This paper attempts to justify punishment on the grounds that it is a benefit to the person being punished. I accept the basic premise of a previous theory of punishment, the Moral Good Theory (MGT), which states that we cannot harm anyone. Thus, punishment can only be justified if it is not a harm. The MGT claims that punishment is beneficial in that it provides a moral education to the offender. I I reject the idea that punishment is morally educational and instead propose a new theory which revises and strengthens the MGT, accounting for its flaws. This new theory, the Social Good Theory, argues instead that punishment is beneficial because it allows a criminal to be reintegrated into society.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1989. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Ceres Syntaxis comprises that part of the Cape Fold Belt Syntaxis that lies north of the Worcester Fault. Most of the area consists of folded Cape Supergroup (primarily Witteberg Group) rocks. Fold styles of all fold trends are essentially the same. However, different multilayer rheologies led to the development of either sinusoidal or kink-like fold geometries in different parts of the cover sequence. The character of Witteberg sediments led to the development of large megakink folds and peculiar fold zones in this part of the sequence. Fold trends in the Ceres Syntaxis vary between NW-SE, NE-SW and E-W. The southern part of the area is dominated by the NE-SW trend, with the NW-SE trend being only important in the west. Interference between these two trends only exists in the Witteberg Group, where it occurs as crossing linear fold zones and conjugate, intersecting kink folds . Cross-folding relationships in the north-eastern part of the Ceres Syntaxis indicate that the area had been affected by two contemporaneous, orthogonally opposed compressions that worked simultaneously in different parts of the multilayer. Differences in the magnitude of strain, or in the local timing of fold initiation, produced local refolding or transecting relationships. The microfabric of Witteberg sandstones suggests deformation under conditions of low temperature and pressure, as well as low strain rates. Some microfabrics also indicate that substantial buckle shortening occurred while the Middle and Upper Witteberg beds were still unlithified. Isotopic dating of Cedarberg shale from both main trends did not yield unequivocal results, mainly due to the deformatio~al intensity. The positioning of the Cape low Fold Belt Syntaxis was strongly influenced by basement tectonic grain and basin floor relief. The NW and NE fold trends formed on a heterogeneous basement that resolved the stress configuration into components which external . acted simultaneously towards the north-west and north-east. Ecca and Beaufort Group sedimentation patterns in the western Karoo corroborate the above findings. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Ceres-sintaks beslaan daardie deel van die sintaks van die Kaapse Plooigordel wat noord van die Worcesterverskuiwing Ie. Die gebied bestaan grotendeels uit geplooide gesteentes van die Supergroep Kaap (hoofsaaklik Groep Witteberg). AIle plooirigtings openbaar dieselfde plooistyl. Reologiese verskille in'die rnultilaehet egter gelei tot die ontwikkeling van of sinusoidale ~f knikvorrnigeplooie in verskillende dele van die dekgesteentes. Die Wittebergsedirnente se aard het veroorsaak dat rnegaknikkeen eienaardige plooisones in hierdie deel van die opeenvolging ontstaan het. Plooirigtings in die Ceres-sintaks wissel tussen NW-SO, NO-SW en O-W. Die NO-SW plooirigting oorheers in die suidelike deel van die gebied, terwyl die NW-SO plooirigting eintlik net in. die weste belangrik is. Interferensie van hierdie twee.hoofrigtings korn slegs voor in die Groep Witteberg, waar dit as dwarssnydende lineere plooisones en snydende, konjugerende knikke aanwesig is. Onderlinge verhoudings tussen kruisplooie in die noordoostelike Ceres-sintaks, toon dat die gebied beinvloed is deur twee gelyktydige drukspannings wat reghoekig op rnekaar ingewerk het, sorntyds in effens verskillende dele van die rnultilaag.Verskille in die spanningsbedrag en tydsberekening het lokale herplooiing of dwarssnydende strukture veroorsaak. Die mikrornaaksel van die Wittebergsandsteen toon dat die vervorming onder lae temperatuur- en druktoestande, tesame met 'n lae vervorrningsternpo, plaasgevind het. Die rnaaksel toon ook aan dat heelwat buigplooiing plaasgevind het terwyl die Middel- en Bo-Witteberglae nog ongekonsolideer was. Isotopiese datering van Sederbergskalie afkornstigvan die twee hoofplooirigtings, het weens die lae vervormingsintensiteit swak resultate gelewer. Die posisie van die sintaks van die Kaapse Plooigordel, insluitende die van die Ceres-sintaks, is sterk' belnvioed deur die tektoniese grein en re~i~f van die vloergesteentes. Die heterogene vloer waarop die NW en NO plooie gevorrn het, het daartoe gelei dat die eksterne spanningsopset verdeel is in kornponentewat gelyktydig na die noordweste en noordooste gewerk het. Sedirnentasiepatrone in die Groepe Ecca en Beaufort ondersteun bostaande afleidings.

