Introduction: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) has revolutionized the diagnostic and imaging fields in cancer research. PET has opened new avenues in the pre-clinical study of radiotracers and radio-therapeutic compounds of which the full potentials are yet to be explored. To date 18F-Fluoro-Deoxy-Glucose1 (18F-FDG) is the most widely used radiotracer for PET imaging. The success of 18F-FDG is due to the existence of several trans-membrane proteins responsible for the facilitated transport of glucose. A related protein is a specific fructose selective trans-membrane transporter (GLUT 5) that has been observed to be over-expressed by some types of cancer cells suggesting that D-fructose is utilized by these cancer cells for energy production. Thus labeled D-fructose derivatives are potential candidates for selective PET imaging for cancer cells similar to 18F-FDG in active cells. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of D-fructose on GLUT 5 positive and negative cell cultures and to evaluate the feasibility of GLUT 5 as a target for PET imaging of breast cancer. Objectives: The following were investigated: <ul> i. The extent of expression of GLUT 5 in three cancer cell lines: breast cancer cells (MCF-7), Baby Hamster Kidney cells (BHK) and cervical epithelial carcinoma cells (Hela). ii. The colony formation potential of D-fructose enriched medium (glucose-free) and its effect on proliferation of the investigated cell lines. iii. The effect of anti-GLUT 5 antibodies on the proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro. iv. The synthesis and characterization of a non-radioactive fluorinated D-fructose derivative (1-deoxy-fluoro–D-fructose) </ul> Results: D-fructose was observed to mediate cell growth in MCF-7 cell lines but not in Hela and BHK cell lines. Glucose stimulated significantly greater cell proliferation than D-fructose for all 3 cell lines but more noticeably for the Hela (p<0.001) and BHK (p=0.0110) cell lines at all tested concentrations. Cell growth of MCF-7 cell lines where only D-fructose was present suggests a role for the highly expressed fructose specific transporter (GLUT 5) in the use of D-fructose for energy production and cell growth by these breast cancer cells. No significant differences were observed in the ability of D-fructose enriched medium to induce 3D colony formation among the three cell lines studied (p>0.05) suggesting that D-fructose is not linked directly with aggressive carcinogenesis in these cell lines despite the observed evidence of D-fructose involvement in cell proliferation and energy consumption. Anti-GLUT 5 antibodies did not show an inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cell proliferation at concentration up to 1 μg/ml (1:1000) despite these cells high expression of GLUT 5. GLUT 5 is highly expressed by MCF-7 but not by Hela and BHK cell lines making it an important selective target for imaging of this type of breast cancer and a possible therapeutic target for antibody targeted therapy of breast cancer. A chemical reaction sequence for the synthesis of 1-deoxy-fluoro–D-fructose (1-FDF) was carried out and an acceptable yield for an isotope labeling friendly reaction sequence was obtained and the product chemically characterized. Conclusion: The D-fructose transporter GLUT 5 shows potential for possible application with PET imaging of breast cancer. Isotope labeled 1-FDF can be synthesized in good yield and should be the object of further studies such as development of an automated synthesis module for its radio-labeled derivative as well as pre-clinical animal and human studies. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Pharmacology / unrestricted

¡@¡@Embedded systems often use several ways to emulate floating-point computation, due to the limitation of hardware resources and the performance/cost consideration. The first part of this thesis will discuss how systems without hardware support emulate floating point operation, and the performance difference between whether hardware floating-point units exists or not, and finally the performance evaluation between the usage of floating-point and fixed-point. In the mean time, we will also discuss the porting process of Nano-X fixed-point version to the Versatile PB/926EJ-S development board. ¡@¡@Due to the growing market demand and the big improvement of hardware, there are several 3D-display applications beginning to be presented to the public. In order to develop 3D programs, we need a standard API to reduce our development time. OpenGL~ES is a royalty-free, cross-platform API for full-function 2D and 3D graphics on embedded systems developed by The Khronos Group. The second part of this thesis will discuss the implementation of EGL---the interface between windowing system and the OpenGL~ES rendering API---and the GLUT (OpenGL Utility Toolkits)-like library, in order to make OpenGL programmers' life easier.

