No description available.

Two studies were conducted to evaluate cotton gin mote as a forage replacement by determining nutrient digestibility and nitrogen and energy retention. Three diets were used: 0%, 50%, and 100% mote. Dry matter intake was greatest for steers consuming 100% mote. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and energy was least for steers consuming 50% mote and greatest for those consuming 0% mote. Digestibility of NDF and ADF was greatest for steers consuming 0% mote. Fat digestibility was greatest by steers consuming 0% mote and least by steers consuming 100% mote, with those consuming 50% mote being intermediate. Steers consuming 0 and 50% mote retained less protein and energy than those consuming 100% mote. In trial 2, IVDMD of cotton gin mote was evaluated to determine rate of disappearance of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF. The 0% mote diet revealed the greatest rate of disappearance for DM, CP, NDF, and ADF, followed by the 50% and 100% mote diet, respectively.

It is important to ensure that Transpower is prepared to deliver upcoming transmission tower refurbishment projects that are located on sites with difficult access. This project reviews the availability, capability and cost of utilising alternative construction methods and any associated wider issues. The focus of this report is on how Transpower can more effectively utilise helicopters and gin poles for transmission tower erection and material delivery on remote sites.

Cotton-gin trash (CGT) was pyrolyzed at different temperatures and reaction times using an externally-heated batch reactor. The average yields of output products (solid/char, liquid/bio-oil, and gaseous) were determined. The heating value (HV) of CGT was measured to be around 15-16 MJ kg- 1 (6500-7000 Btu lb-1). In the first set of tests, CGT was pyrolyzed at 600, 700, and 800°C and at 30, 45, and 60 min reaction period. The maximum char yield of 40% by weight (wt.%) was determined at 600°C and 30 min settings, however, the HV of char was low and almost similar to the HV of CGT. A maximum gas yield of 40 wt.% was measured at 800°C and 60 min and the highest liquid yield of 30 wt.% was determined at 800°C and 30 min. In the modified pyrolysis test, the effects of temperature (500, 600, 700, and 800°C) on the product yield and other properties were investigated. The experiment was performed using the same reactor purged with nitrogen at a rate of 1000 cm3 min-1. Gas yield increased as temperature was increased while the effect was opposite on char yield. The maximum char yield of 38 wt.% was determined at 500°C and 30 min. The char had the largest fraction in the energy output (70-83%) followed by gas (10-20%) and bio-oil (7- 9%). Maximum gas yield of 35 wt.% was determined at 800°C. The average yield of CO, H2 and total hydrocarbons (THC) generally increased with increased temperature but CO2 production decreased. Methane, ethane, and propane dominated the THC. The bio-oil yield at 600°C was the highest at about 30 wt.% among the temperature settings. The HV of bio-oil was low (2-5 MJ kg-1) due to minimal non-HC compounds and high moisture content (MC). A simple energy balance of the process was performed. The process was considered energy intensive due to the high amount of energy input (6100 kJ) while generating a maximum energy output of only 10%. After disregarding the energy used for preparation and pyrolysis, the energy losses ranged from 30-46% while the energy of the output represent between 55-70% of the input energy from CGT.

