<p>Background & Problem</p><p>The author believes that there are important lessons to be</p><p>learned from the states in Africa that have managed to achieve successful transitions from</p><p>one-party regimes to multy-party regimes. However, Africa today displays countries that</p><p>suffer from enormous problems and many of them are mired in political and economical</p><p>development. A main theme of this thesis is the search for the differences, how can we</p><p>explain the transitions and the outcomes of them?</p><p>Purpose</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to describe the nature of transitions as Bratton</p><p>& de Walle explain them and to see if their suggested explanations hold true in Ghana &</p><p>Zambia. A secondary purpose also includes a comparison between the two cases and the</p><p>differences between them.</p><p>Method</p><p>A combination of a traditional literature study and a focused comparative</p><p>study has been used in order to fulfil the purpose.</p><p>Theoretical Framework</p><p>The second, third, fourth and fifth chapter represent the</p><p>bulk of the theoretical framework. The theories stem from Bratton & de Walle and will be</p><p>weighted against the empirical information found in the two cases.</p><p>Analysis & Conclusions</p><p>The latter chapters of this thesis summarize the results from</p><p>the comparison and include a discussion and comment chapter. The conclusion argues that</p><p>the causes and results of a transition to a large extent can be found in the political. The</p><p>phases that Bratton & de Walle describe are also accurate in relation to the two cases. An</p><p>important feature that Ghana has been successful with is that they have managed to</p><p>withhold a higher political activity throughout their democratization. This has in turn</p><p>resulted in a better outcome.</p>

In recent years, International Relations scholars have begun to consider migration as an explanatory variable, recognizing its potential role in contributing to the outbreak of violent conflict. Despite the theoretical and empirical contributions resulting from this scholarship, the growing literature privileges a narrow category of migrants – involuntary migrants – failing to capture the role of the millions of voluntary migrants that might be part of the migration-conflict nexus. While some efforts have been made to explore the broader relationship between migration and security, this work focuses on developed countries, national security, and international migration. In short, this has led to the development of a new research agenda that bears little relevance to the African context (and other developing regions) where internal security and internal migration are much more prominent issues. This dissertation addresses these gaps by examining the migration-conflict nexus in the cocoa regions in two West African countries − Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. These countries are excellent candidates for comparative analysis as both have a great deal in common in terms of their natural resources, geographies, cultures and relations to the world market. These countries also provide fertile ground for comparison as although they share similar migration histories, there have been fundamentally different outcomes in terms of migration-producing conflict. Whereas there have been violent outbreaks of conflict targeting migrants in Côte d’Ivoire leading to a protracted civil war, instances of violent conflict in Ghana’s cocoa growing regions are rare. By analyzing and contrasting the different migration-conflict trajectories across these cases, the dissertation develops an empirically-informed model for explaining migration-conflict dynamics in Africa and beyond. While the findings highlight the need to take migration seriously as a security issue in its own right, they also reveal the critical role of the following intervening variables in influencing the diverging outcomes: differences in state-society relations; diverging land tenure regimes; variations in state capacity and exogenous shocks; and contrasting experiences with autochthony discourses. Notwithstanding the empirical focus on migration-conflict dynamics in the Ivoirian and Ghanaian cocoa regions, the model developed herein provides important insights beyond these regional contexts. / Thesis (Ph.D, Political Studies) -- Queen's University, 2013-07-29 15:25:50.931