The growth of Rhodotorula glutinis in sweet sorghum juice in three levels of three factors of temperature, carbon to nitrogen ratio and pH was evaluated. Accompanying of this growth was the generation of lipids converted to fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) and carotenoids. The optimized condition for maximum biomass and carotenoid accumulation was determined to be at 25C, pH of 5.5 and carbon to nitrogen ratio of 10. This condition yielded 22.7 g/L biomass with specific growth rate of 0.213 hr-1. At this condition the carotenoids generation was also maximum with 2.6 mg/gram biomass, comprising of torularhodin, beta-carotene and torulene. The accumulation of lipids following generation of biodiesel was highest at same temperature and pH but carbon to nitrogen ratio of 70, generating 96.3 mg of FAMEs/gram of biomass containing methyl ester of oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and linolenic acid.

A partir da identificação de catepsinas L em ensaios in vitro e em zimogramas partimos para purificação desta enzima no inseto. A região V2 foi selecionada como fonte de obtenção da cisteína proteinase já que dentre os três ventrículos o segundo apresentou maior atividade específica. Após diversas tentativas de isolar esta proteinase, foi estabelecida uma marcha de purificação que envolvia em todas as etapas a participação de metil metanosulfonato (MMTS), o que inativa a proteinase evitando assim autólise ao longo do processo de purificação. A marcha consistiu de três passos cromatográficos (troca-iônica, filtração em gel e afinidade, nesta ordem) onde foi observada a presença de duas cisteína proteinases, cada uma apresentando respectivamente as seguintes massas moleculares 32 e 45 kDa (SDSPAGE). As duas cisteína proteinases possuem o mesmo pH ótimo igual a 6,3. Além disso, estas enzimas foram termicamente inativadas a 40 ºC segundo uma cinética de primeira ordem aparente, sugerindo a existência de apenas uma espécie molecular de cada enzima na preparação com meia vida de 5 minutos para cis 1 e 4,8 minutos para cis 2. Foi determinada a constante de dissociação entre enzimainibidor, onde foi observado os valores de 17,3 nM para cis 1 e 7,11 nM para cis 2 através da titulação por E-64. A eficiência de catálise cis 1 e cis 2 é maior para o substrato sintético Z-FR-MCA do que para Z-RR-MCA, indicando que tratava-se de catepsinas L. Com o intuito de descrever os mecanismos moleculares por trás dos fenômenos fisiológicos no intestino médio do Hemiptera Dysdercus peruvianus foi construída uma biblioteca de cDNA a partir de mRNA deste tecido. Utilizamos ESTs provenientes desta biblioteca com o objetivo de identificar genes transcritos relacionados com proteínas de transporte de glicose além de enzimas digestivas. Após o processamento das leituras, surgiram 1053 ESTs úteis. Montando estes ESTs por alinhamento de bases, foram produzidos 62 contíguos e 841 singletos, o que totaliza 903 seqüências únicas. Entre as seqüências homólogas encontradas as mais relevantes para o nosso estudo foram: &#946;-glicosidase (marcadora de membranas microvilares), &#945;-glicosidase (marcadora de membranas 8 perimicrovilares), aminopeptidase (espaço perimicrovilar), catepsina L (conteúdo de vesículas secretoras) e proteína transportadora de açúcar do tipo GLUT. Estas seqüências encontradas tiveram a sua transcrição específica (ou preferencial) averiguada por RT-PCR semiquantitativo nos diferentes tecidos do inseto estudado (intestino médio, túbulo de Malpighi, corpo gorduroso, glândula salivar, ventrículo 1, ventrículo 2 e ventrículo 3 do intestino médio). O transporte de glicose e água in vivo foi estudado. Para isso, os insetos foram alimentados com uma solução contendo glicose e corante não absorvível seguido de dissecação e análise do conteúdo luminal. O transporte de água e glicose foi inibido por floretina 0,2 mM (inibidor do uniportador GLUT) e por florizina 0,1 mM (inibidor do simportador SGLT) e ativado por K2SO4 50 mM. Isto sugere a presença do transportador do tipo uniportador (GLUT), e do simportador K+-glicose (SGLT), ambos co-transportando água. O transcriptoma revelou proteína