes from the necrotic tissue of A pernyi --- p.29 / Chapter (iv) --- Conditions for incubation --- p.29 / Chapter (v) --- Identification of microbial isolates of A. pernyi --- p.30 / Chapter a. --- Fungal isolates --- p.30 / Chapter b. --- Bacterial isolates --- p.30 / Chapter (vi) --- Assay procedures of cordycepin susceptibility testing of isolated microbes --- p.31 / Chapter IX. --- RESULTS --- p.32 / Chapter A. --- Biological characteristics of C. militaris grown in vitro --- p.32 / Chapter 1. --- Selection of the artificial medium for C. militaris --- p.32 / Chapter 2. --- Morphological examinations of C. militaris in RF agar --- p.32 / Chapter (i) --- Appearance of C. militaris --- p.32 / Chapter (ii) --- Conidiogenesis --- p.33 / Chapter (iii) --- Morphological developments --- p.33 / Chapter 3. --- Physiological examinations of C. militaris in RF Broth --- p.34 / Chapter (i) --- Germination --- p.34 / Chapter (ii) --- Biomass and pH of the culture filtrate --- p.34 / Chapter 4. --- Biochemical examinations of C. militaris in RF Broth --- p.34 / Chapter (i) --- Key enzyme profiles --- p.34 / Chapter (ii) --- Quantitation of cordycepin --- p.35 / Chapter B. --- C. militaris infection of A pernyi --- p.35 / Chapter 1. --- Percentage of parasitization by cuticular contact methods --- p.35 / Chapter 2. --- Morphological examinations of C. militaris infection --- p.36 / Chapter (i) --- Gross infection of C. militaris --- p.36 / Chapter (ii) --- Site susceptibility of A.pernyi to C. militaris infection --- p.38 / Chapter (iii) --- Attachment of C. militaris --- p.38 / Chapter (iv) --- Penetration of A. pernyi by C. militaris hyphae --- p.38 / Chapter (v) --- Utilization of A. pernyi by C. militaris hyphae --- p.39 / Chapter 3. --- Biochemical examinations of C. militaris infection --- p.39 / Chapter (i) --- Cordycepin --- p.39 / Chapter 4. --- In vitro susceptibility testing of the microflora isolated from A. pernyi to cordycepin --- p.39 / Chapter (i) --- Isolation and identification of microflora associated with A. pernyi --- p.39 / Chapter (ii) --- Cordycepin susceptibility testing to microbes isolated from A. pernyi --- p.40 / Chapter X. --- DISCUSSION --- p.41 / Chapter A. --- Biological characteristics of C. militaris grown in vitro --- p.41 / Chapter 1. --- Medium selection --- p.42 / Chapter 2. --- Morphological characteristics of C. militaris in RF medium --- p.42 / Chapter 3. --- Biochemical characteristics of C. militaris in RF broth -enzymes production --- p.43 / Chapter 4. --- Biochemical characteristics of C. militaris in RF broth -cordycepin production --- p.45 / Chapter B. --- C. militaris infection of A. pernyi --- p.45 / Chapter 1. --- Induction method --- p.46 / Chapter 2. --- Host selection --- p.47 / Chapter 3. --- Site susceptibility --- p.48 / Chapter 4. --- Attachment --- p.48 / Chapter 5. --- Germination --- p.49 / Chapter 6. --- Penetration --- p.50 / Chapter 7. --- Tissue utilization by C. militaris --- p.52 / Chapter 8. --- Sexual reproduction --- p.53 / Chapter 9. --- Cordycepin --- p.54 / Chapter 10. --- Host susceptibility --- p.55 / Chapter XI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.56 / Chapter XII. --- LITERATURE CITED --- p.57 / Chapter XIII. --- TABLES --- p.66 / Chapter XIV. --- FIGURES --- p.74
3

Transformação genética e patogenicidade de Guignardia citricarpa / Genetic transformation and pathogenicity of Guignardia citricarpa

Rodrigues, Maria Beatriz Calderan 23 August 2010 (has links)
O Brasil é líder absoluto no comércio internacional de suco de laranja concentrado congelado participando com 82% do volume comercializado no mundo. Guignardia citricarpa é um fungo Ascomiceto agente causal da Mancha Preta dos Citros (MPC), uma doença importante no contexto da Citricultura, causando lesões negras em frutos tornando-os impróprios para a exportação, já que não são aceitos na União Européia pois o patógeno é classificado como quarentenário. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal estabeler a metodologia de transformação genética de G. citricarpa para futuramente auxiliar no entendimento dos mecanismos de patogenicidade desta espécie, visando diminuir perdas na citricultura brasileira devido à MPC. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise do gene da enzima endopoligalacturonase, a qual está associada à capacidade de patógenos em colonizar plantas. Para elucidar esse fenômeno, foi realizada a busca de genes relacionados à patogenicidade em outros fungos fitopatogênicos previamente descritos e confirmados participarem no processo de doenças em diversas plantas. Considerando que esses genes possuem uma região conservada para esse fim, após o alinhamento dessas sequências foram construídos primers e o gene de endopoligalacturonase foi identificado no gênero Guignardia sp. Outra espécie pertencente a esse gênero é G. mangiferae, conhecida como endófito de citros, ou seja, coloniza os tecidos internos da planta hospedeira sem causar dano. Em análises enzimáticas