Cotton gins have a readily available supply of biomass that is a by-product of cotton ginning. A 40 bph - cotton gin processing stripped cotton must manage 2,600 to 20,000 tonnes of cotton gin trash (CGT) annually. CGT contains approximately 16.3 MJ/kg (7000 Btu/lb.). CGT has the potential to serve as a renewable energy source. Gasification of biomasses such as CGT can offer processing facilities the opportunity to transform their waste biomass into electricity. The gasification of CGT yields 80% synthesis gas (syngas) and 20% biochar. The concentration of biochar in the syngas needs to be reduced prior to the direct fueling of an internal combustion engine driving a generator for electricity production. It was estimated that direct fueling of an internal combustion engine with syngas to drive the generator to produce electricity would cost $1M per megawatt (MW). In contrast, a 1MW system that consists of a boiler and steam turbine would cost $2M/MW. The current provisional patent for the TAMU fluidized bed gasification (FBG) unit uses a 1D2D and 1D3D cyclone for the removal of biochar. A cyclone test stand was designed and constructed to evaluate cyclone capture efficiencies of biochar. A statistical experiment design was used to evaluate cyclone performances for varying concentrations of biochar. A total of 24 tests for the 1D2D and 36 tests for the 1D3D cyclone were conducted at ambient conditions. Average collection efficiency for the 1D2D cyclone was 96.6% and 96.9% for the 1D3D cyclone. An analysis on the cyclone’s pressure drop was performed to compare the change in pressure drop from air only passing through the cyclone and when the cyclones are loaded with biochar. The average change in pressure drop for the 1D2D cyclone was a decrease of 74%, and the average change in pressure drop for the 1D3D cyclone was a decrease of 36%. An economic feasibility study was conducted to determine the price per kWh to produce electricity for a CGT fueled internal combustion engine power plant (ICPP) and a boiler and steam turbine power plant (SPP). The simulated cotton gin is a 40 bph rated facility operating for 2,000 hours a season (200% utilization) processing stripped cotton that yields approximately 180 kg/bale (400 lbs/bale) of CGT. Revenues consist of the electricity and natural gas expenses incurred during the ginning season, along with the extra electricity produced and sold back to the utility company at the whole price. Loan payments and operating costs include labor, maintenance, taxes, and insurance. Labor costs, the selling price of electricity and biochar are varied in the economic model. The ICPP has a NPV of $1,480,000, and the SPP has a NPV of -$160,000, under the base assumptions. The sensitivity analysis resulted in the selling price of electricity as having the largest change on the NPV for both of the power plants. The average predicted purchase price of electricity is $0.10/kWh for the twenty year simulation. The average price to produce electricity, with no source of revenue generation for the ICPP is $0.20/kWh and $0.26/kWh for the SPP.

The current research investigates the utilization of cotton gin waste as a feedstock to produce a value-added product - fuel ethanol. Cotton gin waste consists of pieces of burs, stems, motes (immature seeds) and cotton fiber, and is considered to be a lignocellulosic material. The three main chemical constituents are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose are polysaccharides of primarily fermentable sugars, glucose and xylose respectively. Hemicellulose also includes small fractions of arabinose, galactose, and mannose, all of which are fermentable as well. The main issue in converting cotton gin waste to fuel ethanol is the accessibility of the polysaccharides for enzymatic breakdown into monosaccharides. This study focused on the use of steam explosion as the pretreatment method. Steam explosion treatment of biomass has been previously described to increase cellulose accessibility. The governing factors for the effectiveness of steam explosion are steam temperature and retention times. The two factors are combined into a single severity term, log(Ro). Following steam explosion pretreatment, cotton gin waste was subjected to enzyme hydrolysis using Primalco basic cellulase. The sugars released by enzyme hydrolysis were fermented by a genetically engineered Escherichia coli (Escherichia coli KO11). The effect of steam explosion pretreatment on ethanol production from cotton gin waste was studied using a statistically based experimental