Demonstrating compliance with food safety requirements of the global economy is a prerequisite for access. As tariff barriers diminish, developing countries are exposed to greater opportunities for repositioning their food manufacturing sectors in global value chains (GVCs). At the same time, the measures for the protection of public health and safety are becoming more stringent because of the series of food safety crises that characterised the global food value chain in the 1980s and 1990s, and that still linger on. The new demands arising from the need to protect consumer safety, coupled with the structure of the global economy have introduced new challenges for developing countries in terms of accessing the global food manufacturing value chain(GFMVC) with manufactured products. This is the case for the Ghanaian food manufacturing sector. Therefore, this study aims to understand the practice of developing food safety capability to enhance access to the GFMVC using high value added products, to identify performance gaps in the Ghanaian context and propose an appropriate framework (legal, institutional and policy) to address the major gaps, while meeting the basic requirements of food safety. A multiple case study methodology was adopted, using the UK food and drinks sector as a benchmark for the Ghanaian food manufacturing sector. The main techniques employed for data collection were surveys, interviews and content analysis. Based on the findings and insights gathered from the investigation, a technical regulation based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is proposed as a means to enhance the compliance of enterprises in Ghana with the basic requirements of food safety. Because of the current lack of capability at the national and enterprise level, a four-phase implementation plan is recommended to progressively ease enterprises into mandatory compliance with integrated food safety management systems. The study also recommends that the current multiple agency structure is maintained, however, mandates, roles and responsibilities, and jurisdictions need to be clarified, and values reformed. Various kinds of support (e.g. funds, training) also have to be provided to enterprises to facilitate their compliance and enhance their access to the GFMVC.

Delivering improved water services in small towns in low-income countries encompasses particular challenges. Often considered too large to be effectively community managed , small towns may also be too small, with too limited economies, to benefit from utility style professionalism and economies of scale. The most recent paradigm, that financially sustainable water services will be best achieved through the Demand Responsive Approach , has been complemented in Ghana, the focus of this study, through the development of a variety of management models, community, local government, national utility and private providers, to deliver DRA. Taking advantage of this unusual situation, in having a wide range of different functioning models in one country at the same time, this research has sought to investigate these management models with respect to effectiveness, equity, financial sustainability and efficiency of services delivery. However, the context in which all of these models operate relates to consumers effective demand, key to delivering a demand responsive approach. A second objective, necessary to validate any results relating to management models, has therefore been to investigate households actual demand for improved and alternative sources of water. Data for the research was gathered from examples of the four management models in use in Ghana, from eight small towns spread across the length and breadth of the country. The methodology incorporated key-informant interviews, user observations, household surveys and an analysis of relevant documents of operators and policy makers. The fieldwork was undertaken in two separate periods, designed to ensure that any effects of dry and wet season variations, which influence water supply delivery as well as demand, were adequately captured. The research found that none of the management models in use in small towns in Ghana could be considered to be significantly more effective than any other; overall, households demonstrated a limited demand for water supply with even this demand distributed among a number of sources, both formal, improved and alternative, traditional sources; this demand was not so much a function of affordability, rather a clear choice as to where to use limited resources mobile phone access absorbing three times the amount spent on water. Whilst certain management characteristics were found to make a difference, leadership in particular, no one model was able to influence the overarching water source effect, that is the cost of formal supply (surface water costing approximately three times more than ground water), relative to access to alternative, free supplies in the context of limited overall demand for water.

In Ghana, spatial patterns of TB vary for different regions and variations may occur within the same region. This study examines TB distribution in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Behavioral, cultural and economic variables associated with TB morbidity are examined. From January 1998 to June 1999, data obtained from the Ghana Ministry of Health revealed that, men had a higher TB rate than women, TB was common among the age groups 20-29 and 30-39, and the average TB rate of 67.7 per 100, 000 population in the Greater Accra Region was higher than the national average (58.6 per 100,000 population). Using the human ecology model, this study attempts to explain the spatial distribution of the disease.

The purpose of this report was to investigate bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) and to gain a wider knowledge about bamboo as a construction material. A growing problem all over the world is global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions. Bamboo is a giant grass and can absorb more carbon dioxide in comparison to same-sized trees. The majority of bamboo species growing in Ghana is Bambusa vulgaris. The results are based on six qualitative semi-structured interviews conducted in Ghana and five supplementary interviews by e-mail conversations. The investigation was carried out in Greater Accra region, Ashanti region, and Western region in Ghana. The results of this survey showed that Bambusa vulgaris has the best properties for construction at four years of age and needs treatment to last longer than two years. The interviews also revealed that there is currently no example of a built corrugated bamboo roof in the country, instead traditional bamboo roofs are common in the rural areas. Natural material needs to increase in the urban areas for environmental purposes because cement and metal are standard material in the Greater Accra region. Therefore, roofing with bamboo can be a good idea. If bamboo becomes the main building material, it is possible that bamboo plantation will expand in Ghana and that contributing to overall reduced the CO2 emissions. The conclusion is to build with four year old bamboos and use bamboo instead of wood or traditional bamboo roofs as alternatives to corrugated bamboo roofing sheets in the country.