foi observado que a quantidade de endopoligalacturonase produzida pela espécie patogênica é superior à da espécie endofítica, mostrando que essa enzima pode participar do processo de patogenicidade de G. citricarpa. Estudos para comprovar a participação de genes nos mecanismos de patogenicidade em diversas espécies utilizando reconhecimento de genes e genômica funcional, expressão e knockout de genes estão sendo realizados, permitindo uma visão geral da organização genômica do sistema patogênico. Pensando nisso, esse trabalho descreve pela primeira vez a metodologia de transformação genética de G. citricarpa via micélio e a obtenção de transformantes expressando a proteína verde fluorescente (GFP). Micélios do fungo foram transformados pelo sistema via Agrobacterium tumefaciens com o plasmídeo pFAT-gfp, contendo os genes de resistência à higromicina B (hgr) e da GFP. A otimização do protocolo de agrotransformação foi realizada a partir do teste de diferentes condições como: tipo de membrana, concentração de agente indutor e tempo de cocultivo. A melhor condição incluiu a utilização de membrana de éster de celulose; 200 PM de AS e 96 horas de co-cultivo. Os transformantes apresentaram alta estabilidade mitótica (82%) e tiveram a inserção do gene hgr confirmada por PCR e do gfp observada em microscopia óptica de epifluorescência. Além disso, foi acompanhado o desenvolvimento do fungo inoculado em frutos, mostrando a interação planta-patógeno. O estabelecimento do sistema de transformação por Agrobacterium para G. citricarpa possibilita o uso dessa ferramenta para estudos de mutagênese insercional e interrupção gênica visando a identificação de genes importantes, como os envolvidos com os mecanismos de patogenicidade utilizados por esse fungo. / Brazil is the world leader in the international trade of frozen orange juice concentrate, taking part with around 82% of the traded volume. Guignardia citricarpa (anamorph Phyllosticta citricarpa) is a fungal pathogen of citrus plants, being described as the causal agent of citrus black spot (CBS), one of the most important fungal diseases of citrus worldwide. Its symptoms are black lesions on fruit, making them unsuitable for the international fresh market, since they are included in the quarantine list of the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Moreover, when the disease is severe it may cause extensive premature fruit drop that reduces yields of fruit for processing. Taking this into consideration, the current work aimed to improve the understanding on the pathogenic mechanisms of this fungus. Firstly, in an attempt to elucidate this phenomenon, it was performed a search for pathogenicity genes previously reported to some pathogenic fungi and confirmed to participate in the process of infection in many plants , especially endopolygalacturonase. Primers were designed using the conserved regions of the genes and allowed the identification of the Guignardia spp. endopolygalacturonase gene for the first time. This enzyme has been described as playing important role in the process of fungal diseases in plants. In the present work, enzymatic analysis showed that the pathogen G. citricarpa produced significantly greater amounts of endopolygalacturonase when compared to G. mangiferae, a closely related fungus described as a citrus endophyte. This result suggests that this enzyme may participate in the process of pathogenicity, characteristic of the pathogenic species. Genetic transformation methods have been used to prove the involvement of genes in pathogenic mechanisms, however, a suitable methodology for G. citricarpa has not been described yet. In this way, this study describes for the first time a methodology for genetic transformation of G. citricarpa via mycelia and the successful generation of transformants expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and resistant to the hygromycin B antibiotic. Mycelia of the fungus were genetically transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens hosting the plasmid pFAT-gfp, which carries the genes for resistance to hygromycin B (hph) and for GFP (gfp). The protocol was optimized through different test conditions (type of membrane, concentration of the inducing agent acetosyringone and duration of the co-cultivation period). The higher transformation efficiencies were observed using cellulose ester membrane, 200 PM of acetosyringone and 96 hours of cocultivation. The transformants showed high mitotic stability (82%) and the insertion of the T-DNA was confirmed by PCR and GFP expression through epifluorescence microscopy observation. Moreover, it was observed the development of the fungus in inoculated oranges, showing the plant-pathogen interaction observed by epifluorescense microscopy. The establishment of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for G. citricarpa represents an important step on the search for unveiling important genes of this fungus, such as those involved in the pathogenic mechanisms.
