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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

GNSS - ein Werkzeug für globale und regionale geophysikalische Forschung

Fritsche, Mathias, Dach, Rolf, Glaser, Susanne, Rülke, Axel, Vey, Sibylle 10 June 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Beitrag zu GNSS anläßlich einer Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Prof. Reinhard Dietrich.
222

Traitement des signaux circulaires appliqués à l'altimétrie par la phase des signaux GNSS

Stienne, Georges 02 December 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Lorsqu'une grandeur est observée par une série temporelle de mesures périodiques, telles que des mesures d'angles, les outils statistiques du domaine linéaire ne sont plus adaptés à l'estimation des paramètres statistiques de cette série. Nous proposons des filtres et un opérateur de fusion adaptés aux grandeurs aléatoires circulaires. Ils sont développés dans un cadre bayésien avec la distribution circulaire normale de von Mises. De plus, on propose un estimateur circulaire GLR (Global Likehood Ratio) de ruptures dans un signal angulaire s'appuyant sur un filtre particulaire défini dans le domaine circulaire. Le traitement des signaux GNSS repose traditionnellement sur l'estimation récursive, en boucles fermées, de trois paramètres : le délai de code, la phase et la fréquence porteuse du signal reçu. On montre dans cette thèse que l'estimation de la phase et de la fréquence en boucle fermée est à l'origine d'imprécisions et de perturbations additionnelles. On propose une nouvelle approche pour l'estimation de ces paramètres en boule ouverte. Dans ce cas, les mesures de phase sont des angles, définis entre ‒π et π. Statistiquement, elles peuvent être modélisées par la distribution circulaire de von Mises et l'on utilise donc les outils d'estimation circulaire développés dans cette thèse pour les traiter. On montre l'intérêt de l'approche proposée pour le positionnement et pour l'altimétrie par réflectométrie des signaux GNSS. La précision obtenue est de l'ordre du centimètre, pour des durées d'intégrationd'une milliseconde. On propose également une technique de résolution de l'ambiguïté de phase, utilisable dans une approche mono-récepteur et mono-fréquence.
223

Use of GNSS signals and their augmentations for Civil Aviation navigation during Approaches with Vertical Guidance and Precision Approaches / Utilisation des signaux GNSS et de leurs augmentations pour l'Aviation Civile lors d'approches avec guidage vertical et d'approches de précision

Neri, Pierre 10 November 2011 (has links)
La navigation par satellite, Global Navigation Satellite System, a été reconnue comme une solution prometteuse afin de fournir des services de navigation aux utilisateurs de l'Aviation Civile. Ces dernières années, le GNSS est devenu l'un des moyens de navigation de référence, son principal avantage étant sa couverture mondiale. Cette tendance globale est visible à bord des avions civils puisqu'une majorité d'entre eux est désormais équipée de récepteurs GNSS. Cependant, les exigences de l'Aviation Civile sont suffisamment rigoureuses et contraignantes en termes de précision de continuité, de disponibilité et d'intégrité pour que les récepteurs GPS seuls ne puissent être utilisés comme unique moyen de navigation. Cette réalité a mené à la définition de plusieurs architectures visant à augmenter les constellations GNSS. Nous pouvons distinguer les SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation Systems), les GBAS (Ground Based Augmentation Systems), et les ABAS (Aircraft Based Augmentation Systems). Cette thèse étudie le comportement de l'erreur de position en sortie d'architectures de récepteur qui ont été identifiées comme étant très prometteuses pour les applications liées à l'Aviation Civile. / Since many years, civil aviation has identified GNSS as an attractive mean to provide navigation services for every phase of flight due to its wide coverage area. However, to do so, GNSS has to meet relevant requirements in terms of accuracy, integrity, availability and continuity. To achieve this performance, augmentation systems have been developed to correct the GNSS signals and to monitor the quality of the received Signal-In-Space (SIS). We can distinguish GBAS (Ground Based Augmentation Systems), ABAS (Airborne Based Augmentation Systems) SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation Systems). In this context, the aim of this study is to characterize and evaluate the GNSS position error of various positioning solutions which may fulfil applicable civil aviation requirements for GNSS approaches. In particular, this study focuses on two particular solutions which are: • Combined GPS/GALILEO receivers augmented by RAIM where RAIM is a type of ABAS augmentation. This solution is a candidate to provide a mean to conduct approaches with vertical guidance (APV I, APV II and LPV 200). • GPS L1 C/A receivers augmented by GBAS. This solution should allow to conduct precision approaches down to CAT II/III, thus providing an alternative to classical radio navigation solutions such as ILS. This study deals with the characterization of the statistics of the position error at the output of these GNSS receivers. It is organised as following. First a review of civil aviation requirements is presented. Then, the different GNSS signals structure and the associated signal processing selected are described. We only considered GPS and GALILEO constellations and concentrated on signals suitable for civil aviation receivers. The next section details the GNSS measurement models used to model the measurements made by civil aviation receivers using the previous GNSS signals. The following chapter presents the GPS/GALILEO and RAIM combination model developed as well as our conclusions on the statistics of the resulting position error. The last part depicts the GBAS NSE (Navigation System Error) model proposed in this report as well as the rationales for this model.
224