The doping culture represents an issue for sport and for society. Normative debates on doping have been mainly concerned with questions of the justifiability of doping. The practice of assigning responsibility for doping behaviour has chiefly been individual-based, focusing mainly on the individual athlete’s doping behaviour. The overarching aim of this thesis is to investigate the relevance and the importance of the ideas of responsibility in relation to ethical debates on doping. The more specific aim is to examine the possibility of broadening the scope of responsibility beyond the individual athlete, and to sketch a theoretical framework within which this expansion could be accommodated. In the first study, it is argued that bioethicists have a moral/professional responsibility to start out from a realistic and up-to-date view of genetics in ethical debates on gene doping, and that good bioethics requires good empirics. In study 2, the role played by affective processes in influencing athletes’ attitudes towards doping behaviour is investigated, both on an individual and on a collective level. It is concluded that an exclusive focus on individual-level rule violation and sanctions may entail overlooking the greater social picture and would prove to be ineffective in the long term. In study 3, the common doping-is-cheating arguments are examined and it is argued that they fail to capture vital features of people’s moral responses to doping behaviour. An alternative account of cheating in sport is presented in terms of failure to manifest good will and respect. It is concluded that putting cheating in the broader context of human interpersonal relationships makes evident the need to broaden the scope of moral responsibility and agency beyond the individual athlete. In study 4, the particular case of assigning responsibility for doping to sports physicians is used to examine the current individual-based approach to responsibility. This approach underestimates the scope of the responsibility by leaving out a range of other actors from the discourse of responsibility. The central conclusion of the thesis is that transforming the current doping culture requires broadening the scope of responsibility to include individuals and groups of individuals other than the athletes themselves.

The affairs of public financial management in the local government operates within two legal frameworks, one adopted by national government and one adopted by legislatures at local level (Mikesell, 2007:36). A legislative framework for public financial management includes a vast number of legislation and public policies that have a direction bearing on the way in which financial management is dealt with in the different spheres of government. The financial affairs in the local government are guided by various legislative frameworks which regulate financial management in the three spheres of government. The Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) Act 56 of 2003 in addition provides guidelines for securing sound and sustainable financial management. The need to achieve sound public financial management and assurance of acceptable and transparent levels of financial risk has become paramount. To realize the developmental mandate, the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) and budgeting are seen as the most significant tool towards effective public financial management. Government activities require funds to undertake the planned activities and such funds require special care to safeguard the public funds. This study aimed to assess the budgetary control practices in the Ngwathe Local Municipality. The objectives were realized by means of literature review, questionnaires and participant observations. The results of the interviews with the participants (community) revealed that the public is somehow not interested in local government affairs. It was indicated that they are mostly concerned about the social affairs and the job opportunities. The interviews with the municipality revealed that the budgetary control mechanisms are effective. Budget management is a requirement that covers budget preparation, budget implementation, and budget control. The Municipality established the budget office which serves as a mediator between the municipal council and the departmental managers. A good budget is characterized by participation, comprehensiveness, standards, flexibility, feedback and analyses of cost and revenues. However, the municipality should enhance the culture of community participation in local governance. / MA (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