4

Incidência e fatores de risco de contaminação por fungos filamentosos na mucosa oral normal de trabalhadores rurais das culturas de cana-de-açúcar, laranja e abacaxi da região de Frutal-MG / Incidence and risk factors of contamination by filamentous fungi in the oral mucosa of rural workers in sugar cane, orange and pineapple crops in Frutal, MG

Rodrigues, Adriana Novaes 01 December 2016 (has links)
RESUMO: Determinadas espécies de fungos são responsáveis por diversas doenças no ser humano. Estudos epidemiológicos avaliam essas infecções tanto superficiais quanto profundas, e alguns destes avaliam em relação ao trabalho e condição de vida e saúde de trabalhadores de diversas áreas. Entretanto a contaminação por fungos filamentosos na região da cavidade oral com relação à atividade laboral rural não apresenta referência. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a incidência de contaminação fúngica na região orofaringe normal de trabalhadores agrícolas das culturas de cana-de-açúcar, laranja e abacaxi do município de Frutal, Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: Esse é um trabalho longitudinal, prospectivo, tipo coorte, não randomizado, em que os participantes eram migrantes vindos para trabalho temporário nas culturas referidas. Foram selecionados 60 participantes no momento das contratações após realizados os exames pré-admissionais. Avaliou-se as características sociodemográficas dos participantes. A coleta de material investigativo seguiu a ordem: região do sulco gengivo - labial, próximo à região do freio superior e freio inferior; material da mucosa jugal direita e esquerda, com um swab para cada região e dispostos na placa de Petri, respeitando a anatomia descrita. A coleta e análise do material dos trabalhadores e do meio ambiente seguiram os tempos de cada cultura, determinados de (t0), (t1), (t2). Também foram usados para caracterizar cada fase de coleta, cultura e análise das amostras. As amostras foram semeadas em meio Agar Sabouraud Dextrose. Após o crescimento dos isolados, as culturas filamentosas foram submetidas às técnicas de colônias gigantes e microcultivo. Os fungos foram identificados no microscópio com objetiva de 40 vezes. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre idade e sexo nos três grupos analisados. Houve predomínio de homens afrodescendentes nas culturas de cana e laranja quando comparados ao abacaxi, que apresentou um predomínio de caucasianos. Trabalhadores de origem oriental foram detectados apenas na cultura de abacaxi. Quanto à renda, os trabalhadores de abacaxi recebem salários mais elevados do que os outros dois grupos de trabalhadores. Não houve diferença em relação ao tabagismo e a ingestão de álcool entre os três grupos analisados. Em relação à contaminação do meio ambiente, tanto na planta quanto no ar, encontrou-se um maior índice de placas de Petri contaminadas nas plantações de abacaxi e cana-de-açúcar, respectivamente. Observou-se um predominio de F. moniliforme na cultura de cana-de-açúcar e de F.subglutians nas culturas de laranja e de abacaxi nos tempos definidos dessa pesquisa. A contaminação dos trabalhadores ocorreu no segundo tempo da pesquisa. A respeito dos voluntários das plantações de abacaxi, 13,3% dos trabalhadores foram infectados entre os sessenta analisados; todos os trabalhadores foram contaminados com F.subglutinans. Na cultura de cana-de-açúcar, 8,3% deles foram encontrados infectados, sendo 5% por A. niger e 3,3% por F.moniliforme. Dois voluntários infectados pelo A. niger apresentaram infecção concomitante com C. albicans. Na lavoura de laranja 1,6% foram infectados por F.subglutians. CONCLUSÕES: Esse estudo demonstrou que trabalhar na cultura do abacaxi se mostrou um fator de risco para infecção fúngica na mucosa oral quando comparado às atividades na cultura da laranja. Houve também contaminação fúngica na cultura de cana-de-açúcar quando comparado ao grupo de referência. Outros fatores como idade, ingestão de álcool, tabagismo, renda familiar ou etnia não se mostraram estatisticamente significativos para incidência da infecção / ABSTRACT: Certain species of fungi are responsible for several diseases in humans. Epidemiologic studies rate those infections, both superficial and profound, and some of them rate regarding the occupation and life and health conditions of workers from several areas. However, the filamentous fungal infection in the oral cavity regarding laboral activity presents no reference. OBJETIVE: To rate the incidence of fungal contamination in