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付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24510号 / 医博第4952号 / 新制||医||1064(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 小杉 眞司, 教授 村井 俊哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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A growing number of states and cities in the United States have enacted smoke-free policies in public areas and, to improve the health outcomes of employees and patrons, have extended the policies to indoor tourism and hospitality venues including casinos, bars, and restaurants. However, the introduction of smoke-free policies in casinos has lowered gaming revenues by up to 20% in some jurisdictions (Eadington, 2011; Pakko, 2005; Thalheimer & Ali, 2008). Smoke-free policies have the potential to reduce the participation rate of gamblers either because smoking gamblers choose not to gamble if they cannot smoke, or because they choose to migrate to an alternative gambling opportunity which allows smoking. Since the goal of implementing smoke-free policies is to improve the health outcomes of employees and customers, some states' or locales' exemption from the bans may be temporary (Goodman, Agnew, McCaffrey, Paul, & Clancy, 2007). As a result of these changing external influences, it may be necessary to develop effective marketing strategies for continued growth in the casino industry. This study aimed to enhance insight into this phenomenon that results from external market influences by focusing on gamblers' behavioral changes with respect to their decisions to visit casinos when smoking bans are implemented. This dissertation proposed and tested a gambling-specific behavior model to examine the antecedents of individual changes in gambling patronage. The model was tested by using Path Analysis on data that were collected through an online survey of gamblers who visited gaming facilities in Deadwood, South Dakota. The results indicated that both the psychological reactance trait and the attitude importance of the freedom to smoke influence gambling behavioral changes after a smoking ban went into effect. Individual attitudes towards secondhand smoking also explained changes in casino patronage. No moderator effect was found in the path analysis. Supplementary analyses for other hospitality sectors were also conducted and the results also showed psychological reactance trait, the attitude importance of the freedom to smoke, and the attitude towards secondhand smoking explain changes in restaurant and bar patronage, and video lottery terminal participation. Discussion on the results of hypotheses testing and implications are presented followed by future research directions. / Tourism and Sport

Pathological gambling is a maladaptive behaviour associated with diminished self-control over persistent compulsive gambling behaviour despite negative consequences. A significant revision to the clinical perspective of pathological gambling is underway, and the disorder will likely be recognized as a behavioural addiction in the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. However, the neurobiological, cognitive and behavioural processes that drive a ‘behavioural addiction’ are unclear. A series of five studies were conducted to investigate cognitive mechanisms associated with neural and behavioural substrates of addictive processes in disordered gambling. Studies 1 through 3 investigated neurobiological correlates of addiction in individuals with pathological gambling as compared to individuals with cocaine dependence, and as compared to non-addicted healthy controls. Study 1 investigated brain activity associated with anticipatory and consummatory reward processing during slot-machine gambling. Study 2 investigated executive control processes by examining functional brain networks associated with loss-chasing behaviour. Study 3 employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to explore alterations in grey-matter volumes in individuals with addictive disorders. Studies 4 and 5 investigated the behavioural substrates of addiction in regular gamblers utilizing emerging and novel research techniques. Study 4 examined continuous hand motion trajectories to explore approach biases and implicit processing. Study 5 employed an adaptive testing methodology to explore the influence of gaming machine preferences on cognitive processes and gambling behaviour. Research identified neurobiological and behavioural substrates of gambling-related beliefs and biases that indicate significant contributions of cognitive mechanisms to the development and persistence of a behavioural addiction. Results suggest addictive disorders may share some common features of anticipatory reward processing and brain structure (Studies 1 and 3), while neural signals associated losing outcomes and decision-making during gambling may be specific to disordered gambling (Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, cognitive distortions in regular gamblers may influence reinforcement and executive control processes (Study 4), and individual preferences for gaming speed may influence cognitions and behaviour during machine gambling. As additional psychological disorders are being considered for classification as behavioural addictions, and clinicians will be faced with the challenges of treating individuals with these non-substance-related addictive disorders, a better understanding of behavioural addictions, through the study of disordered gambling, will be essential under the new diagnostic framework.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: For the purposes of this study the term "gambling" refers only to casino style gambling and does not necessarily include horse racing and the national lottery. The study is partly based on the theoretical model for policy analysis as described by Dunn in his book "Public Policy Analysis" (1994). The thesis is divided into two sections. The first section deals mainly with the stage of monitoring and is a retrospective analysis of the development of the gambling industry in seventeenth and eighteenth century Venice and more recently in the United States, Australia, Namibia and South Afiica prior to 1994. The last section deals mainly with the stage of policy evaluation and questions the possible discrepancies between the expected and actual gambling policy performance in the Western Cape after 1994 when large scale gambling was legalised throughout the country. It uses the recommendations of the Main Report on Gambling in the Republic of South Afiica (Wiehahn Report) as a basis for the evaluation of the Western Cape gambling policy from both a social and economic perspective. More specifically the study attempts to shed light on the issues of the problems related to the scientific research of gambling, the economic profile of gamblers, the location of casinos, the displacement of capital and the correlation between crime and gambling. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie word die term "gambling" slegs gebruik met verwysing na dobbel in casinos en sluit nie noodwendig perdewedrenne en die nasionale lotery in nie. Die studie word gedeeltelik gebaseer op die teoretiese model vir beleids-analise soos weergegee deur Dunn in sy boek "Public Policy Analysis" (1994). Die studie word verdeel in twee afdelings. Die eerste gedeelte behandel die stadium van monitering en is hoofsaaklik a retrospektiewe analise oor die ontwikkeling van die dobbelbedryf in sewentiende eeuse Venesië en meer onlangs in die Verenigde State van Amerika, Australië, Namibië, asook Suid-Afrikavoor 1994. Die laaste gedeelte behandel hoofsaaklik die stadium van beleids-evaluering. Dit bevraagteken die moontlike verskil tussen die verwagte en werklike vertoning en uitkoms van die dobbelbeleid in die Wes Kaap na 1994. Hoofstuk 3 gebruik die aanbevelings van die Hoofverslag oor Dobbel in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika (Wiehahn verslag) as 'n basis vir die evaluering van die dobbelbeleid van die Wes Kaap van beide 'n sosiale asook 'n ekonomiese perspektief Meer spesifiek beoog die studie om lig te werp op die probleme wat verband hou met die wetenskaplike navorsing van dobbelary, die ekonomiese profiel van dobbelaars, die geografiese plasing van casinos, die verplasing van kapitaal en die korrelasie tussen misdaad en dobbel.

