The investigation aimed at identifying the factors that accounted for the teacher trainees’ low understanding of basic scientific concepts and the appropriate strategies needed to rectify these obstacles. In this investigation thirty open ended questions were administered to test three hundred teacher trainees’ understanding of science concepts. Also, observations were conducted during science lessons to monitor the participation of trainees. The teacher trainees’ poor background in science was identified. Inflexible teaching methods such as lecturing and provision of pointers to correct answers by teachers contributed. Teacher trainees lacked the necessary conceptual, logical and linguistic background, and the vocabulary to express themselves in English. Most science lessons did not consider media integration, but were conducted through verbal communication. Teacher trainees employed ineffective study techniques in learning science. Recommendations included reading assignments, laboratory work, media integration and the employment of effective study techniques in the teaching and learning of science. / Teacher Education / Thesis (M. Ed. (Didactics))

The investigation aimed at identifying the factors that accounted for the teacher trainees’ low understanding of basic scientific concepts and the appropriate strategies needed to rectify these obstacles. In this investigation thirty open ended questions were administered to test three hundred teacher trainees’ understanding of science concepts. Also, observations were conducted during science lessons to monitor the participation of trainees. The teacher trainees’ poor background in science was identified. Inflexible teaching methods such as lecturing and provision of pointers to correct answers by teachers contributed. Teacher trainees lacked the necessary conceptual, logical and linguistic background, and the vocabulary to express themselves in English. Most science lessons did not consider media integration, but were conducted through verbal communication. Teacher trainees employed ineffective study techniques in learning science. Recommendations included reading assignments, laboratory work, media integration and the employment of effective study techniques in the teaching and learning of science. / Teacher Education / Thesis (M. Ed. (Didactics))