the normal oropharynx of agricultural workers of sugar cane, orange and pineapple crops in the municipal district of Frutal, Minas Gerais. METHODS: This is a longitudinal, prospective and cohort work, in which the participants were migrants to temporary work in the aforesaid crops. Sixty participants were selected in the hiring moment after pre-admission examinations. The participants\' sociodemographic features were rated. The gathering of investigative materials followed the order: region of the gingival sulcus, close to the upper and lower lip curb region; material from the right and left jugal mucous with a swab for each region and arranged in a Petri dish, respecting the anatomy described. The gathering and analysis from workers and environment material followed the time of each culture, determined of (t0), (t1), (t2). They were also used to feature each stage of gathering, culture and analysis of samples. The samples were sown amid Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. After the growth of the isolates, the filamentous cultures were subjected to the techniques of giant colonies and microcultivation. The fungi were identified in the microscope with a 40x magnification. RESULTS: There was no difference between age and sex in the three groups studied. There was a predominance of African descent men in cane and orange crops compared to pineapple, which showed a predominance of Caucasians. Oriental workers were detected only in pineapple crop. As for income, the pineapple workers receive higher wages than the other two groups of workers. There was no difference regarding smoking and alcohol intake among the three groups analyzed. Regarding the environment contamination, both in the plant and in the air, a higher rate was found in Petri dishes contamined in pineapple and sugar cane crops, respectively. There was a predominance of F. moniliforme in the sugar cane crop and of F.subglutians in orange and pineapple crops in the times defined in this research. Contamination of workers occured in the second half of the research. Regarding the volunteers of pineapple crops, 13,3% workers were infected among the sixty analyzed; all workers were contamined with F. subglutinans. In the sugar cane crop, 8,3% of them were found infected, 5% by A. niger and 3,3% by F. moniliforme. Two volunteers infected by the A. niger presented concomitant infection with C. albicans. A worker of the orange crop was infected (1,6% ) by F. subglutians. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that working in the pineapple crop showed a risk factor for the fungal infection in the oral mucosa when compared to the activities in the orange crop. Also, there was a fungal contamination in the sugar cane crop when compared to the reference group. Other factors such as age, alcohol intake, smoking, family income or ethnicity were not statistically significant for the incidence of infection
5

Incidência e fatores de risco de contaminação por fungos filamentosos na mucosa oral normal de trabalhadores rurais das culturas de cana-de-açúcar, laranja e abacaxi da região de Frutal-MG / Incidence and risk factors of contamination by filamentous fungi in the oral mucosa of rural workers in sugar cane, orange and pineapple crops in Frutal, MG

Adriana Novaes Rodrigues 01 December 2016 (has links)
RESUMO: Determinadas espécies de fungos são responsáveis por diversas doenças no ser humano. Estudos epidemiológicos avaliam essas infecções tanto superficiais quanto profundas, e alguns destes avaliam em relação ao trabalho e condição de vida e saúde de trabalhadores de diversas áreas. Entretanto a contaminação por fungos filamentosos na região da cavidade oral com relação à atividade laboral rural não apresenta referência. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a incidência de contaminação fúngica na região orofaringe normal de trabalhadores agrícolas das culturas de cana-de-açúcar, laranja e abacaxi do município de Frutal, Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: Esse é um trabalho longitudinal, prospectivo, tipo coorte, não randomizado, em que os participantes eram migrantes vindos para trabalho temporário nas culturas referidas. Foram selecionados 60 participantes no momento das contratações após realizados os exames pré-admissionais. Avaliou-se as características sociodemográficas dos participantes. A coleta de material investigativo seguiu a ordem: região do sulco gengivo - labial, próximo à região do freio superior e freio inferior; material da mucosa jugal direita e esquerda, com um swab para cada região e dispostos na placa de Petri, respeitando a anatomia descrita. A coleta e análise do material dos trabalhadores e do meio ambiente seguiram os tempos de cada cultura, determinados de (t0), (t1), (t2). Também foram usados para caracterizar cada fase de coleta, cultura e análise das amostras. As amostras foram semeadas em meio Agar Sabouraud Dextrose. Após o crescimento dos isolados, as culturas filamentosas foram submetidas às técnicas de colônias gigantes e microcultivo. Os fungos foram identificados no microscópio com objetiva de 40 vezes. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre idade e sexo nos três grupos analisados. Houve predomínio de homens afrodescendentes nas culturas de cana e laranja quando comparados ao abacaxi, que apresentou um predomínio de caucasianos. Trabalhadores de origem oriental foram detectados apenas na cultura de abacaxi. Quanto à renda, os trabalhadores de abacaxi recebem salários mais elevados do que os outros dois grupos de trabalhadores. Não houve diferença em relação ao tabagismo e a ingestão de álcool entre os três grupos analisados. Em relação à contaminação do meio ambiente, tanto na planta quanto no ar, encontrou-se um maior índice de placas de Petri contaminadas nas plantações de abacaxi e cana-de-açúcar, respectivamente. Observou-se um predominio de F. moniliforme na cultura de cana-de-açúcar e de F.subglutians nas culturas de laranja e de abacaxi nos tempos definidos dessa pesquisa. A contaminação dos trabalhadores ocorreu no segundo tempo da pesquisa. A respeito dos voluntários das plantações de abacaxi, 13,3% dos trabalhadores foram infectados entre os sessenta analisados; todos os trabalhadores foram contaminados com F.subglutinans. Na cultura de cana-de-açúcar, 8,3% deles foram encontrados infectados, sendo 5% por A. niger e 3,3% por F.moniliforme. Dois voluntários infectados pelo A. niger apresentaram infecção concomitante com C. albicans. Na lavoura de laranja 1,6% foram infectados por F.subglutians. CONCLUSÕES: Esse estudo demonstrou que trabalhar na cultura do abacaxi se mostrou um fator de risco para infecção fúngica na mucosa oral quando comparado às atividades na cultura da laranja. Houve também contaminação fúngica na cultura de cana-de-açúcar quando comparado ao grupo de referência. Outros fatores como idade, ingestão de álcool, tabagismo, renda familiar ou etnia não se mostraram estatisticamente significativos para incidência da infecção / ABSTRACT: Certain species of fungi are responsible for several diseases in humans. Epidemiologic studies rate those infections, both superficial and profound, and some of them rate regarding the occupation and life and health conditions of workers from several areas. However, the filamentous fungal infection in the oral cavity regarding laboral activity presents no reference. OBJETIVE: To rate the incidence of fungal contamination in the normal oropharynx of agricultural workers of sugar cane, orange and pineapple crops in the municipal district of Frutal, Minas Gerais. METHODS: This is a longitudinal, prospective and cohort work, in which the participants were migrants to temporary work in the aforesaid crops. Sixty participants were selected in the hiring moment after pre-admission examinations. The participants\' sociodemographic features were rated. The gathering of investigative materials followed the order: region of the gingival sulcus, close to the upper and lower lip curb region; material from the right and left jugal mucous with a swab for each region and arranged in a Petri dish, respecting the anatomy described. The gathering and analysis from workers and environment material followed the time of each culture, determined of (t0), (t1), (t2). They were also used to feature each stage of gathering, culture and analysis of samples. The samples were sown amid Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. After the growth of the isolates, the filamentous cultures were subjected to the techniques of giant colonies and microcultivation. The fungi were identified in the microscope with a 40x magnification. RESULTS: There was no difference between age and sex in the three groups studied. There was a predominance of African descent men in cane and orange crops compared to pineapple, which showed a predominance of Caucasians. Oriental workers were detected only in pineapple crop. As for income, the pineapple workers receive higher wages than the other two groups of workers. There was no difference regarding smoking