homóloga a transportador GLUT cuja seqüência está parcialmente completa e foi analisada com ferramentas de bioinformática / After identification of cathepsins L in vitro assays and in zimograms we began to purify this enzyme in insect midgut. The region V2 was selected as a source of material for purifying a cysteine proteinase because it contains most of the activity of that proteinase. After several attempts to purify this proteinase, an effective process was developed that avoid autolysis with methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS), a sulfhydryl-reactive and reversible sulfonating reagent for thiol-containing molecules. The purify process was made by three chromatographic steps (anion-exchange column, gel filtration column and affinity column in this order), where two cysteine proteinase were purified, cys 1 and cys 2 with 32 and 45 kDa (SDS-PAGE). The two cysteine proteinases have the same pH optimum of 6.3. Besides that, these enzymes were thermicaly inactivated following apparent first-order kinetics with a half-life of 5 min (cys1) and 4.8 min (cys2) at 40 ºC. Both Cys are inhibited by E-64 with a KD of 17.3 nM (Cys 1) and 7.11 nM (Cys2). Both Cys are more active on Z-FR-MCA than on Z-RR-MCA, suggesting they are cathepsins-L. With purpose of describe the molecular mechanisms underlying physiological phenomena in midgut of the Hemiptera Dysdercus peruvianus a cDNA library was prepared from midgut mRNA. We used ESTs from this library to identify transcripts genes related with glucose transport proteins besides digestive enzymes. Analysis of 1053 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) yielded 903 unique sequences comprised of 62 contigs and 841 singlets. Among the homologous sequences found the following are more relevant to our aim: &#946;-glucosidase (microvillar membrane marker), &#945;-glucosidase (perimicrovillar membrane marker), aminopeptidase (perimicrovillar space marker), cathepsin L (vesicles content) and sugar transporter protein, GLUT. These sequences had its specific transcription (or preferential) verified by semi-quantitative RT-PCR on different insect tissues (malpighian tubules, salivary gland, fat body, midgut, midgut first ventriculus, second ventriculus and third ventriculus). The glucose and water absorption across the first ventriculus of the midgut of the Hemiptera Dysdercus peruvianus were determined. The insects were fed with a 10 glucose-non-absorbable dye solution, followed by periodical dissection of insects and analysis of ventriculus contents. The transport of water and glucose can be inhibited by 0.2 mM phloretin (GLUT inhibitor) and by 0.1 mM phlorizin (SGLT inhibitor) and is activated by 50 mM K2SO4 The results suggest that D. peruvianus has a transporter uniporter like (GLUT) and K+-glucose symporter like SGLT, both co-transporting water. The transcriptome showed a GLUT homologous protein which sequence is almost complete and was analyzed by bioinformatics tools

A partir da identificação de catepsinas L em ensaios in vitro e em zimogramas partimos para purificação desta enzima no inseto. A região V2 foi selecionada como fonte de obtenção da cisteína proteinase já que dentre os três ventrículos o segundo apresentou maior atividade específica. Após diversas tentativas de isolar esta proteinase, foi estabelecida uma marcha de purificação que envolvia em todas as etapas a participação de metil metanosulfonato (MMTS), o que inativa a proteinase evitando assim autólise ao longo do processo de purificação. A marcha consistiu de três passos cromatográficos (troca-iônica, filtração em gel e afinidade, nesta ordem) onde foi observada a presença de duas cisteína proteinases, cada uma apresentando respectivamente as seguintes massas moleculares 32 e 45 kDa (SDSPAGE). As duas cisteína proteinases possuem o mesmo pH ótimo igual a 6,3. Além disso, estas enzimas foram termicamente inativadas a 40 ºC segundo uma cinética de primeira ordem aparente, sugerindo a existência de apenas uma espécie molecular de cada enzima na preparação com meia vida de 5 minutos para cis 1 e 4,8 minutos para cis 2. Foi determinada a constante de dissociação