Floods, earthquakes, storms and other natural disasters wreak havoc across the globe each year. Climate change threatens to aggravate the problem. Insurance can be one way to make societies more resilient these disasters; by spreading risks over time and space, insurance softens the blows of natural disasters, helps victims to recover quickly, and incentivises risk reduction. In many developing countries, however, many homeowners lack the security insurance provides; instead, they depend on disaster aid in the event of a catastrophe, which is often unreliable. To improve access to (disaster) insurance in developing countries, global political leaders have initiated several programmes, such as the G7 InsuResilience Initiative. Evidence, however, shows that even where disaster insurance is widely accessible, only a few individuals purchase it, implying that the low adoption of disaster insurance in developing countries goes beyond accessibility. Understanding the causes of the low demand for the existing insurance schemes would inform the design of future ones. This thesis, therefore, examines why homeowners in Ghana fail to purchase disaster insurance for their homes despite the availability of disaster insurance for residential homes since the 1960s. What explanations does the literature provide for the lack of disaster insurance adoption? How does the lack of comprehensive data on natural hazards affect Ghanaian insurers’ natural disaster insurance underwriting decisions? Are individuals who believe that luck, chance, fate, or powerful others determine what happens to them less likely to purchase natural disaster insurance, compared with those who believe that they can influence what happens to them? The thesis addresses these questions in three peer-reviewed articles, specifying how the decisions of insurers, individuals and governments affect disaster insurance adoption in Ghana. The thesis contributes to the literature by first systematically surveying the economics, insurance and psychology literature to understand the alternative economic and behavioural explanations for the lack of demand for disaster insurance, especially in developing countries. The thesis also shows that contrary to standard insurance theory, Ghanaian insurers do not reward investments in preventive measures with lower premia and rather charge higher premia since they lack information about risks at the micro level and therefore interpret risk reduction measures as a sign of high risk. The third significant contribution of the thesis is that individuals’ worldviews influence their disaster insurance purchasing decisions. Based on Ghanaian survey data, the thesis finds individuals who believe they control their own destiny more likely to purchase disaster insurance, compared with those who believe that external forces, luck or fate determines life events. / Überschwemmungen, Erdbeben, Stürme oder andere Naturkatastrophen richten rund um den Globus jedes Jahr verheerende Schäden an. Der Klimawandel droht, die Probleme noch zu verschärfen. Versicherungen können ein Weg sein, um Gesellschaften widerstandsfähiger gegen Naturkatastrophen zu machen. Versicherungen lindern die Auswirkung von Naturkatastrophen, indem sie die Risiken über Zeit und Raum verteilen. Sie helfen Betroffenen, um wirtschaftlich wieder auf die Beine zu kommen, und bieten Anreize zum Abbau von Risiken. Trotzdem schließen die meisten Hausbesitzer in Entwicklungsländern kaum Versicherungen ab. Stattdessen sind sie im Katastrophenfall abhängig von Beihilfen, welche jedoch oft nur unzuverlässig fließen. Um den Zugang zu Versicherungen gegen Katastrophen in Entwicklungsländern zu erleichtern, wurden weltweit verschiedene Programme aufgelegt, so etwa die G7-Initiative InsuResilience. Gerade in Entwicklungsländern versichern sich trotz verbesserter Zugänglichkeit nur wenige Menschen gegen Katastrophen. Damit scheint die unzureichende Versicherung gegen Katastrophen in Entwicklungsländern nicht allein eine Frage der Zugänglichkeit zu sein. Die Gründe für die geringe Nachfrage nach existierenden Versicherungen zu verstehen, könnte helfen, das Design neuer, effektiverer Versicherungsangebote zu beeinflussen. Aus diesem Grund untersucht die Arbeit, warum sich Hausbesitzer in Ghana kaum gegen Katastrophen versichern, obwohl es entsprechende Angebote seit den 1960er Jahren gibt. Welche Erklärungen bietet die Literatur für die mangelnde Annahme entsprechender Versicherungen? Wie werden Ghanaische Versicherungsnehmer in ihrer Entscheidung über den Versicherungsabschluss vom Fehlen umfangreicher Daten über die Auswirkungen von Naturkatastrophen beeinflusst? Sind Menschen, die an persönliches Glück, an Chancen, an Schicksal oder an äußere, lebensbeeinflussende Mächte glauben, weniger geneigt, sich gegen Katastrophen zu versichern als Menschen, die glauben, sie könnten ihr Leben selbst beeinflussen? Die Dissertation setzt sich in drei Artikeln mit diesen Fragen auseinander und geht darauf ein, was in Ghana die Akzeptanz von Versicherungen gegen Katastrophen beeinflusst. Ein Beitrag der Arbeit besteht in der systematischen Aufbereitung der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen, versicherungswissenschaftlichen und psychologischen Literatur, um – speziell in Bezug auf Entwicklungsländer – alternative wirtschafts- und verhaltenswissenschaftliche Erklärungsansätze für das Fehlen einer Nachfrage nach Versicherungen gegen Katastrophen zu verstehen. Die Arbeit zeigt außerdem, dass Ghanaische Versicherungen – im Gegensatz zur gängigen Versicherungstheorie – Investitionen der Versicherungsnehmer in Präventionsmaßnahmen nicht durch niedrigere Prämien honorieren. Weil den Versicherungen Informationen über Risiken auf Mikroebene fehlen, interpretieren sie solche Maßnahmen als Zeichen für ein erhöhtes Risiko und verlangen sogar höhere Prämien. Ein dritter Beitrag der Arbeit untersucht – anhand von Ghanaischen Befragungsdaten – die Hypothese, dass die fundamentale Weltanschauungen die Entscheidung über den Abschluss einer Versicherung gegen Katastrophen beeinflusst werden. Menschen, die glauben, sie könnten ihr Schicksal selbst bestimmen, versichern sich eher gegen Katastrophen als Menschen die glauben, ihr Leben würde durch äußere Mächte, Glück oder das Schicksal bestimmt.