and alcohol intake among the three groups analyzed. Regarding the environment contamination, both in the plant and in the air, a higher rate was found in Petri dishes contamined in pineapple and sugar cane crops, respectively. There was a predominance of F. moniliforme in the sugar cane crop and of F.subglutians in orange and pineapple crops in the times defined in this research. Contamination of workers occured in the second half of the research. Regarding the volunteers of pineapple crops, 13,3% workers were infected among the sixty analyzed; all workers were contamined with F. subglutinans. In the sugar cane crop, 8,3% of them were found infected, 5% by A. niger and 3,3% by F. moniliforme. Two volunteers infected by the A. niger presented concomitant infection with C. albicans. A worker of the orange crop was infected (1,6% ) by F. subglutians. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that working in the pineapple crop showed a risk factor for the fungal infection in the oral mucosa when compared to the activities in the orange crop. Also, there was a fungal contamination in the sugar cane crop when compared to the reference group. Other factors such as age, alcohol intake, smoking, family income or ethnicity were not statistically significant for the incidence of infection
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Onicomicoses causadas por fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos / Onychomycosis caused by filamentous fungi non-dermatophytes

Souza, Simone Felizardo Rocha de 08 February 2008 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Onicomicose, infecção das unhas por fungo é a mais freqüente das doenças ungueais, constituindo aproximadamente metade de todas as alterações ungueais. Pode ser causada por dermatófitos, leveduras ou fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar as onicomicoses causadas por fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos. (1) Verificar, dentre as suspeitas clínicas de onicomicose, qual a freqüência da recuperação de fungos,(2) Verificar, dentre as suspeitas clínicas de onicomicose, quais as espécies de fungos recuperadas, (3) Verificar, dentre o total das espécies identificadas, qual a freqüência das espécies de fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos. MÉTODOS: Duzentos e cinco indivíduos com suspeita clínica de onicomicose foram estudados no período de dezembro de 2003 a novembro de 2004, por meio de exames micológicos diretos e cultura para fungos. RESULTADOS: O diagnóstico de onicomicose foi estabelecido, pelo exame micológico direto, em 170 indivíduos. O diagnóstico etiológico foi estabelecido pela cultura para fungos. Dentre os 107 agentes identificados, os dermatófitos foram identificados em 78,52% (N=84), as leveduras em 13,08% (N=14) e os FFND em 8,40% (N=9) das vezes. CONCLUSÃO: É necessário que se estabeleça o diagnóstico etiológico dos casos de onicomicoses, já que os fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos ocorrem com freqüência considerável e são indistinguíveis daquelas por dermatófitos. / INTRODUCTION: Onychomycosis, a nail fungus infection is the most frequent nail disease, constituting about half of all nail disorder. It can be caused by dermatophytes, yeasts and non- dermatophytes filamentous fungi. OBJECTIVE: Characterize the onychomycosis caused by filamentous fungi non- dermatophytes. (1) Verify after a clinical suspicion of onychomycosis, which are the frequency of fungi recovery, (2) examine, after a clinical suspicion of onychomycosis, which species of fungi are recovered, (3) Checking, among the total of identified species , which are the frequency of the species of filamentous fungi not dermatophytes. METHODS: Two hundred and five patients with clinical suspicion of onychomycosis were studied in the period from December 2003 to November 2004, through direct mycological examination and culture for fungus. RESULTS: The diagnosis of onychomycosis has been established by direct mycological examination, in 170 individuals. The etiological diagnosis was established by the culture for fungus. Among the 107 persons identified, the dermatophytes were recovered in 78.52% (N = 84), the yeast in 13.08% (N = 14) and filamentous fungi non- dermatophytes in 8,40% (N = 9). CONCLUSION: It is necessary to establish the etiological diagnosis of the cases of onychomycosis, as filamentous fungi non- dermatophytes occur often than ever considered and are its clinic features are indistinguishable from those of the dermatophytes.