Algorithmes de diversité d'antennes appliqués à la réception des signaux GNSS en environnement urbain et sur terminal mobile / Array processing for GNSS receiver in urban environement [i.e environment]

Rougerie, Sébastien 31 January 2012 (has links)
Dans les systèmes de positionnement par satellite (GNSS), les réflexions multiples, caractéristiques des canaux de propagation urbains, posent de gros problèmes dans la bonne estimation de la position. Bien que de nombreuses solutions aient été proposées pour lutter contre les multi-trajets (Narrow correlator, MEDLL), les multi-trajets à faibles retards relatifs (<0.1Chips) sont toujours problématique. Plus récemment, l'utilisation de réseaux d'antennes adaptatifs a été proposée pour lutter contre les multi-trajets. En effet, l'échantillonnage spatial du front d'onde réalisé à partir de plusieurs antennes permet de discriminer les sources dans le domaine spatial, et cela quels que soient les retards des multi-trajets. Cette thèse a donc pour objectif de définir des méthodes de réjection des multi-trajets qui tirent partie de la dimension des directions d'arrivées (DOA) apportée par un réseau d'antenne. Le cahier des charges impose que le réseau utilisé soit de petite taille (typiquement réseau carré 2×2), et demande un algorithme robuste aux défauts technologiques.Inspiré des méthodes de réjection d'interférence, les premières solutions proposées ont été les techniques d'antennes adaptatives afin de filtrer spatialement les multi-trajets Cependant, en raison de la petite taille du réseauainsi que de la corrélation intrinsèque entre les multi-trajets et le signal direct, ces méthodes ont rapidement été mises en défaut. En particulier, les multi-trajets spatialement proches du trajet direct restent toujours problématiques.Afin de tirer partie de la dimension spatiale apportée par un réseau d'antennes et sans être trop dépendant de l'espacement angulaire entre les sources, nous avons choisi de joindre à l'estimation des DOA, l'estimation des retards et fréquences Doppler de chaque trajet reçu. L'algorithme SAGE, issu de la théorie du maximum de vraisemblance, a été utilisé afin d'estimer de façon jointe les paramètres des sources. De plus, nous avons proposé une nouvelle implémentation de SAGE qui permet de réduire d'un facteur 500 la complexité de l'algorithme tout en conservant les mêmes performances d'estimation. Les simulations ont montré une nette amélioration de la réjection des multi-trajets par rapport aux méthodes mono-antenne et multi-antennes adaptatives, tout en conservant une complexité calculatoire raisonnable. Cette méthode a fait l’objet d’un brevet.Nous avons ensuite étudié l'influence des défauts technologiques (couplage, défaut de chaîne RF …), numériques (quantification) et des défauts intrinsèques à l'algorithme SAGE (estimation du nombre de multi-trajets) sur les performances d'estimation, et proposé différentes méthodes de compensation. Nous retiendrons que des filtres FIR ont été utilisés pour compenser les défauts large bande de la chaîne RF, et que le couplage peut être estimé à partir de la connaissance des DOA des signaux utiles. Les simulations ont montré qu'avec ces méthodes de compensation, l'algorithme SAGE affichait des performances très proches de celles dans le cas parfait (sans défaut). Un algorithme d'estimation du nombre de multi-trajets a aussi été proposé, et les résultats en simulation dynamique (en utilisant des modèles de canal existants) ont montré une bonne adaptation aux différentes situations.Pour finir, il est