The Palaeoproterozoic Birimian terrane of the West African Man Shield is a gold province of global importance. Gold mineralization at the Damang deposit, however, is unique amongst known gold deposits in Ghana. It comprises a stratigraphically controlled auriferous quartz-pebble conglomerate, which is overprinted by later orogenic gold contained in a sub-horizontal fault-fracture quartz vein array. Furthermore, this gold mineralization is hosted in sediments of the Tarkwaian System, rather than volcanics of the underlying Birimian Supergroup. This thesis integrates petrological, geochemical, thermodynamic and geochronological data to investigate the Damang deposit in the context of the regional tectonic and metallogenic framework. Staurolite-grade, amphibolite facies peak metamorphism at Damang occurred at around 595ºC and 5.5 kbar at 2005±26 Ma. This was immediately followed by a short period (~ 5 Ma) of rapid exhumation, at a rate of approximately 2.6 mm/yr. This decompression led to the formation of the fault-fracture mesh, which was enhanced by the silicification of host rocks during an earlier ‘Pink Haematite’ hydrothermal event that was associated with the intrusion of voluminous dolerite bodies. Orogenic gold mineralization occurred at the end of this exhumation period at conditions of 400–450ºC and 1–2 kbar. These conditions are in broad agreement with other Ghanaian deposits. A gold-bearing, CO₂-rich (X(CO₂) ~ 0.7), aqueous fluid generated through metamorphic devolatilization reactions close to peak metamorphism and during the subsequent exhumation fed the fault-fracture mesh. This fluid imparted a potassic–carbonation–sulphidation alteration overprint similar to that seen at orogenic gold deposits globally. This alteration signature is characterized and identified with portable infrared spectroscopic techniques. Exhumation rates following gold mineralization were less than 0.01 mm/yr, while ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of biotites give ages ranging between 1978.8±6.2 Ma and 1898±11 Ma, indicating extremely prolonged (~ 80 Ma) cooling through the interval 300–250ºC. Ultimately, this thesis demonstrates that the Damang deposit is part of the same regional metallogenic event that formed the other Ghanaian deposits. This implies that the Tarkwaian System elsewhere in Ghana may be prospective for orogenic gold mineralization.

In Europe, legal parent-child family reunifications are regulated by policies specifying the eligibility criteria that migrant parents must fulfill – two of the general conditions is having a long-term residence permit and fulfilling standardized income requirements. The emergence of transnational families – border crossing family arrangements – is often blamed on the conditions set by immigration countries. On the other hand, qualitative studies in the West African context indicate that transnational family life can be a strategic choice, arguing that West African family practices, such as fostering, are compatible with transnational family life and that parent’s preferences for the child to be brought up in the country of origin is one driver behind separation. Taking the case of Ghanaian migrant parents in the UK and Netherlands, the aim of this study is to explore what factors are associated with if and where parent-child reunification takes place – in the immigration country or the country of origin, with a focus on the interplay between family reunification policies, migrant family practices/norms and gender. The research question is: Do the policies that frame family reunification in the UK and Netherlands determine whether and where parent-child reunification takes place? And, how is the outcome affected by Ghanaian family practices/norms and gender? The analysis is made using binomial logistic regression on a selection of 167 current and return migrant parents from the MAFE-Ghana data, collected in 2009. The results indicate that having a high occupational status has a positive effect on reunification in any location, while a long-term legal status only increases the likelihood of reunification in the immigration country. Indicators for family status show mixed results; while having a partner in the UK or Netherlands has a gendered positive effect on the likelihood of reunification in Europe, it also tends to prolong parent-child separation for migrants who do not reunify in Europe. Against expectations, the availability of alternative caregivers in Ghana does not impact the outcome in any direction and no significant difference is found between the likelihood of reunification in the UK or Netherlands. The findings do not support the notion that transnational family life is a strategy for Ghanaian migrant parents; the conclusion is that policies strongly influence whether and where transnational parent-child separation ends.