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This study explores the meaning of female leadership in the New Testament by examining a random selection of women in the New Testament. In Chapter 2 a sociohistorical approach is utilised to examine women leaders in the in the ancient Greco- Roman world of the New Testament. The study reveals that though these societies were predominantly patriarchal, there were women leaders leading in various ways in different spheres of life (religious, political, intellectual, and in the home). Chapter 3 looks in more detail at a definition of 'leadership". The Kouzes & Posner’s (1995) model of leadership practices, based on research of how successful leaders operate, is used. The example of Jesus as the Master leader is explored against the six leadership practices, adapted for this study. It is clear that Jesus does reflect the five leadership practices proposed by Kouzes & Posner (1995). A sixth practice is added to the list as the study shows that a leader needs a leader - good followers make good leaders! Chapters 4-10 focus on the leadership practices of Mary the mother of Jesus, the Samaritan woman, Tabitha. Lydia, Priscilla and the four daughters of Philip. An examination of the socio-historical context and an analysis of key concepts in each pericope in which these women are mentioned, have been done. From the analysis it is clear that the leadership p r a c t i i of women, called "female leadership" in this study, point out leadership as 'influence" that is achieved in different practices. These leadership practices define female leadership in the New Testament The women are leaders, in some cases within the recognised positions and in other cases without the positions. / Thesis (Ph.D. (New Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

This thesis is about the complex relationship between governance, corruption and economic development. It seeks to extend the literature via exploring the complex web of connections between corruption, development and the quality of political institutions in the specific case of Nigeria. In so doing the thesis explores some of the limitations of mainstream approaches to corruption and postulates that, rather than being a simple issue of rent-seeking that requires a prescription of orthodox economic policy reforms, corruption is an issue that requires contextualizing within the evolution of particular political cultures in specific places and a sensitivity to the impacts of culture on the definitions, causes and impacts of corruption. The thesis also reflects upon the impacts of market reforms on the opportunities for corrupt activity and the potential role of civil society in rendering anti-corruption interventions more effective. Accordingly, the thesis places the current high-profile debates over corruption and poor governance in Nigeria within an historical analysis of the patterns of governance in Nigeria over the years since independence in order to understand the intricate issues surrounding the historical, cultural and socio-political context of the problems of governance and corruption and their influence on anti-corruption reforms in the Nigerian context. Data were collected and analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods; the methods used in data collection included questionnaires and in particular a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews with key political stakeholders. The analysis culminates in an extensive exploration of the anti-corruption measures and strategies adopted by Nigerian administrations and the efforts of the international organisations which have supported them in tackling corruption.