important de noter que les outils développés durant cette thèse peuvent être utilisés dans le cadre de l'étude du canal de propagation des signaux GNSS, en identifiant et estimant les multi-trajets susceptibles de perturber l'estimation de la position du récepteur. / In Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) applications, multipath (MP) errors are still one of the major error sources in conventional receivers. The additional signal replicas due to reflections introduce a bias in Delay Lock Loops (DLL), which finally leads to a positioning error. Several techniques have been developed for multipath mitigation or estimation such as the Narrow Correlator Spacing or the Multipath Estimating Delay-Lock-Loop (MEDLL) algorithm.However, these techniques suffers from high sensitivity to noise, and can not mitigate short delay multipath (<0.1 chip).More recently, the use of antenna array algorithms has been proposed for multipath mitigation. Antenna arrays perform a spatial sampling that makes possible the discrimination of sources in the space domain (azimuth and elevation).However, in conventional receivers, little room remains for antenna integration, and only a small number of antenna elements can be integrated. This study will therefore focus on algorithms for a 2x2 square antenna array. Moreover, theproposed solutions have to be robust against technological defects.Two solutions are investigated to mitigate multipath with an antenna array. The first one tries to filter the multipaths in the space domain in order to "clean" the incoming signal of all the multipaths. However, the results obtained with this solution are quite mitigated. Indeed, the small size of the array implies a low space resolution, and the correlation between the LOS signal and the multipaths strongly degrade the performance of high resolution algorithms. Thus, close spaced multipath are still a problem.In the second approach, a set of parameters (amplitudes, times-delays, Doppler shifts, elevations and azimuths) of all the incoming sources are estimated. The main difference with the first approach is that, instead of filtering the sources on the space domain only, the different incoming paths are filtered on space, time and frequency domains. To estimate the parameters of all the sources, SAGE algorithm, which is a low-complexity generalization of maximum likelihood theory, has been considered. Moreover, a new implementation of the SAGE algorithm has been investigated in order to reduce the complexity by a factor 500, without loss of estimation performances. The simulations show a real improvement in the multipath mitigation compared to mono antenna algorithms and beamformerapproaches.The impact of technological defects (mutual coupling, RF channel mismatch …), numerical defect (quantization) and SAGE defect (estimation of the number of path) on the estimation performances were also investigated, and severalcompensation algorithms were proposed. The wide band effects of the RF filter were compensated by FIR equalizer, and mutual coupling can be estimated thanks to the knowledge of the satellites DOA. Simulations show that the estimationperformance of the SAGE algorithm after array calibration are very close than the performance in perfect system. Last, we proposed an algorithm to estimate the number of path, and dynamic simulations (by using channel model) show avery good adaptation of the algorithm.Last but not least, the tools developed in this PhD can be also useful in multipath modelling applications for GNSS.
225