This study is a curriculum research project that focuses on teaching the traditional arts of Ghana and enduring artistic ideas to Ghanaian basic school students. It has been designed based on data from a survey conducted with experts in Ghana arts history and on the traditional arts of Ghana. The curriculum covers the major arts practiced by the traditional artists. It also recognizes some contemporary Ghanaian artists and their artworks. This study offers insights into Ghanaian basic school art teachers’ philosophies and experience with their traditional arts. Through analysis of the findings, the major themes that emerged were changes in the assessment strategies of the national curriculum for Creative Art subject, the opportunities this new curriculum might bring to multicultural education, and the positive effect this curriculum has had on teachers’ understanding and designing of traditional art lessons.

Background: Many factors affect whether women will insist that their sexual partners use a condom. This research project will identify some of the predictors of condom use among unmarried women in Ghana, Africa. Methods: This research project evaluated data from the 2008 DHS of women in Ghana, Africa for predictors of condom use among unmarried women. A total of 4,916 women completed the surveys. Of these, 1,966 women were unmarried. The research project employed multiple logistic regression analysis to determine condom use predictors at the time of the last sexual encounter for these 1,966 unmarried women. Results: Women with a secondary education or beyond were 3.2 (95% CI=2-5.2) times more likely to have insisted on the use of a condom than women with a primary education or less. Women ages 15-24 were 5.3 (95% CI=2.5-11.3) times more likely to have insisted on the use of a condom than women ages 35-49. Women ages 25-34 were not significantly different than the women ages 35-49. Women living in an urban area were 1.8 (95% CI=1.3-2.5) times more likely to have insisted on the use of a condom than women living in a rural area. Women with a higher level of literacy (could read a full sentence) were 3.6 (95% CI=2.5-5.1) times more likely to have insisted on the use of a condom than women with a lower level of literacy (were unable to read a full sentence). And in concert, women who read a newspaper or a magazine once a week or more were 2.4 (95% CI=1.6-3.5) times more likely to have insisted on the use of a condom than women who read a news paper or a magazine less than once a week. Similarly, women who watched television once a week or more were 2.9 (95%CI= 1.9-4.3) times more likely to have insisted on the use of a condom than women who watched less than once a week. Women who were determined to have “excellent” knowledge about HIV were 5.8 (95% CI=1.5-22.3) times more likely to have insisted on the use of a condom than women who were determined to have “fair or poor” knowledge. The results for women with a “good” knowledge were not significantly different than for those with “fair or poor” knowledge. Women who were determined, through a series of questions about wife beating, to have a low tolerance for abuse towards women (“strong” attitude about domestic violence/women’s rights) were 1.8 (95% CI=1.2-2.7) times more likely to have insisted on the use of a condom than women who were determined to have a high tolerance for abuse towards women (“poor” attitude about domestic violence/women’s rights). Results for women with a “fair” attitude were not significantly different from those with a “poor” attitude. Total life time sexual partners, frequency of listening to the radio, and interestingly, access to condoms did not significantly affect condom use. After multivariate adjustment, the significant predictors of condom use at the time of last sexual encounter were age, literacy, and amount of television watched. The results were: women age 15-24 (compared to women ages 35-49), women who could read a full sentence, and women who watched television once a week or more were 3.7 (95% CI=1.7-8.1), 2.1 (95% CI=1.4-3.3), and 1.8 (95% CI=1.2-2.8) times more likely to have insisted on the use of a condom during their last sexual encounter, respectively. Conclusion: Education, age, locality, literacy, media exposure (through reading the news paper or a magazine and watching television), knowledge about HIV, and attitude about domestic were predictors of condom use by the sexual partner of unmarried Ghanaian women at the time of last sexual encounter. After multivariate adjustment, only age, literacy, and amount of television watched were significant predictors of condom use at the time of the last sexual encounter.