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

Darbo objektas: azartiniai žaidimai studentų tarpe. Darbo tikslas: nustatyti azartinių žaidimų populiarumą studentų tarpe. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Apibrėžti azartinių žaidimų sampratą. 2. Išsiaiškinti azartinių žaidimų pasiūlą ir paklausą. 3. Identifikuoti azartinių žaidimų populiarumą LSU I pakopos nuolatinės „Sportinės rekreacijos ir turizmo“ studijų programos I, II, III ir IV kurso studentų tarpe. Svarbiausi darbo rezultatai ir išvados: Azartiniai lošimai tai tokie žaidimai, kurių rezultatas (laimėjimas arba pralaimėjimas) yra atsitiktinis ir beveik nepriklauso nuo dalyvių sugebėjimų žaisti. Paprastai lošiama iš pinigų. Lošimas apibrėžiamas kaip veikla, kurioje dvi ar daugiau šalių rizikuodamos stato kažką vertingo, kas laimi ir kas pralaimi priklauso nuo dalyviams nežinomo įvykių rezultato bei tikimasi laimėti daugiau negu buvo pastatyta. Azartinių lošimų rinkos pasiūlos kreivę sudaro visų lošimų rūšių pasiūla: A kategorijos lošimo automatų, B kategorijos lošimo automatų, stalo lošimų, lažybų, loterijų ir bingo. Lošimų paklausą lemia rinkos dydis. Įvairių lošimo rūšių kaina yra nevienoda: pigiausi yra riboto laimėjimo automatai ir bingo todėl jų paklausa yra didžiausia, o brangiausi - stalo lošimai – jų paklausa mažiausia. Atlikus LSU I pakopos nuolatinės studijų formos „Sportinės rekreacijos ir turizmo“ studijų programos anketinės apklausos analizę pastebėta, kad dauguma respondentų mano jog galimybė išlošti didelę pinigų sumą ir noras atgauti prarastus pinigus yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of the research: gambling among students The objective of the research: to determine the popularity of gambling among students. Goals of the research: 1. To define the conception of gambling; 2. To identify the supply and demand of gambling; 3. To identify the popularity of gambling among LSU undergraduate full-time studies „Sport and recreation tourism“ program students The main results and conclusions: Gambling such kind of games when the results (winning or losing) is accidental and almost independent of the participants ability to play. Usually it‘s played on money. Gambling is defined as an activity in which two or more parties bet something valuable and the one who wins and who loses depends on the unknown outcome of events, and it is expected to win more than it was bet. Gambling market supply chain includes all kinds of gambling offers: category A slot machines, category B slot machines, table games, betting, lotteries and bingo. The demand of gambling is determined by the size of market. There are different prices for different types of gambling: the cheapest are slot machines and bingo so they have the greatest demand, the most expensive are table games – that is why their demand is lowest. After LSU undergraduate full-time studies „Sport and recreation tourism“ program questionnaire analysis it was noticed that the majority of respondents believe that the opportunity to win a large sum of money and the desire to recover the lost money are the main... [to full text]