Aplicação do teste de congruência global e análise geométrica para detecção de deslocamentos em redes geodésicas: estudo de caso na UHE de Itaipu. / Application of global congruency test and geometric analysis for detection of displacements in geodetic networks: a case study in the itaipu dam.

Jardel Aparecido Fazan 16 April 2010 (has links)
Grandes estruturas, sejam elas naturais ou artificiais, estão sujeitas a variações, em suas dimensões e posição, no espaço e no tempo. O monitoramento de estruturas está diretamente ligado com a segurança das mesmas, pois o colapso de uma estrutura artificial ou movimentação de estruturas naturais podem causar perdas econômicas, impactar o meio ambiente e ceifar vidas. Neste sentido o foco deste trabalho é aplicar a tecnologia GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) e redes geodésicas no monitoramento de estruturas. Para confirmar a ocorrência de deslocamentos utilizou-se o Teste de Congruência Global. Durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho foi proposto um método designado por Análise Geométrica, para fornecer indicação de possíveis deslocamentos. A metodologia proposta nesta pesquisa foi aplicada no monitoramento da barragem da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu e pilares da sua rede de trilateração. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram realizadas quatro campanhas de observações. Os dados de cada campanha foram processados para determinar vetores, que posteriormente participaram de ajustamento vetorial pelo Método dos Mínimos Quadrados, para cada época de levantamento. O ajustamento forneceu coordenadas dos pontos da rede e a matriz variânvia-covariância, para cada época de observação. Estas informações foram combinadas duas a duas para aplicar a Análise Geométrica e o Teste de Congruência Global. Os resultados dos dois métodos de teste apresentaram boa correlação entre si e indicaram possíveis deslocamentos em pontos da rede de referência de monitoramento por trilateração e pontos da barragem. / Natural or artificial large structures are subjected to variations in their dimensions and position, in space and time. Structures monitoring is directly attended with their security, since the collapse of an artificial structure or displacement of natural structures can cause economic loss, impact the environment and cause the death of people. Hence, the aim of this study is to apply GNSS technologie (Global Navigation Satellite System) and geodetic networks in structures monitoring. In order to confirm the occurrence of the displacements the Global Congruence Test was employed. During the development of this study it was proposed a method so-called Geometric Analisys, to indicate possible displacements. The methodologie proposed in this research was applied to Itaipu hydro-electric power station and its trilateration networks. GNSS data was surveyed in four campaings. Data from each campaing were processed to determine vectors, which were posteriorly adjusted by means of the least squares method, for each survey epoch. The adjustment provided the coordinates of the network vertices and the covariance matrix, for each observation epoch. These informations were combined two by two to apply the Geometrical Analisys and the Global Congruence Test. Results from both test methods show good agreement and indicate possible displacements in vertices of the monitoring reference network and in object points of the dam.
226

Vídeo-Mapa: uma interface de geovisualização multimídia aplicada a transportes e meio ambiente. / Video-map: the interface of geovisualization in multimedia applied in transport engineering and enviromental engineering.

Carlos Enrique Hernández Simões 26 November 2015 (has links)
A presente tese propõe uma metodologia de vídeo-mapeamento móvel georreferenciado a partir do desenvolvimento de protótipos que utilizam uma Interface de Geovisualização Multimídia para sincronizar o registro (em vídeo) de um local ou evento de interesse com a rota percorrida pelo veículo de inspeção (sobre mapa ou imagem), através da coleta de dados por sensores móveis: câmera digital, microfone, receptor GNSS e bússola digital. A interface permite a integração desses sensores com os atuais serviços de mapas digitais disponíveis na web. Sistemas como esse melhoram significativamente as análises temporais, a gestão e a tomada de decisão. A interface proposta e desenvolvida no presente trabalho é útil para muitas aplicações como ferramenta de monitoramento e inventário. Esta interface pode ser entendida como o componente visual de um sistema de mapeamento móvel ou como um sistema cartográfico alternativo ou complementar, para aplicações em que a precisão geométrica do receptor GNSS, na modalidade de navegação, é suficiente e sua acessibilidade, um fator competitivo. As aplicações desenvolvidas no presente trabalho foram duas: um sistema de monitoramento e inventário de placas de sinalização viária e um sistema de monitoramento de cheias/secas e inventário de propriedades na borda de reservatórios de hidroelétricas, ambos em pleno funcionamento. / This thesis proposes a methodology of geo-referenced mobile video-mapping from the development of prototypes that use a Geovisualization Multimedia Interface to synchronize the record (on video) of a place or event of interest to the route traveled by the inspection vehicle (on map or image), by collecting data from mobile sensors: digital camera, microphone, GNSS receiver and digital compass. The interface allows the integration of these sensors with existing digital maps available in web services. Systems such as this significantly improves the temporal analysis, management and decision making. The interface proposed and developed in this study is useful for many applications such as monitoring and inventory tool. This interface can be understood as the visual component of a mobile mapping system or mapping system as an alternative or complement, for applications in which the geometric precision of the GNSS navigation receiver is sufficient and its accessibility, a competitive factor. Applications developed in this study were twofold: a monitoring system and inventory road sign posts and a monitoring system of flood / drought and inventory of properties on the edge of hydroelectric reservoirs, both in full operation.
227

Study, design and realization of circular polarized compact antennas : Optimizing performances / Etude, conception et réalisation d’antennes compactes à polarisation circulaire : Optimisation des performances