entre enzimainibidor, onde foi observado os valores de 17,3 nM para cis 1 e 7,11 nM para cis 2 através da titulação por E-64. A eficiência de catálise cis 1 e cis 2 é maior para o substrato sintético Z-FR-MCA do que para Z-RR-MCA, indicando que tratava-se de catepsinas L. Com o intuito de descrever os mecanismos moleculares por trás dos fenômenos fisiológicos no intestino médio do Hemiptera Dysdercus peruvianus foi construída uma biblioteca de cDNA a partir de mRNA deste tecido. Utilizamos ESTs provenientes desta biblioteca com o objetivo de identificar genes transcritos relacionados com proteínas de transporte de glicose além de enzimas digestivas. Após o processamento das leituras, surgiram 1053 ESTs úteis. Montando estes ESTs por alinhamento de bases, foram produzidos 62 contíguos e 841 singletos, o que totaliza 903 seqüências únicas. Entre as seqüências homólogas encontradas as mais relevantes para o nosso estudo foram: &#946;-glicosidase (marcadora de membranas microvilares), &#945;-glicosidase (marcadora de membranas 8 perimicrovilares), aminopeptidase (espaço perimicrovilar), catepsina L (conteúdo de vesículas secretoras) e proteína transportadora de açúcar do tipo GLUT. Estas seqüências encontradas tiveram a sua transcrição específica (ou preferencial) averiguada por RT-PCR semiquantitativo nos diferentes tecidos do inseto estudado (intestino médio, túbulo de Malpighi, corpo gorduroso, glândula salivar, ventrículo 1, ventrículo 2 e ventrículo 3 do intestino médio). O transporte de glicose e água in vivo foi estudado. Para isso, os insetos foram alimentados com uma solução contendo glicose e corante não absorvível seguido de dissecação e análise do conteúdo luminal. O transporte de água e glicose foi inibido por floretina 0,2 mM (inibidor do uniportador GLUT) e por florizina 0,1 mM (inibidor do simportador SGLT) e ativado por K2SO4 50 mM. Isto sugere a presença do transportador do tipo uniportador (GLUT), e do simportador K+-glicose (SGLT), ambos co-transportando água. O transcriptoma revelou proteína homóloga a transportador GLUT cuja seqüência está parcialmente completa e foi analisada com ferramentas de bioinformática / After identification of cathepsins L in vitro assays and in zimograms we began to purify this enzyme in insect midgut. The region V2 was selected as a source of material for purifying a cysteine proteinase because it contains most of the activity of that proteinase. After several attempts to purify this proteinase, an effective process was developed that avoid autolysis with methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS), a sulfhydryl-reactive and reversible sulfonating reagent for thiol-containing molecules. The purify process was made by three chromatographic steps (anion-exchange column, gel filtration column and affinity column in this order), where two cysteine proteinase were purified, cys 1 and cys 2 with 32 and 45 kDa (SDS-PAGE). The two cysteine proteinases have the same pH optimum of 6.3. Besides that, these enzymes were thermicaly inactivated following apparent first-order kinetics with a half-life of 5 min (cys1) and 4.8 min (cys2) at 40 ºC. Both Cys are inhibited by E-64 with a KD of 17.3 nM (Cys 1) and 7.11 nM (Cys2). Both Cys are more active on Z-FR-MCA than on Z-RR-MCA, suggesting they are cathepsins-L. With purpose of describe the molecular mechanisms underlying physiological phenomena in midgut of the Hemiptera Dysdercus peruvianus a cDNA library was prepared from midgut mRNA. We used ESTs from this library to identify transcripts genes related with glucose transport proteins besides digestive enzymes. Analysis of 1053 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) yielded 903 unique sequences comprised of 62 contigs and 841 singlets. Among the homologous sequences found the following are more relevant to our aim: &#946;-glucosidase (microvillar membrane marker), &#945;-glucosidase (perimicrovillar membrane marker), aminopeptidase (perimicrovillar space marker), cathepsin L (vesicles content) and sugar transporter protein, GLUT. These sequences had its specific transcription (or preferential) verified by semi-quantitative RT-PCR on