This investigation into a process of transformation was intended to explore the institution of African sacral rule in its relation to the Christian church and to provide a theological model, which could be used to establish a new mission field. The bulk of the work has been conducted through anthropological and historical methods crossing international boundaries and cultures within both sacral rule and the Christian church in Africa. The specific case studies have been the sacral rule of Grassfields people in Cameroon and the Akan in Ghana with focus on the Basel Mission and resulting churches. On the one hand, this comparative approach brought to light in-depth knowledge of the sacral ruler's encounter with the institution of the Christian church and its representatives. On the other hand, the investigation shows that with some preconceived ideas of sacral rule inherited from the missionaries who had established themselves in deliberate rejection of the existing system of government and the people involved, the African church leaders were put at a disadvantage. However, it has been demonstrated that in the process of struggle for survival and change, each institution has been partially assimilated by the· other. Those who have helped these two institutions to deepen their relationship through a genuine dialogue are outstanding Christians who occupied the position of sacral rulers in both Cameroon and Ghana. They have provided historical material on which an understanding of the cultural changes within sacral rule as well as the Christian church was based. The previous religious experience and knowledge of the sacral rulers are invariably used as a frame of reference for their understanding and interpretation of the Bible and their relationship with Christ. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

The purpose of the study is to show the presence of Christ in Fanteland by treating five Fante ancestral and current narratives as analogues of Genesis XIV and interpreting the resulting interpenetrating Scripture and Fante narratives sensus plenior in the manner of Hebrews VII for Fante Christians, revealing the hidden presence of Christ in them. This is made possible by a postulate of an affinity between the Hebrew world view and that of the Fante. What is considered right behaviour in Fanteland is also resonant with the ethics in Hebrews. A section on ethics arising out of the presence of Christ in the narrative follows in each case. The first chapter is introductory giving the aim and objectives of the study the justification, scope and limitations. This is followed by the intellectual framework from secondary sources and the methodology used. In Chapter II there is a comparison of the world view of Hebrews and of Fanteland with a view to seeing their affinity. Chapters III -V give the literary and historical background to each narrative, the narratives themselves and a theological and ethical meditation. In conclusion the fruit of these meditations is summarized and an evaluation is made. / Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

In recent times, the significance of fair value in financial reporting is gaining momentum and current debates are moving in the trend of full fair value reporting. Small and medium-sized entities are not let off in this instance. The move to new reporting standards results in numerous challenges for diverse interest groups such as auditors, preparers and regulators. The main objective of the study was to establish the fair value implementation challenges facing SMEs in the agricultural sector in Ghana. This study established that, in Ghana, commodity markets do not exist and that farmers do not have access to market information. The study also established that there is high IFRS implementation cost, inadequate training and education for preparers of financial statements and academic education not focusing on agricultural accounting. In light of these challenges, the study recommends improving capacity building through user training and education and establishment of commodity markets. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

Exchange rates are believed to be one of the major driving forces behind sustainable macroeconomic growth and it is therefore important to ensure that they are at an appropriate level. Exchange rate misalignment is a situation where the actual exchange rate differs significantly from its equilibrium value, resulting in either an overvalued or an undervalued currency. The problem with an undervalued currency is that it will increase the domestic price of tradable goods whereas an overvalued currency will cause a fall in the domestic prices of the tradable goods. Persistent exchange rate misalignment is thus expected to result in severe macroeconomic instability. The aim of this study is to estimate the equilibrium real exchange rate for both Ghana and Nigeria. After so doing, the equilibrium real exchange rate is compared to the actual real exchange rate, in order to assess the extent of real exchange rate misalignment in both countries, if any such exists. In order test the applicability of the equilibrium exchange rate models, the study draws from the simple monetary model as well as the Edwards (1989) and Montiel (1999) models. These models postulate that the variables which determine the real exchange rate are the terms of trade, trade restrictions, domestic interest rates, foreign aid inflow, income, money supply, world inflation, government consumption expenditure, world interest rates, capital controls and technological progress. Due to data limitations in Ghana and in Nigeria, not all the variables are utilised in the study. The study uses the Johansen (1995) model as well as the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to estimate the long- and the short-run relationships between the above-mentioned determinants and the real exchange rate. Thereafter the study employs the Hodrick-Prescott filter to estimate the permanent equilibrium exchange rate. The study estimates a real exchange rate model each for Ghana and Nigeria. Both the exchange rate models for Ghana and Nigeria provide evidence of exchange rate misalignment. The model for Ghana shows that from the first quarter of 1980 to the last quarter of 1983 the real exchange rate was overvalued; thereafter the exchange rate moved close to its equilibrium value and was generally undervalued with few and short-lived episodes of overvaluation. In regard to real exchange rate misalignment in Nigeria prior to the Structural Adjustment Program in 1986 there were episodes of undervaluation from the first quarter of 1980 to the first quarter of 1984 and overvaluation from the second quarter of 1984 to the third quarter of 1986; thereafter the exchange rate was generally and marginally undervalued.

