A República ocupa lugar de destaque no conjunto da obra platônica tanto pela importância do tema de que trata e pelo teor das teses defendidas quanto pela diversidade de questões que aborda no desenvolvimento de seu argumento principal. Em sua mais famosa e influente obra, Platão define a justiça a partir do estabelecimento de uma analogia entre a alma humana e a cidade, mostrando-nos em que consiste esta virtude seja no âmbito particular da vida moral humana seja na vida política de uma cidade idealmente planejada. A obra apresenta inicialmente uma dupla linha de argumentação, tratando, primeiro, da definição da justiça na cidade para, então, poder compará-la e aplicá-la à concepção de justiça na alma humana. O primeiro clímax argumentativo é atingido ao final do livro IV quando a analogia é finalmente estabelecida e obtemos tanto a definição política da justiça quanto sua definição moral. Mas os afluentes moral e político da argumentação entrecruzam-se e desembocam ambos nos livros centrais da obra (V, VI e VII) quando a figura do filósofo passa a ser desenvolvida. Platão demonstra-nos que o filósofo é, ao mesmo tempo, o indivíduo virtuoso por excelência e, portanto, o modelo máximo individual de justiça, e também o único e legítimo líder político da cidade justa, além de elemento indispensável a sua concretização. Nosso trabalho tem por objetivo descrever e analisar o argumento principal dos livros centrais que legitima o posto supremo do filósofo na cidade justa, mostrando como as questões metafísicas e epistemológicas ocupam um papel fundamental na economia da obra. A problemática central da pesquisa concentra-se nos dilemas decorrentes da definição do conhecimento do filósofo que legitima seu posto na cidade. A pergunta fundamental que desejamos responder é: de que modo o conhecimento das Formas pode oferecer um saber prático suficiente e eficiente para a atividade política do filósofo? Avaliamos a hipótese de alguns comentadores de que o argumento de Platão guarda em seu interior um conflito entre a descrição do aspecto teórico do filósofo e seu aspecto prático, e que o elemento fundamental e final de sua formação, o conhecimento da Forma do Bem, é definido de um modo tão abstrato e distante do mundo concreto que não nos deixa claro como ele pode servir de paradigma para a atividade de governante do filósofo. A alegação geral é a de que o conhecimento das Formas e do Bem não fornece ao filósofo nenhuma vantagem com relação aos outros possíveis candidatos à administração dos interesses da cidade. O objetivo máximo de nosso trabalho é nos contrapormos a tal interpretação oferecendo uma hipótese alternativa de leitura do argumento platônico. Nossa concepção parte de uma interpretação distinta da natureza do conhecimento da Forma do Bem, entendendo-a como a compreensão da própria estrutura racional da realidade. Outro ponto chave de nossa leitura é a interpretação que desenvolvemos do conceito platônico de mímesis, peça indispensável para entendermos a razão de não haver nenhuma espécie de conflito entre o que seriam as descrições teórica e prática do filósofo. / The Republic remains as the most special piece of Platos philosophical work, due to the importance of its subject and the meaning of its theses, as well as for the plurality of questions that emerge from its central argument. In his most famous work Plato defines justice by making use of the analogy between the human soul and the city, showing us the true nature of that virtue in its moral aspect with regard to the individual human life, and also in its political aspect in conceiving an imaginary perfect city. Plato leads his argument first through the definition of the perfect just city, so he can later compare and apply his former conclusions to his conception of the human soul. The first important achievement of the text occurs when the analogy is finally completed and we have the two definitions of justice accomplished. But the moral and the political courses of the argument entwine and receive full treatment only in the central books (V, VI, and VII) of the writing, where the picture of the true philosopher starts to be developed. Plato demonstrates us that the philosopher is, at the same time, the genuinely virtuous person, and therefore, the greatest model of individual justice, and the one and only one political chief of the perfect just city, by right - and also the indispensable element for its existence. Our goal in this work is to describe and analyze the main argument of the Republics central books that justifies the supreme position of the philosopher in the just city, showing how the metaphysical and epistemological issues have a special role in the economy of that work. The central problem of this research focuses the many dilemmas concerning the definition of the philosophers knowledge that legitimates his command of the city. We shall answer how it is possible that the knowledge of the Forms can constitute the practical wisdom the philosopher needs for his political activities. An evaluation is made of some scholars assumption that in Platos argument lies a deep conflict between his practical conception of the philosopher and his theoretical conception of the same. Indeed, a suspicion is raised by some commentators that the knowledge of the Forms and of the Good is so abstract and distant from our ordinary world that it is not really clear how it is to be used as a paradigm for the governing activity of the philosopher. The general assumption is that the special knowledge of the philosopher does not offer him any advantage over other possible candidates to the political office. Our main objective in this work is to develop an alternative view of Platos argument that shows how it is coherent and does not present the problems pointed out by these readers. We shall first develop a different conception of the nature of the knowledge of the Good, taking it as the understanding of the rational structure of reality. Another main point of our reading is the interpretation we offer of the important platonic concept of mímesis - a key to the understanding that there is no such conflict on Platos views on the philosopher.