different insect tissues (malpighian tubules, salivary gland, fat body, midgut, midgut first ventriculus, second ventriculus and third ventriculus). The glucose and water absorption across the first ventriculus of the midgut of the Hemiptera Dysdercus peruvianus were determined. The insects were fed with a 10 glucose-non-absorbable dye solution, followed by periodical dissection of insects and analysis of ventriculus contents. The transport of water and glucose can be inhibited by 0.2 mM phloretin (GLUT inhibitor) and by 0.1 mM phlorizin (SGLT inhibitor) and is activated by 50 mM K2SO4 The results suggest that D. peruvianus has a transporter uniporter like (GLUT) and K+-glucose symporter like SGLT, both co-transporting water. The transcriptome showed a GLUT homologous protein which sequence is almost complete and was analyzed by bioinformatics tools

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-02-01T21:57:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoGadelhaVasconcelos_TESE.pdf: 1777603 bytes, checksum: 142978c0b438c9eba25a0468ff97275f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2016-03-07T23:32:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoGadelhaVasconcelos_TESE.pdf: 1777603 bytes, checksum: 142978c0b438c9eba25a0468ff97275f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T23:32:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoGadelhaVasconcelos_TESE.pdf: 1777603 bytes, checksum: 142978c0b438c9eba25a0468ff97275f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / A les?o perif?rica de c?lulas gigantes (LPCG) e a les?o central de c?lulas gigantes (LCCG) s?o les?es histologicamente semelhantes que acometem a regi?o de cabe?a e pesco?o. O estudo teve a finalidade de analisar a express?o imuno-histoqu?mica atrav?s dos marcadores GLUT-1, GLUT-3 e M-CSF em uma s?rie de casos de les?o perif?rica e central de c?lulas gigantes, na tentativa de estabelecer poss?veis associa??es e correla??es entre a express?o destas prote?nas nessas les?es, buscando uma melhor compreens?o do diferente comportamento biol?gico dessas entidades patol?gicas. A amostra foi constitu?da por 20 esp?cimes teciduais emblocados em parafina de LPCG, 20 de LCCG n?o agressivo e 20 de LCCG agressivo, oriundos do Servi?o de Anatomia Patol?gica da Disciplina de Patologia Oral do Departamento de Odontologia da UFRN. Em rela??o ao GLUT-1, verificou-se uma diferen?a estatisticamente significante (p< 0,05) na quantidade de c?lulas mononucleares imunomarcadas entre a les?o perif?rica (LP) e a les?o central n?o agressiva (LCNA) e entre a LP e a les?o central agressiva (LCA). Em rela??o ? intensidade da marca??o tamb?m foi verificado uma diferen?a estatisticamente significante tanto para as c?lulas mononucleares quanto para as c?lulas gigantes entre LP e LCNA e entre LP e LCA, nas c?lulas gigantes tamb?m ocorreu uma diferen?a estatisticamente significante entre a LCNA e a LCA. Em rela??o ao GLUT-3, foi encontrada uma diferen?a estatisticamente significante entre LP e LCA e entre LCNA e LCA na quantidade de c?lulas mononucleares imunomarcadas. No que concerne ? intensidade de marca??o para a referida prote?na foi verificado uma diferen?a estatisticamente significante nas c?lulas gigantes entre LP e LCA. Para o M-CSF foi observado apenas uma diferen?a estatisticamente significante na intensidade de marca??o nas c?lulas mononucleares entre LP e LCNA e entre LP e LCA. Com base nestes resultados, pode-se concluir a participa??o do GLUT-1, GLUT-3 e do M-CSF na patog?nese das les?es estudadas. Os transportadores de glicose estariam envolvidos no fornecimento de energia, para o metabolismo energ?tico das c?lulas e a prote?na osteoclastog?nica estaria envolvida no mecanismo de reabsor??o ?ssea encontrada nessas les?es. / The peripheral giant cell lesion ( PG CL ) and the central giant cell lesion ( CGC L) are lesions histologically similar affecting the head and neck region . The study aimed to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of markers GLUT - 1 , GLUT - 3 and M - CSF in a series of cases of PGCL and CGCL , in trying to understand the different biological behavior of these pathologies . The sample