Abou-Zied Nour, Amro 14 January 2016 (has links)
Les antennes à polarisation circulaire (CP) sont de plus en plus utilisées dans les systèmes de communications spatiaux et terrestres. Le besoin d’intégration est sans cesse plus important, il est donc nécessaire de proposer, de mettre au point des aériens toujours plus compacts et aux performances (adaptation, rayonnement, gain, efficacité, taux d’ellipticité) optimisées. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de concevoir des antennes planaires, large bande ou multi-bande, à polarisation circulaire et aux performances optimisées. Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, le travail a été divisée en plusieurs phase, allant de la conception d’une antenne CP à large bande jusqu’à la conception d’une antenne patch à polarisation circulaire tri bandes GNSS. Tout d’abord une étude bibliographique sur les antennes planaires a été faite. Celle-ci a permis de comparer leurs différentes performances, leurs avantages et inconvénients. Ensuite, une antenne patch CP à éléments parasites a été conçue fabriquée et mesurée. On s’est attaché à optimiser sa bande de fonctionnement. En tenant compte des études bibliographiques déjà faites, et en se basant sur la structure de l’antenne CP à large bande validée lors de la phase précédente, une nouvelle antenne plaquée CP GNSS tri bandes a également été conçue réalisée et mesurée. L’essentiel du travail a consisté à minimiser son encombrement tout en conservant des performances électromagnétiques satisfaisantes dans les trois bandes de fréquences objectifs : L2, E6 et L1. On s’est particulièrement attaché à obtenir un bon taux d’ellipticité sur une large ouverture rayonnante. La dernière étape de cette thèse a consisté à aller encore plus loin dans l’amélioration des performances de l’antenne CP GNSS multi bandes particulièrement en améliorant son efficacité. Une excitation par fente a finalement été utilisée après comparaison des performances obtenues via différentes techniques (alimentation coaxiale, fentes, etc…). / Circular polarized antennas (CP) are greatly used in space and terrestrial communication systems. Furthermore, the need for communication systems integration is increasingly important. Therefore, it is necessary to propose and develop more compact antenna design with optimized performance (adaptation, radiation, gain, efficiency, axial ratio).The objective of this thesis is to design planar antennas, broadband or multi-band, with circular polarization and optimized performances. To achieve these objectives, the work was divided into several stages, from the design of a wideband CP antenna to the design of a GNSS tri-band circular polarized patch antenna. Firstly, a literature study of planar antennas has been conducted. Different designs have been examined and contrasted to evaluate their performances. Secondly, a wideband CP patch antenna with parasitic elements has been designed manufactured and measured. It was sought to optimize its operating band. Considering the bibliographical study that was already carried out, and based on the wideband CP antenna structure that was validated during the previous phase, a new GNSS tri-band CP patch antenna was also designed, fabricated and measured. Most of the work was done on minimizing its size while maintaining satisfactory electromagnetic performance in the three required GNSS frequency bands : L2, E6 and L1. Special attention was directed towards getting a good axial ratio over a wide radiating aperture. The last phase of this thesis was to go even further in improving the CP GNSS multi-band antenna's performance, particularly by improving its efficiency. Excitation slots were finally used after a comparison was made between the different performances obtained through the different design techniques (coaxial feed, slots, etc ...).
228

Borrhålslängder vid pallbrytning : Undersökning om önskade borrhålslängder kan erhållas vid produktionsborrning i dagbrott