design. The results obtained from this study showed that steam exploded cotton gin waste is a heterogeneous material. Drying and milling of steam exploded cotton gin waste was necessary to reduce variability in compositional analysis. Raw cotton gin waste was found to have 52.3% fermentable sugars. The fiber loss during the steam explosion treatment was high, up to 24.1%. Xylan and glucan loss from the pretreatment was linear with respect to steam explosion severity. Steam explosion treatment on cotton gin waste increased the hydrolysis of cellulose by enzyme hydrolysis. Following 24 hours of enzyme hydrolysis, a maximum cellulose conversion of 66.9% was obtained at a severity of 4.68. Similarly, sugar to ethanol conversions were improved by steam explosion. Maximum sugar to ethanol conversion of 83.1% was observed at a severity of 3.56. The conclusions drawn from this study are the following: steam explosion was able to improve both glucose yields from enzyme hydrolysis and ethanol yields from fermentation. However, when analyzed on whole biomass, or starting material basis, it was found that the fiber loss incurred during steam explosion treatment negated the gain in ethanol yield. / Master of Science

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_rbn_dr_botfca.pdf: 593371 bytes, checksum: 64b04d9d48af5b8086944eec1852a139 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente estudo teve como objetivos coletar germoplasma de Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen, caracterizar genótipos provenientes de oito populações naturais, utilizando descritores morfológicos e um marcador químico e estabelecer um banco de germoplasma in vitro. Foram realizadas duas expedições de coleta, a primeira, à região localizada às margens do rio Santo Inácio e rio Tamanduá, Itatinga, SP e a segunda, ao Pantanal Sul Mato-grossense às margens do rio Paraguai, Corumbá, e às margens do rio Miranda, MS. Foram coletados 218 indivíduos em oito populações naturais que ainda não haviam sido amostradas e incorporação desses materiais ao banco de germoplasma in vitro da Unaerp, Ribeirão Preto, SP. Para a caracterização morfológica e química foi conduzido um experimento de campo com oito populações, em delineamento com blocos casualizados. As características avaliadas foram: altura da planta, comprimento do entrenó, diâmetro do caule, número de caules, tipo de caule, comprimento da raiz principal, número de raízes secundárias, diâmetro da raiz principal, matéria fresca e seca do caule, matéria fresca e seca das raízes, índice de colheita, a produtividade, cor caule, cor do pecíolo, pilosidade, cor da raiz, formato do limbo foliar, forma do ápice e da base do limbo foliar, relação comprimento/largura do limbo foliar, ocorrência de nematóides formadores de galhas e o teor de β-ecdisona. Foi registrada também a presença de insetos nas inflorescências. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, ao teste de separação de médias de Scott Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Visando definir o meio de cultura ideal para o estabelecimento do banco de germoplasma in vitro para a espécie foram avaliados seis tratamentos: 1) MS + 2% de sacarose + 4% de sorbitol; 2) MS/2 + 2% de sacarose + 4% de sorbitol; 3) MS + 2% de sacarose + 4% de sorbitol... / The aim in the present study was to collect germplasm of Pfaffia glomerata(Spreng.) Pedresen, characterize genotypes from eight natural populations utilizing morphological descriptors and a chemical marker and to establish a germplasm bank. The collecting expeditions were first to the region of the Santo Inacio and Tamandua riverbanks, Itatinga, SP and secondly to the Pantanal Sul region of the State of Mato Grosso, at the Paraguai and Miranda riverbanks. Two hundred and eighteen individuals were collected from eight natural populations not previously sampled and incorporated to the in vitro germplasm bank of the University of Ribeirao Preto (Unaerp), Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo. For the morphological and chemical characterization the field experiment was conducted with eight populations and delineated in randomized blocks. The characteristics evaluated were: plant height, inter-nodule length, stem diameter, number of stems, type of stem, main root length, number of secondary roots, diameter of the main root, fresh and dry stem matter, fresh and dry root matter, stem color, petiole color, hairiness, root color, shape of the foliar limbus, shape of the apical part and base of the foliar limbus, length/width ratio of the foliar limbus, occurrence of gall forming nematodes, level of β-ecdysone and harvest index. Productivity and insect presence in the inflorescences was also verified. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and to the Scott Knott test of mean separations, with 5% probability. To define the best culture medium for the establishment of an in vitro germplasm bank six treatments were evaluated: 1) MS + 2% sacarose + 4% sorbitol; 2) MS/2 + 2% sacarose + 4% sorbitol; 3) MS + 2% sacarose + 4% sorbitol + 2mg.L-1 calcium pantothenate; 4) MS/2 + 2% sacarose + 4% sorbitol + 2mg.L-1 calcium pantothenate; 5) MS + 2% sacarose + 3% manitol + 2mg.L-1 calcium pantothenate; 6) ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoRG.pdf: 4834241 bytes, checksum: d5d0177973b583b09f12fb8e32013bb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-15 / The daily teaching invokes us to answer questions that surround the educational action, they are ethic and political exercises of us teachers, considering the responsibility that is presented to us in circumstance of perspective that we create as for our students? formation. Considering the public school Terezinha Paulino as stage of the daily teaching which we invested, and finally, the school gymnastic group (GGTP), as pedagogical practice specifically attended during this study, we launch the following questions: 1. What are the ethic indicators present in the experience lived by GGTP members? 2. What s the meaning of these indicators for the GGTP members? 3. Do these meanings configure a socio-political dimension of the individuals involved formation ? What socio-political dimension is that? And What is its contribution to think of Physical Education in school? From these issues, we highlight our goals in this research: investigate the educational experience lived in GGTP, with a focus on the ethical elements that characterize and reflect the relationship of these elements in the socio-political dimension of Physical Education in school. To answer the initial questions and achieve our goals, we use the Content Analysis (BARDIN, 2004) as a methodological contribution of this research. From this methodological contribution we got two strands of the discussion here related: relational behavior of living and undesirable relational conduct and non-social. typical examples of good living are: union, cooperation, solidarity, fraternity, conversation, dialogue, love, trust, responsibility, commitment, dedication, application, respect, partition, sharing, gratitude, companionship, kindness Correspond to undesirable behaviors conduct: intrigue, strife (dispute), vanity, arrogance, anger, rage, fury, nervousness, anxiety and fear. Permeates the categories discussion, The group of knowledge produced by different authors, Humberto Maturana predominate among them, sometimes related to some of its main partners, , Jos? Varela, Gerda Verden-Z?ller and Sima Nisis de Rezepka. Although less frequent, we broach other authors, including Edgar Morin and Paulo Freire, to enlarge, articulate, and thus contribute to support the notes, contents of this study. Besides the introductory chapter, is the content of this dissertation: ethics: textual understanding, the methodological way; relational behaviors of living; undesirable conduct relational and non-social; gymnastics as an ethical and political bet on training human. In ethics: textual understandings, we make a brief introduction to distinguish the ethical field which we are advancing; In the methodology way, we briefly describe the implementation of the analysis content (BARDIN,2007); in relational behaviors of living, as well as, in undesirable relational conduct and non-social, we point out the meanings discussing them supported on theoretical contribution of this research. Finally, in gymnastics as an ethical and political bet on training human, we point out some possibilities for the gymnastic practice and physical education at school, as well as to think about education by training human bias. / O cotidiano docente nos invoca a responder quest?es que cercam a a??o educativa, o que constitui exerc?cios de ?tica e de pol?tica de n?s professores, considerando a responsabilidade que nos ? apresentada em circunst?ncia da perspectiva que criamos quanto a forma??o de nossos alunos. Considerando a Escola Municipal Terezinha Paulino como palco do cotidiano docente a qual investimos, e por fim, o Grupo Gin?stico dessa escola (GGTP), como pr?tica pedag?gica, especificamente tratada no decorrer desse estudo, lan?amos m?o das seguintes quest?es: 1. Quais os