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Onicomicoses causadas por fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos / Onychomycosis caused by filamentous fungi non-dermatophytes

Simone Felizardo Rocha de Souza 08 February 2008 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Onicomicose, infecção das unhas por fungo é a mais freqüente das doenças ungueais, constituindo aproximadamente metade de todas as alterações ungueais. Pode ser causada por dermatófitos, leveduras ou fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar as onicomicoses causadas por fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos. (1) Verificar, dentre as suspeitas clínicas de onicomicose, qual a freqüência da recuperação de fungos,(2) Verificar, dentre as suspeitas clínicas de onicomicose, quais as espécies de fungos recuperadas, (3) Verificar, dentre o total das espécies identificadas, qual a freqüência das espécies de fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos. MÉTODOS: Duzentos e cinco indivíduos com suspeita clínica de onicomicose foram estudados no período de dezembro de 2003 a novembro de 2004, por meio de exames micológicos diretos e cultura para fungos. RESULTADOS: O diagnóstico de onicomicose foi estabelecido, pelo exame micológico direto, em 170 indivíduos. O diagnóstico etiológico foi estabelecido pela cultura para fungos. Dentre os 107 agentes identificados, os dermatófitos foram identificados em 78,52% (N=84), as leveduras em 13,08% (N=14) e os FFND em 8,40% (N=9) das vezes. CONCLUSÃO: É necessário que se estabeleça o diagnóstico etiológico dos casos de onicomicoses, já que os fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos ocorrem com freqüência considerável e são indistinguíveis daquelas por dermatófitos. / INTRODUCTION: Onychomycosis, a nail fungus infection is the most frequent nail disease, constituting about half of all nail disorder. It can be caused by dermatophytes, yeasts and non- dermatophytes filamentous fungi. OBJECTIVE: Characterize the onychomycosis caused by filamentous fungi non- dermatophytes. (1) Verify after a clinical suspicion of onychomycosis, which are the frequency of fungi recovery, (2) examine, after a clinical suspicion of onychomycosis, which species of fungi are recovered, (3) Checking, among the total of identified species , which are the frequency of the species of filamentous fungi not dermatophytes. METHODS: Two hundred and five patients with clinical suspicion of onychomycosis were studied in the period from December 2003 to November 2004, through direct mycological examination and culture for fungus. RESULTS: The diagnosis of onychomycosis has been established by direct mycological examination, in 170 individuals. The etiological diagnosis was established by the culture for fungus. Among the 107 persons identified, the dermatophytes were recovered in 78.52% (N = 84), the yeast in 13.08% (N = 14) and filamentous fungi non- dermatophytes in 8,40% (N = 9). CONCLUSION: It is necessary to establish the etiological diagnosis of the cases of onychomycosis, as filamentous fungi non- dermatophytes occur often than ever considered and are its clinic features are indistinguishable from those of the dermatophytes.
8

Transformação genética e patogenicidade de Guignardia citricarpa / Genetic transformation and pathogenicity of Guignardia citricarpa

Maria Beatriz Calderan Rodrigues 23 August 2010 (has links)
O Brasil é líder absoluto no comércio internacional de suco de laranja concentrado congelado participando com 82% do volume comercializado no mundo. Guignardia citricarpa é um fungo Ascomiceto agente causal da Mancha Preta dos Citros (MPC), uma doença importante no contexto da Citricultura, causando lesões negras em frutos tornando-os impróprios para a exportação, já que não são aceitos na União Européia pois o patógeno é classificado como quarentenário. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal estabeler a metodologia de transformação genética de G. citricarpa para futuramente auxiliar no entendimento dos mecanismos de patogenicidade desta espécie, visando diminuir perdas na citricultura brasileira devido à MPC. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise do gene da enzima endopoligalacturonase, a qual está associada à capacidade de patógenos em colonizar plantas. Para elucidar esse fenômeno, foi realizada a busca de genes relacionados à patogenicidade em outros fungos fitopatogênicos previamente descritos e confirmados participarem no processo de doenças em diversas plantas. Considerando que esses genes possuem uma região conservada para esse fim, após o alinhamento dessas sequências foram construídos primers e o gene de endopoligalacturonase foi identificado no gênero Guignardia sp. Outra espécie pertencente a esse gênero é G. mangiferae, conhecida como endófito de citros, ou seja, coloniza os tecidos internos da planta hospedeira sem causar dano. Em análises enzimáticas foi observado que a quantidade de endopoligalacturonase