consisted of 20 tissue specimens of PGCL 20 central lesion of not aggressive giant cell ( CLNAGC) and 20 central lesi on of aggressive giant cell ( CLAGC), coming from the Pathology Unit of Oral Pathology of the Department of Dentistry of UFRN . W as performed the s emi - quantitative and qualitative analysis of immunohistochemical expression of the markers in giant cells and m ononuclear cells . In relation to the GLUT - 1, it was found a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the number of mononuclear cells immunomarked between the PGCL and the CLNAGC and between the PGCL and CLAGC . Regarding the intensity of staining w as also observed a statistically significant difference both at the mononuclear cells as in giant cells between PL and CLNAGC and between PGCL and CLAGC , at the giant cells there was also a statistically significant difference between the CLNAGC and CLAGC . In relation to GLUT - 3 , was found a statistically significant difference between PGCL and CLAGC and between CLAGC and CLNAGC in amount of mononuclear cells immunomarked . Regarding the intensity of labeling for such protein was found a statistically signifi cant difference at the giant cells between PL and CLAGC . To the M - CSF was observed only a statistically significant difference in the intensity of labeling at the mononuclear cells between PGCL and CLNAGC and between PGCL and CLAGC . Based on these results, we can conclude the participation of GLUT - 1, GLUT - 3 and M - CSF in the pathogenesis of the lesions studied. The bigger immunostaining of these proteins in mononuclear cells show that these cells perform a higher metabolic activity and osteoclastogenic, espe cially in CLAGC . It was found that the mononuclear cells were more related to the pathogenesis of the studied lesions than properly the giant s cell s.

Les microARNs sont des petits ARNs non codants d'environ 22 nucléotides qui régulent négativement la traduction de l'ARN messager cible (ARNm) et ont donc des fonctions cellulaires. Le microARN-16 (miR-16) est connu pour ses effets antiprolifératifs. Nous avons observé que l’expression de miR-16 est diminuée dans les cellules endothéliales humaines sénescentes et quiescentes en comparaison à des cellules prolifératives. Une analyse informatique des sites potentiels de liaison de miR-16 prévoit que GLUT-4, un transporteur du glucose insulinodépendant, pourrait être une cible potentielle du miR-16. Nous avons donc testé l'hypothèse que miR-16 régule négativement le métabolisme du glucose cellulaire. Dans des HUVEC, l'inhibition de miR-16 endogène avec des anti-miRNA oligonucléotides (AMO) augmente les niveaux protéiques de GLUT-4 de 1,7 ± 0,4 fois (p=0,0037 ; n=9). Dans des souris nourries avec un régime alimentaire normal ou riche en graisse et en sucre, l’expression de GLUT-4 dans le muscle squelettique a tendance à corréler négativement avec les niveaux de miR-16 (p=0,0998, r2=0,3866, n=4). Ces résultats suggèrent que miR-16 est un régulateur négatif de GLUT-4 et qu’il pourrait être impliqué dans la régulation du métabolisme cellulaire du glucose. / MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides that negatively regulate translation of the target messenger RNA (mRNA) and therefore have cellular functions. MicroRNA-16 (miR-16) is known to display anti-proliferative effects. We observed that miR-16 was down-regulated in non-proliferative human senescent endothelial cells. Computational analysis of the potential binding sites of miR-16 predicted that GLUT-4, an insulin-dependent glucose transporter, is a potential target of miR- 16. We therefore tested the hypothesis that miR-16 down-regulates cellular glucose metabolism. In HUVEC, inhibition of using anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMO) endogenous miR-16 up-regulated GLUT-4 protein levels 1,7 ± 0,39 folds (p=0,0037; n=9). In mice fed a regular or high fat diet, skeletal muscle expression of GLUT-4 tended to negatively correlate with miR- 16 levels (p=0,0998, r2=0,3866, n=4). These results suggest that miR-16 is a negative regulator of GLUT-4 and may be involved in the regulation of cellular glucose metabolism.