indicadores ?ticos presentes na experi?ncia vivida pelos integrantes do GGTP? 2. Qual o sentido destes indicadores para os integrantes do GGTP? 3. Esses sentidos configuram uma dimens?o s?cio-pol?tica da forma??o dos sujeitos envolvidos? Que dimens?o s?cio-pol?tica ? essa e qual a sua contribui??o para pensar a Educa??o F?sica na escola? A partir destas quest?es, destacamos nossos objetivos nessa pesquisa: investigar a experi?ncia educacional vivida no GGTP, tendo como enfoque os elementos ?ticos que as caracterizam, bem como refletir a rela??o desses elementos na dimens?o s?cio-pol?tica da Educa??o F?sica na escola. Visando responder as quest?es iniciais e alcan?ar nossos objetivos, recorremos a An?lise de Conte?do (BARDIN, 2004) como aporte metodol?gico dessa pesquisa. A partir do mesmo foi que chegamos aos dois eixos de discuss?o aqui relacionados: condutas relacionais da conviv?ncia e condutas relacionais indesej?veis e n?o-sociais. S?o pr?prios das condutas da boa conviv?ncia: uni?o, coopera??o, solidariedade, fraternidade, conversa, di?logo, amor, confian?a, responsabilidade, compromisso, dedica??o, aplica??o, respeito, partilha, compartilhar, gratid?o, companheirismo, benevol?ncia. Correspondem as condutas indesej?veis ao bom conv?vio: intriga, contenda (disputa), vaidade, arrog?ncia, raiva, ira, f?ria, nervosismo, ansiedade e medo. Perpassa a discuss?o das categorias, o conjunto de conhecimentos produzidos por diferentes autores, entre eles predomina Humberto Maturana, ora relacionado ? alguns de seus principais parceiros, Jos? Varela, Gerda Verden-Z?ller e Sima Nisis de Rezepka. Embora menos freq?ente, abordaremos outros autores, entre eles Edgar Morin e Paulo Freire, para ampliar, articular, e assim, contribuir para alicer?ar os apontamentos, conte?dos desse estudo. Al?m do cap?tulo introdut?rio, constitu? o conte?do dessa disserta??o: ?tica: compreens?es textuais; o caminho metodol?gico; condutas relacionais da conviv?ncia; condutas relacionais indesej?veis e n?osociais; gin?stica geral como aposta ?tica e pol?tica na forma??o humana. Em ?tica: compreens?es textuais, fazemos uma breve introdu??o para distinguirmos o campo ?tico a qual estaremos avan?ando; em o caminho metodol?gico, descrevemos brevemente a aplica??o da an?lise de conte?do (BARDIN, 2007); em condutas relacionais da conviv?ncia, assim como, nas condutas relacionais indesej?veis e n?o-sociais, apontamos os sentidos discutindo-os alicer?ados pelo aporte te?rico dessa pesquisa; por fim, em gin?stica geral como aposta ?tica e pol?tica na forma??o humana, apontamos algumas possibilidades para a pr?tica da gin?stica e da Educa??o F?sica escolar, assim como, para pensar a educa??o pelo vi?s da forma??o humana.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:44:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HosanaCMCP_DISSERT.pdf: 3656853 bytes, checksum: af02f613d9cec2fa464f6ca5b90fd6cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / As caracter?sticas adquiridas pela GR desde a sua origem fomentaram a cria??o de infinitas possibilidades de movimento. O sentido est?tico que busca o belo gin?stico, o v?nculo inabal?vel com a m?sica, o entrela?amento com a dan?a, a busca por formas inusitadas e especialmente tramadas, configuram esse esporte aberto a diferentes interpreta??es. Esse estudo tem como objetivo refletir sobre o corpo na GR a partir do seu entrela?amento com a t?cnica, a arte e a cultura, al?m de ampliar a discuss?o sobre os esportes considerados art?sticos no universo da Educa??o F?sica. Para tanto, utilizamos a Pesquisa Qualitativa com suporte na Fenomenologia segundo Merleau-Ponty e atrav?s da redu??o fenomenol?gica e da hermen?utica como modalidade da fenomenologia, utilizada para descrever, compreender e interpretar v?deos de conjuntos de GR simples e misto, selecionados intencionalmente. A escolha dos conjuntos deu se em virtude da rela??o poss?vel com os conceitos abordados nesse estudo, al?m da sua representatividade no universo gin?stico, principalmente na prova em quest?o. Limitamos as escolhas coreogr?ficas ao ciclo ol?mpico 2009 a 2012, por corresponder ao per?odo onde os crit?rios para a elabora??o e avalia??o das composi??es estavam sedimentados. Para favorecer o entendimento do tema elencado dividimos o texto em tr?s cap?tulos que tratam prioritariamente de cada um dos conceitos b?sicos que s?o entrela?ados ao corpo na GR: a t?cnica, a arte e a cultura. Nas considera??es finais, respondemos as quest?es de estudo e reatamos a configura??o essencial ? GR como modalidade diferenciada no mundo esportivo