Disease prevalence varies with geographic location. This research pursues a medical geographic perspective and examines the spatial variations in disease patterns between Obuasi, a gold mining town and Asankrangwa, a non gold mining town in Ghana, West Africa. Political ecology/economy and the human ecology frameworks are used to explain the prevalence of diseases. Mining alters the environment and allows disease causing pathogens and vectors to survive more freely than in other similar environments. Certain diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections, ear infections, sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS and syphilis, certain skin diseases and rheumatism and joint pains may have a higher prevalence in Obuasi when compared to Asankrangwa due to the mining in Obuasi.

PhD (English) / Department of English / Language, in general, has always been evolving and dynamic; the same can be said of the English language. Spontaneously, but not unexpected though, since the beginning of this 21st century which saw the introduction of the internet, there have been noteworthy manifestations in the structure and use of varied forms of the English language on social media. This study aimed at exploring, describing and explaining the linguistic features associated with the new communicative order – social media – and their communicative functions, vis-à-vis their impact on Ghanaian university students’ acquisition of academic literacy. To do this, the study adopted a qualitative method and an ethnographic approach in understanding the netnographic realities on social media. In addition, the sociocultural theory and the theory of error analysis served as the philosophical underpinnings which guided the research. Participants of the study (largely undergraduate students) were drawn from two universities in Ghana – the University of Ghana, and Valley View University. The total sample size was one hundred and eighty eight (188). It was found that frequent and prolonged use of social media discourse does impact negatively on the academic literacy of students. The findings also indicate that social media use overtime becomes addictive and this directly results in limited time span and low attention span of students. Again, the study found that over engagement on social media discourse leads to a general breakdown in both sentence and discourse structure of academic writing resulting into uncontrolled deviant spellings, omission and misuse of punctuation marks and capitalisation, as well as a high level of colloquialism. Despite these negative influences, it was found that there are some positive potentials of social media that can be harnessed to support academic literacy. The study, thus, recommends that the affordances of social media communication should be retooled to support the teaching and learning of academic literacy.