During the early part of the 21st century, a number of campus demonstrations and other protest acts on college and university campuses became highly visible nationally and internationally, largely thanks to social and traditional/popular media. This visibility was partially due to the ubiquitous and easily accessible nature of emergent digital technologies–cameras, cell phones and social networking sites, among other tools. Though campus protests and social movements began to proliferate nationally, and in the context of increased economic inequity, few studies sought to explore how campus actors (students and employees in particular) used social and popular media to shape and control public perception, specifically during highly visible campus conflicts. Further, much of the literature on campus activism has historically overlooked protests and social justice movements occurring on comprehensive state university and community college, or 2-year, campuses. Additionally, the literature does not offer a comprehensive examination of strategies surrounding pre-negotiated protest acts between campus activists, administrators and law enforcement officers. Also, the literature has not adequately examined responses to tactical strategies employed by law enforcement agencies during campus protest, and at a time of heightened militarization of officers. Both issues are related to the image-making capabilities of activists and administrators. To explore such issues, I set out to investigate how student and employee activists and also administrators construct meaning around the public good mission of higher education. I then explored how both groups public good conceptualizations to shape both action and public perception. In doing so, I employed a combined theoretical framework, modifying academic capitalism and co-cultural theories and adapting them into a single framework. My framework enabled the examination of power dynamics around interactions, discourse and space, ultimately leading to an understanding that the public good mission is a battleground. Within this frame, campus activists and administrators are struggling to both define and manifest the democratic imperative, or historic public good mandate, in different ways. The framework also allow for the study of why specific information is publicized or narrated, while other information is omitted or ignored. Using qualitative methods, I specifically studied how individuals seek to control involvement in democratic processes on campus based on definitions associated with the public good. I also studied ways individuals advance democratic ideals. Further, I explored what tools (including social media and traditional and/or popular media, also referenced collectively as "the press") individuals employ to shape public perception about equity issues and conflicts on campus. In this regard, social and popular media serve as conduits for informing public audiences. For my investigation, I purposefully selected one land-grant institution, a comprehensive state university, and one 2-year community college–all in California. I intentionally selected California, as the state has historically and continues to be seen an important forerunner for nationwide higher education policy and practice. I also chose campuses whose conflicts were receiving statewide and national media attention to allow for the investigation of public perception surrounding campus conflict. Doing so also allowed for the exploration of how those on campus employed social media strategies and also utilized popular media to attempt to shape and control the public image of their institutions. My findings suggest that while campus activists and administrators maintain a similar belief that public institutions should be broadly accessible, they differently conceptualize how the public good mission of higher education should manifest. The difference in framing of the public good complicates interactions between both groups, and at times leads to violent clashes during protest. My findings also suggest that while activists and campus officials both maintain a social media presence and interact with media representatives, administrators are not as successful in capturing public support. This appears especially true during and after clashes have occurred during campus protest acts that also involve campus law enforcement officers. Additionally, my findings indicate that the under-utilization of social media, lax media relations strategies and blame shifting, specifically during protest acts, may ultimately hurt administrators and law enforcement officers with regard to image-shaping efforts. Of note, the resulting coverage of violent clashes in the popular media tended to favor activists over administrators and law enforcement officers no matter the type and amount of pre-planning and pre-negotiations between activists and campus officials. Ultimately, my findings challenge perceptions that institutional image-making powers reside squarely with administrators and media relations offices. Given the widespread use of digital technologies and social media, and also strategies activists have employed to engage with members of traditional media outlets, my findings also illustrate how student and employee activists are changing how power is introduced and distributed within their campus communities.

The presented work contains a survey of the so far known results about the operator inequalities of the type "good λ", "better good λ" and "rearranged good λ" on the function spaces over the Euclidean space with the Lebesgue measure and their corollaries in the form of more complex operator inequal- ities and norm estimates. However, the main aim is to build similar theory for the Riesz potential operator on the function spaces over the quasi-metric space with the so-called "doubling" measure. Combining the corollaries of this theory with the known norm estimates we obtain the boundedness for the Riesz potential operator on the Lebesgue and Lorentz spaces.

Resumé This thesis deals with the concept of "good manners" in Czech legal order. The thesis does not attempt to define good manners. The aim of this work is not to give readers a comprehensive picture of good manners in contemporary Czech society, but to illuminate the term and explain its function. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter introduces readers to the history of the concept of good manners, with the concepts of morality, public morality and public order, as well as with the rules of good manners and the actual concept of good manners. The first chapter still contains good manners as an interpretative and application rule and the principle of fair trade. The second chapter is devoted to selected issues of individual civil rights. These issues are the following issues - a duty to maintain a divorced spouse, default interest, an usury, laesio enormis, further an objection limitation, a restitution, a penalty and an advertising and good fair competition. The third chapter deals with the case law of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic and the case law of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. In addition case law, this chapter also deals with importance of good manners and a legal certainty. The fourth chapter deals with good manners in a civil trial. First of all...