Mitander, Eva, Hauri, Oskar January 2017 (has links)
I Aitiks dagbrottsgruva i norra Lappland bryts kopparmalm med hjälp av metoden pallbrytning. I korthet innebär det att omkring 200 borrhål borras vertikalt i berget och fylls senare med sprängämne. Vid detonationen frigörs en horisontell skiva, så kallad pall, från det omgivande berget. Aitik använder i dagsläget sin borrplan för bestämning av borrhålens längd. Emellertid överensstämmer inte alltid dessa längder med de önskvärda borrhålslängderna. Målet med projektet var att föreslå förbättrade metoder och tillvägagångsätt för att nå önskad nivå vid produktionsborrning. Under projektet har det studerats hur mycket borrplanen avviker från önskade borrhålslängder. Det har också undersökts i vilken utsträckning borrmaskinerna autonomt klarar av att beräkna korrekta hål-längder med hjälp av sitt navigationssystem. En borrmaskin i Aitik använder Trimbles navigationsplattform medan de övriga fyra använder Leica. Analyserna visade att Trimbles navigationssystem var mycket tillförlitligt att använda för hål-längdsbestämning, förutsatt att noggrann kalibrering utförts. Leicas navigationssystem visade sig vara mindre tillförlitligt, då det ”svajade” i höjdled: för samma punkt i rummet visades olika höjdledskoordinater vid olika tidpunkter. Den Leica-utrustade borrmaskinen som svajade mest hade variationsbredden 31,9 cm. Rekommendationerna är: * Att om borrplanen fortsättningsvis ska användas för hållängdsbestämning, rekommenderas att ”nollning” av borrmaskinen skall ske utan rotation. Nollning är den punkt som bestäms till borrstartspunkt under borrningens utförande. Våra tester visade att om nollning sker med rotation, kan borrkronan sjunka ned 20 cm i pallytan innan borrstart registreras. På grund av detta kan borrhålen bli för långa. * Att under en testperiod, låta navigationssystemet på maskinerna autonomt beräkna borrhålens längd. Under denna period bör regelbundna kontroller av navigationssystemet ske, för att säkerställa att höjdkoordinaterna håller sig inom bestämda gränser. Kontrolleras maskinernas navigationssystem regelbundet kan ett stort statistiskt underlag skapas, vilket kan användas vid ett långsiktigt beslut om navigationssystemet fortsättningsvis skall användas för bestämning av borrhålslängder. / In the open pit mine Aitik, situated in the north of Lapland, copper ore is mined using the method pallet mining. In short, around two hundred boreholes are drilled vertically into the rock and subsequently filled with explosives. At detonation, a horizontal slice called a pallet is released from the surrounding rock. Today Aitik uses a drilling plan to decide the lengths of the boreholes. However, these lengths do not always correspond with the desired borehole lengths. The goal with the project was to find and suggest better methods and approaches to achieve desired levels of production drilling. During the project, studies have been made to see how much the drilling plan differs from the desired borehole lengths. The studies have also concerned the extent to which the drilling machines can make autonomic decisions determining the borehole lengths, using their navigation system. One drilling machine in Aitik uses a Trimble platform for navigation, while the other four use Leica. The analysis shows that the Trimble navigation platform was very reliable in deciding borehole lengths, provided that an accurate calibration was performed. The Leica navigation system turned out to be less reliable, since its height readings fluctuated: the same point in space would show as different coordinates of height at different points in time. The Leica-equipped power drill with the most fluctuation had a variation width of 31,9 cm. The recommendations are: * That, in the case of continuous use of the drill plan to determine borehole length, the “zero setting” of the power drill shall be made without drill rotation. The zero setting is starting point of the drilling operation. The tests showed that if the zero setting is done with rotation, the drill crown can sink 20 cm down into the pallet surface before drill start is registered. Because of this, the drilling holes can become too long. * That, during a test period, the navigation systems of the machines shall autonomously calculate and decide the borehole length. During this period, regular controls of the navigation systems should be made to ascertain that the coordinates of height remain within certain limits. Regular controls of the navigation systems can provide large amounts of statistical data, which can be used to make a long-term decision whether the navigation systems should continue to determine the borehole lengths.
229

建立臺灣地區半動態基準之水平速度場與變形模型研究 / The Study of Establishing Horizontal Velocity and Deformation Model of Semi-Dynamic Datum in Taiwan Area