¡@¡@An embedded system has improved quickly in recent years and now functions like a small computer. Equipped with operating systems (OS), graphic user interfaces (GUI), and software developed for various platforms, an embedded system provides users with services more powerful and friendlier than ever. Qt/Embedded and OpenGL ES are an OS and a GUI developed for embedded systems. In this thesis, We integrated Qt/Embedded with OpenGL ES on a Versatile PB 92EJ-S and conducted various tests. ¡@¡@The Versatile PB 92EJ-S was equipped with ARM926EJ-S, an onboard chip capable of performing VFP9 vector floating operation. However, not all embedded systems are powered by a floating coprocessor. To make the test results applicable to all systems, We performed only fixed-point operations, a practice also improving the overall performance. In addition, to provide communications between OpenGL ES and Windows and interfaces for OpenGL ES to draw, We implemented EGL, a platform interface layer defined in OpenGL ES. Furthermore, We developed GLUT ES, a modification of GLUT, to make the embedded system compatible with Windows of different versions. Finally, We benchmarked the platform with programs developed by GLUT ES interfaces and OpenGL ES.

Les microARNs sont des petits ARNs non codants d'environ 22 nucléotides qui régulent négativement la traduction de l'ARN messager cible (ARNm) et ont donc des fonctions cellulaires. Le microARN-16 (miR-16) est connu pour ses effets antiprolifératifs. Nous avons observé que l’expression de miR-16 est diminuée dans les cellules endothéliales humaines sénescentes et quiescentes en comparaison à des cellules prolifératives. Une analyse informatique des sites potentiels de liaison de miR-16 prévoit que GLUT-4, un transporteur du glucose insulinodépendant, pourrait être une cible potentielle du miR-16. Nous avons donc testé l'hypothèse que miR-16 régule négativement le métabolisme du glucose cellulaire. Dans des HUVEC, l'inhibition de miR-16 endogène avec des anti-miRNA oligonucléotides (AMO) augmente les niveaux protéiques de GLUT-4 de 1,7 ± 0,4 fois (p=0,0037 ; n=9). Dans des souris nourries avec un régime alimentaire normal ou riche en graisse et en sucre, l’expression de GLUT-4 dans le muscle squelettique a tendance à corréler négativement avec les niveaux de miR-16 (p=0,0998, r2=0,3866, n=4). Ces résultats suggèrent que miR-16 est un régulateur négatif de GLUT-4 et qu’il pourrait être impliqué dans la régulation du métabolisme cellulaire du glucose. / MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides that negatively regulate translation of the target messenger RNA (mRNA) and therefore have cellular functions. MicroRNA-16 (miR-16) is known to display anti-proliferative effects. We observed that miR-16 was down-regulated in non-proliferative human senescent endothelial cells. Computational analysis of the potential binding sites of miR-16 predicted that GLUT-4, an insulin-dependent glucose transporter, is a potential target of miR- 16. We therefore tested the hypothesis that miR-16 down-regulates cellular glucose metabolism. In HUVEC, inhibition of using anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMO) endogenous miR-16 up-regulated GLUT-4 protein levels 1,7 ± 0,39 folds (p=0,0037; n=9). In mice fed a regular or high fat diet, skeletal muscle expression of GLUT-4 tended to negatively correlate with miR- 16 levels (p=0,0998, r2=0,3866, n=4). These results suggest that miR-16 is a negative regulator of GLUT-4 and may be involved in the regulation of cellular glucose metabolism.