produzida pela espécie patogênica é superior à da espécie endofítica, mostrando que essa enzima pode participar do processo de patogenicidade de G. citricarpa. Estudos para comprovar a participação de genes nos mecanismos de patogenicidade em diversas espécies utilizando reconhecimento de genes e genômica funcional, expressão e knockout de genes estão sendo realizados, permitindo uma visão geral da organização genômica do sistema patogênico. Pensando nisso, esse trabalho descreve pela primeira vez a metodologia de transformação genética de G. citricarpa via micélio e a obtenção de transformantes expressando a proteína verde fluorescente (GFP). Micélios do fungo foram transformados pelo sistema via Agrobacterium tumefaciens com o plasmídeo pFAT-gfp, contendo os genes de resistência à higromicina B (hgr) e da GFP. A otimização do protocolo de agrotransformação foi realizada a partir do teste de diferentes condições como: tipo de membrana, concentração de agente indutor e tempo de cocultivo. A melhor condição incluiu a utilização de membrana de éster de celulose; 200 PM de AS e 96 horas de co-cultivo. Os transformantes apresentaram alta estabilidade mitótica (82%) e tiveram a inserção do gene hgr confirmada por PCR e do gfp observada em microscopia óptica de epifluorescência. Além disso, foi acompanhado o desenvolvimento do fungo inoculado em frutos, mostrando a interação planta-patógeno. O estabelecimento do sistema de transformação por Agrobacterium para G. citricarpa possibilita o uso dessa ferramenta para estudos de mutagênese insercional e interrupção gênica visando a identificação de genes importantes, como os envolvidos com os mecanismos de patogenicidade utilizados por esse fungo. / Brazil is the world leader in the international trade of frozen orange juice concentrate, taking part with around 82% of the traded volume. Guignardia citricarpa (anamorph Phyllosticta citricarpa) is a fungal pathogen of citrus plants, being described as the causal agent of citrus black spot (CBS), one of the most important fungal diseases of citrus worldwide. Its symptoms are black lesions on fruit, making them unsuitable for the international fresh market, since they are included in the quarantine list of the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Moreover, when the disease is severe it may cause extensive premature fruit drop that reduces yields of fruit for processing. Taking this into consideration, the current work aimed to improve the understanding on the pathogenic mechanisms of this fungus. Firstly, in an attempt to elucidate this phenomenon, it was performed a search for pathogenicity genes previously reported to some pathogenic fungi and confirmed to participate in the process of infection in many plants , especially endopolygalacturonase. Primers were designed using the conserved regions of the genes and allowed the identification of the Guignardia spp. endopolygalacturonase gene for the first time. This enzyme has been described as playing important role in the process of fungal diseases in plants. In the present work, enzymatic analysis showed that the pathogen G. citricarpa produced significantly greater amounts of endopolygalacturonase when compared to G. mangiferae, a closely related fungus described as a citrus endophyte. This result suggests that this enzyme may participate in the process of pathogenicity, characteristic of the pathogenic species. Genetic transformation methods have been used to prove the involvement of genes in pathogenic mechanisms, however, a suitable methodology for G. citricarpa has not been described yet. In this way, this study describes for the first time a methodology for genetic transformation of G. citricarpa via mycelia and the successful generation of transformants expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and resistant to the hygromycin B antibiotic. Mycelia of the fungus were genetically transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens hosting the plasmid pFAT-gfp, which carries the genes for resistance to hygromycin B (hph) and for GFP (gfp). The protocol was optimized through different test conditions (type of membrane, concentration of the inducing agent acetosyringone and duration of the co-cultivation period). The higher transformation efficiencies were observed using cellulose ester membrane, 200 PM of acetosyringone and 96 hours of cocultivation. The transformants showed high mitotic stability (82%) and the insertion of the T-DNA was confirmed by PCR and GFP expression through epifluorescence microscopy observation. Moreover, it was observed the development of the fungus in inoculated oranges, showing the plant-pathogen interaction observed by epifluorescense microscopy. The establishment of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for G. citricarpa represents an important step on the search for unveiling important genes of this fungus, such as those involved in the pathogenic mechanisms.

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