熊育賢, Hsiung, Yu Hsien Unknown Date (has links)
國家坐標系統是各項測量作業的基礎,而大地基準的選擇及建立更是會直接影響最後的測量成果,進一步的影響各項國家建設、民生工業以及人民的土地財產等權益。板塊運動之中尤其是非線性的板塊運動更是會改變坐標框架中參考站的相對位置,隨著時間的推移進而導致框架的幾何精度下降。而臺灣地處歐亞板塊及菲律賓海板塊的交界處,頻繁的板塊運動會造成地震、火山以及其他的自然災害,且臺灣各個區域也會因為板塊間的非線性運動而往不同的方向旋轉、位移。目前臺灣使用的坐標系統為TWD97 (Taiwan Datum 97 ),是建立於一個固定的線性框架ITRF94(The International Terrestrial Reference Frame 94)下之靜態基準,因此並不能精確的表達臺灣地區複雜的地殼變動情形,臺灣需要進行大地基準的革新以解決坐標框架變形之問題,即是在原有的靜態基準加上速度場與變形模型來改正因地殼運動造成之坐標偏移。本研究利用 2005 年至 2015 年間之臺灣地區連續運行參考站 GPS 觀測資料計算臺灣地區水平速度場情形,並參考日本、紐西蘭等國之速度模型建立方式,以內插、曲面擬合、局部加權回歸散點平滑等方法建立臺灣地區水平速度與變形模型。而臺灣地區參考站坐標解算之水平精度為 2mm-3mm、高程精度為 6mm-10mm,而速度場之年度平均標準差在 N 軸為 3.81mm,E 軸為 5.18mm。水平速度場模型方面以內插法中的線性及三次樣條內插法建立之模型有最好的精度,另外透過變形模型可以有效將地震之同震位移對坐標預測之影響消除,使速度模型之使用年限得以延長。 / National coordinate system is the foundation of surveying engineering, the establishment and the selection of geodetic datum would directly impact the accuracy of final result. Plate motion will cause earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other natural disasters. Plate motion especially non-linear motion can also change the relationship between stations in the reference frame. Therefore, a rational and reliable reference frame is needed to ensure the Euclidean integrity quality. Taiwan is located along the bounding of the Eurasian and the Philippine plate, and is therefore a region of non-rigid motion and therefore will shift and rotate in different directions due to the changing stress field. Taiwan’s current coordinate system TWD97 is built by a fixed single term linear model ITRF94. It is not able to precisely model the non-linear motion of the crustal in the Taiwan region. Therefore, Taiwan needs velocity and deformation model to correct the distortion which caused by the crustal motion. This study used 11 years of Taiwan CORS GPS data to investigate the horizontal velocity field in Taiwan and established the horizontal velocity and deformation model by curve fitting, interpolation and LOWESS method. The horizontal coordinate accuracy of the stations is about 2mm-3mm, the vertical accuracy is about 6mm-10mm, and the average standard deviation of velocity field is 3.81mm in N axis, 5.18mm in E axis. As for velocity model, linear and cubic spline interpolations have better model accuracy. In addition, the deformation model can effectively eliminate the influence of coseismic deformation, so that the velocity model will not lose its utility.
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Detektion langzeitiger Eismassenvariationen in der Küstenregion der Ostantarktis

Knöfel, Christoph 13 July 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Soll die Massenbilanz des antarktischen Eises bestimmt werden, so ist das grundlegend mit der Beobachtung dessen Geometrie, Kinematik und Dynamik verbunden. Basis dieser Arbeit sind Beobachtungen von Eisoberflächenhöhen und Fließgeschwindigkeiten im Einzugsbereich des Helen-Gletschers südlich der russischen Antarktisstation Mirnyj und im Einzugsbereich des Hays-Gletschers südöstlich der Station Molodëžnaja. 1962 wurde von Mirnyj ausgehend das sich über 100km in südliche Richtung erstreckende geodätisch-glaziologische Triangulationsnetz Mirnyj angelegt. 1972 erfolgte die Realisierung einer Traverse über das Einzugsgebiet des Hays-Gletschers. Beide Regionen wurden in den folgenden Jahren mehrfach wiederholt beobachtet. Eine erneute Wiederholungsmessung von Eisoberflächenhöhen und Fließgeschwindigkeiten konnte zwischen 2005 und 2009 realisiert werden. Diese Arbeit beleuchtet diese Aktivitäten und beschreibt die Ableitung langzeitiger Eismassenveränderungen über Zeiträume mehrerer Dekaden. Die historische Datengrundlage, die Realisierung eines einheitlichen Bezugssystems sowie die verwendeten Beobachtungsverfahren werden ausführlich erläutert. Der Vergleich von Eisoberflächenhöhen der 2000er Jahre und Höhen der 1960er bzw. 1970er Jahre führt zur Abschätzung langzeitiger Veränderungen der Eisoberflächenhöhe für beide Regionen.

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