Floods, earthquakes, storms and other natural disasters wreak havoc across the globe each year. Climate change threatens to aggravate the problem. Insurance can be one way to make societies more resilient these disasters; by spreading risks over time and space, insurance softens the blows of natural disasters, helps victims to recover quickly, and incentivises risk reduction. In many developing countries, however, many homeowners lack the security insurance provides; instead, they depend on disaster aid in the event of a catastrophe, which is often unreliable. To improve access to (disaster) insurance in developing countries, global political leaders have initiated several programmes, such as the G7 InsuResilience Initiative. Evidence, however, shows that even where disaster insurance is widely accessible, only a few individuals purchase it, implying that the low adoption of disaster insurance in developing countries goes beyond accessibility. Understanding the causes of the low demand for the existing insurance schemes would inform the design of future ones. This thesis, therefore, examines why homeowners in Ghana fail to purchase disaster insurance for their homes despite the availability of disaster insurance for residential homes since the 1960s. What explanations does the literature provide for the lack of disaster insurance adoption? How does the lack of comprehensive data on natural hazards affect Ghanaian insurers’ natural disaster insurance underwriting decisions? Are individuals who believe that luck, chance, fate, or powerful others determine what happens to them less likely to purchase natural disaster insurance, compared with those who believe that they can influence what happens to them? The thesis addresses these questions in three peer-reviewed articles, specifying how the decisions of insurers, individuals and governments affect disaster insurance adoption in Ghana. The thesis contributes to the literature by first systematically surveying the economics, insurance and psychology literature to understand the alternative economic and behavioural explanations for the lack of demand for disaster insurance, especially in developing countries. The thesis also shows that contrary to standard insurance theory, Ghanaian insurers do not reward investments in preventive measures with lower premia and rather charge higher premia since they lack information about risks at the micro level and therefore interpret risk reduction measures as a sign of high risk. The third significant contribution of the thesis is that individuals’ worldviews influence their disaster insurance purchasing decisions. Based on Ghanaian survey data, the thesis finds individuals who believe they control their own destiny more likely to purchase disaster insurance, compared with those who believe that external forces, luck or fate determines life events. / Überschwemmungen, Erdbeben, Stürme oder andere Naturkatastrophen richten rund um den Globus jedes Jahr verheerende Schäden an. Der Klimawandel droht, die Probleme noch zu verschärfen. Versicherungen können ein Weg sein, um Gesellschaften widerstandsfähiger gegen Naturkatastrophen zu machen. Versicherungen lindern die Auswirkung von Naturkatastrophen, indem sie die Risiken über Zeit und Raum verteilen. Sie helfen Betroffenen, um wirtschaftlich wieder auf die Beine zu kommen, und bieten Anreize zum Abbau von Risiken. Trotzdem schließen die meisten Hausbesitzer in Entwicklungsländern kaum Versicherungen ab. Stattdessen sind sie im Katastrophenfall abhängig von Beihilfen, welche jedoch oft nur unzuverlässig fließen. Um den Zugang zu Versicherungen gegen Katastrophen in Entwicklungsländern zu erleichtern, wurden weltweit verschiedene Programme aufgelegt, so etwa die G7-Initiative InsuResilience. Gerade in Entwicklungsländern versichern sich trotz verbesserter Zugänglichkeit nur wenige Menschen gegen Katastrophen. Damit scheint die unzureichende Versicherung gegen Katastrophen in Entwicklungsländern nicht allein eine Frage der Zugänglichkeit zu sein. Die Gründe für die geringe Nachfrage nach existierenden Versicherungen zu verstehen, könnte helfen, das Design neuer, effektiverer Versicherungsangebote zu beeinflussen. Aus diesem Grund untersucht die Arbeit, warum sich Hausbesitzer in Ghana kaum gegen Katastrophen versichern, obwohl es entsprechende Angebote seit den 1960er Jahren gibt. Welche Erklärungen bietet die Literatur für die mangelnde Annahme entsprechender Versicherungen? Wie werden Ghanaische Versicherungsnehmer in ihrer Entscheidung über den Versicherungsabschluss vom Fehlen umfangreicher Daten über die Auswirkungen von Naturkatastrophen beeinflusst? Sind Menschen, die an persönliches Glück, an Chancen, an Schicksal oder an äußere, lebensbeeinflussende Mächte glauben, weniger geneigt, sich gegen Katastrophen zu versichern als Menschen, die glauben, sie könnten ihr Leben selbst beeinflussen? Die Dissertation setzt sich in drei Artikeln mit diesen Fragen auseinander und geht darauf ein, was in Ghana die Akzeptanz von Versicherungen gegen Katastrophen beeinflusst. Ein Beitrag der Arbeit besteht in der systematischen Aufbereitung der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen, versicherungswissenschaftlichen und psychologischen Literatur, um – speziell in Bezug auf Entwicklungsländer – alternative wirtschafts- und verhaltenswissenschaftliche Erklärungsansätze für das Fehlen einer Nachfrage nach Versicherungen gegen Katastrophen zu verstehen. Die Arbeit zeigt außerdem, dass Ghanaische Versicherungen – im Gegensatz zur gängigen Versicherungstheorie – Investitionen der Versicherungsnehmer in Präventionsmaßnahmen nicht durch niedrigere Prämien honorieren. Weil den Versicherungen Informationen über Risiken auf Mikroebene fehlen, interpretieren sie solche Maßnahmen als Zeichen für ein erhöhtes Risiko und verlangen sogar höhere Prämien. Ein dritter Beitrag der Arbeit untersucht – anhand von Ghanaischen Befragungsdaten – die Hypothese, dass die fundamentale Weltanschauungen die Entscheidung über den Abschluss einer Versicherung gegen Katastrophen beeinflusst werden. Menschen, die glauben, sie könnten ihr Schicksal selbst bestimmen, versichern sich eher gegen Katastrophen als Menschen die glauben, ihr Leben würde durch äußere Mächte, Glück oder das Schicksal bestimmt.