PONTE, J.S. Análise imuno-histoquímica do transportador de glicose-1 em hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória e carcinoma epidermóide oral. 2013. 77 f. Dissertação. (MESTRADO EM BIOTECNOLOGIA) - Campus de Sobral, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Sobral, 2013. / Submitted by Djeanne Costa (djeannecosta@gmail.com) on 2017-08-23T13:33:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_jsponte.pdf: 1853429 bytes, checksum: c2551c1c3d35636d7fc7eb9f4366f186 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Djeanne Costa (djeannecosta@gmail.com) on 2017-09-27T12:08:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_jsponte.pdf: 1853429 bytes, checksum: c2551c1c3d35636d7fc7eb9f4366f186 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-27T12:08:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_jsponte.pdf: 1853429 bytes, checksum: c2551c1c3d35636d7fc7eb9f4366f186 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Cancer is still a big target of scientific studies and research, to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (CEO) is the most prevalent form of cancer in the mouth, and despite the great advances and discoveries, the prognosis of this cancer is still poor, mainly discovered in advanced stages. Oral carcinogenesis is a complex and multiple genes can be altered in this process. Several proteins are altered in these tumors, highlighting more recently, proteins of cellular metabolism, especially glucose transporters (GLUT). The objective of this research was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of GLUT-1 in comparison with CEO inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (HFI), a non-neoplastic proliferative lesion. The sample consisted of 30 cases of oral lesions, 15 cases of HFI CEO and 15. We used immunohistochemical technique Estreptoavitina-Biotin with GLUT-1 antibody (Genetex, dilution 1:300, 60 minutes, antigen retrieval with citrate pH 6), analyzing 05 fields in each case 100X, telling the percentage of positive cells. As a result it was found that the mean percentage of epithelial cells positive for GLUT-1 in inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia group was 85.6 ± 0.9% (median = 85.6% = 81.0% minimum, maximum = 90.1%). The mean percentage of epithelial cells positive for GLUT-1 in the group of squamous cell carcinoma was 89.6 ± 2.7% (median = 92.2% = 72.2% minimum, maximum = 98.0%). Could observe a statistically significant difference between the two study groups (p = 0.033, Mann-Whitney test). The percentage of immune cells marked as to the location where the CEO shows a higher percentage of 93.4% in the alveolar ridge compared to the tongue (64.7%). Based on the results of this research, it was observed that there is an increased expression of GLUT-1 in lesions in carcinomas than in hyperplastic, and this may probably reflect the involvement of GLUT in some oncogenic mechanism. However, more studies are needed to further elucidate the involvement of this protein in oral carcinogenesis. / O câncer continua sendo grande alvo de estudos e investigações científicas, por ser importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade em todo mundo. O carcinoma epidermoide oral (CEO) é a forma mais prevalente de câncer em boca, e apesar dos grandes avanços e descobertas, o prognóstico desse tipo de câncer ainda é pobre, principalmente se descoberto em estágios avançados. A carcinogênese oral é um processo complexo e vários genes podem estar alterados neste processo. Várias proteínas estão alteradas nesses tumores, destacando-se mais recentemente, as proteínas do metabolismo celular, especialmente os Transportadores de Glicose (GLUT). O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a expressão imuno-histoquímica de GLUT-1 em CEO comparando com Hiperplasia Fibrosa Inflamatória (HFI), uma lesão proliferativa não-neoplásica. A amostra foi constituída por 30 casos de lesões orais, sendo 15 casos de CEO e 15 HFI. Utilizou-se a técnica imuno-histoquímica da Estreptoavitina-Biotina com o anticorpo GLUT-1 (marca Genetex, diluição 1:300, 60 minutos, recuperação antigênica com citrato pH6), analisando 05 campos de cada caso no aumento de 100X, contando-se o percentual de células positivas. Como resultado obteve-se que a média do percentual de células epiteliais positivas para GLUT-1 no grupo de HFI foi 85.6±0.9% (mediana = 85.6%, mínima = 81.0%, máxima = 90.1%). A média do percentual de células epiteliais positivas para GLUT-1 no grupo de CEO foi 89.6±2.7% (mediana = 92.2%, mínima = 72.2%, máxima = 98.0%). Pôde-se observar diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos de estudo (p=0.033, teste Mann-Whitney). O percentual de células imunomarcadas quanto à localização nos casos de CEO mostra um percentual maior de 93,4% no rebordo alveolar quando comparado com a língua (64.7%). Com base nos resultados desta pesquisa, observou-se que há uma maior expressão da GLUT-1 nas lesões nos carcinomas do que nas hiperplasias, e isso, pode provavelmente refletir a participação da GLUT em algum mecanismo oncogênico. Contudo, mais estudos são necessários para elucidar melhor a participação desta proteína na carcinogênese oral.