O estudo é dedicado à investigação da figura da suppressio (Verwirkung), modalidade de abuso de direito fundada na violação à boa-fé objetiva, originada na prática jurisprudencial alemã. A pesquisa lança bases dogmáticas sobre a natureza jurídica da suppressio, seus pressupostos, efeitos, fundamento legal e axiológico, limites e interações com figuras análogas. Dedica-se, ainda, à análise da jurisprudência brasileira sobre o tema, em comentários a julgados específicos reputados mais significativos à fixação dos pontos controversos da disciplina. O recurso ao direito estrangeiro é frequente, dada mesmo a origem europeia da suppressio, mas a metodologia não é comparatista. O objetivo é compreender e criar um perfil tipicamente nacional da suppressio, com elevada operatividade que confira segurança jurídica em seu manejo. / The study is devoted to the investigation of the suppressio (Verwirkung), a type of abuse of rights based on the violation of the objective good faith, which originated in the German case law. The research throws dogmatic bases regarding the legal nature of suppressio, the requirements for its use, the effects arising therefrom, legal basis and axiological foundation, limits and interactions with similar figures. Further, the research dedicated itself to the analysis of the Brazilian case law on the subject, through comments specific to the precedents in which the controversial points of the discipline could be better analyzed. The use of foreign law is continuous throughout the text, mainly due to the European origin of suppressio, but the methodology is not one of comparative law. The goal is to understand and create a typically national profile for suppressio with high operability that ensures legal certainty in its management.

O radiofármaco FLT-18F é um análogo do nucleosídeo timidina e um promissor marcador da proliferação tumoral para imagens em PET. A síntese deste radiofármaco não é simples e, muitas vezes, apresenta baixos rendimentos. Este radiofármaco já vem sendo estudado há alguns anos, porém, não há produção, nem estudos clínicos, no Brasil. O estudo do processo produtivo e a sua adequação às diretrizes de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (ANVISA) são de extrema importância. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a síntese deste radiofármaco, avaliar os métodos de controle de qualidade que serão utilizados na rotina de produção futura, realizar estudos de citotoxicidade, estudos de biodistribuição e imagens PET em animais, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento e elaboração do protocolo de validação de processo e estabelecimento das metodologias analíticas a serem utilizadas durante a rotina de produção. Inicialmente, foi estudada a síntese e produção do produto FLT-18F, com a avaliação de três temperaturas diferentes de marcação, a m de vericar o comportamento do rendimento radioquímico e a estabilidade do produto nal. Os estudos de metodologia analítica compreenderam as análises de identicação radionuclídica, determinação dos pers cromatográcos, pureza radioquímica, solventes residuais e pH. Estudos in vitro do FLT- 18F de internalização e citotoxicidade também foram feitos. Nos estudos in vivo, avaliou-se a farmacocinética, biodistribuição em animais sadios e em animais com modelos tumorais, além de imagens PET/CT de animais com melanoma. O produto nal apresentou alta pureza radioquímica e mostrou-se estável por até 10 horas após a síntese, porém obteve-se um rendimento radioquímico relativamente baixo, conforme descrito na literatura. As metodologias analíticas testadas mostraram-se adequadas para o uso no controle de qualidade do FLT-18F. Nos estudos in vitro o FLT-18F apresentou uma signicativa porcentagem de ligação às células tumorais e a molécula não radiomarcada não foi considerada tóxica para estas células estudadas. A biodistribuição e as imagens apresentaram resultados compatíveis com o esperado. As contribuições para a validação de processo foram satisfatórias e auxiliarão na validação futura do processo produtivo do radiofármaco em estudo. / Radiopharmaceutical 18F-FLT is a thymidine nucleoside analogue and a promising tumor proliferation marker for PET images. The synthesis of this radiopharmaceutical is not simple, and often has low yields. This radiopharmaceutical has already been studied for some years; however, there is no production, nor are there clinical studies in Brazil. The study of the production process and its compliance with the guidelines of Good Manufacturing Practices (ANVISA) are of extreme importance. This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of this radiopharmaceutical, evaluate methods of quality control that will be used in future production routines, perform cytotoxicity studies, biodistribution studies and PET imaging in animals, thereby contributing to the development and elaboration of the process validation protocol and to the establishment of analytical methods to be used during production routines. Initially, we studied the synthesis and production of 18F-FLT, with the evaluation of three dierent temperatures of radiolabeling to check the behavior of the radiochemical yield and stability of the nal product. Studies of analytical methodology comprised the analysis of radionuclide identication, determination of chromatographic proles, radiochemical purity, residual solvents, and pH. In vitro studies of internalization and cytotoxicity were also carried out. In in vivo studies, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution in healthy animals and in animals with tumor models, in addition to PET/CT images in animals with melanomas. The nal product had high radiochemical purity and was stable for up to 10 hours after the synthesis, but got a relatively low radiochemical yield, as described in the literature. The tested analytical methods proved suitable for use in the quality control of 18F-FLT. In in vitro studies, 18F-FLT showed a signicant percentage of binding to tumor cells, and the nonradiolabeled molecule was not considered toxic for these studied cells. The biodistribution and images showed results that were consistent with expectations. Contributions to the validation process were satisfactory, and will assist in the future validation of the production process of the radiotracer under study.

The Common Good was the ancient patrimony of a Scottish burgh, and the central resource of urban government before local rates. By the early nineteenth century this revenue was under considerable strain due to rapid population growth and urban expansion. As pressure on urban institutions and resources increased, so did debts secured against the revenue stream from Common Good assets, anxieties about which triggered the campaign for burgh reform. In 1833, as the Burgh Reform Act changed the electoral basis of burgh government, Edinburgh was declared bankrupt due to levels of borrowing incurred to build and extend the New Town and to expand Leith harbour. This thesis uses Common Good accounts as its quantitative basis. The disbursements of extant accounts for the period 1820-56 were recorded and assigned analytical categories in order to compare expenditure of different types over time. Such detailed analysis constitutes a major contribution to the existing historiography of Scottish cities and local government, providing insight into changing spending and priorities, and the effects on the unravelling of the old political order. It also facilitates discussion of the changing nature of corruption and probity in public life during a period when expectations of those holding office changed substantially. In the 1820s burgh reform seemed likely, yet in responding to the challenges of urban government, the unreformed Council was innovative. Two case studies illustrate the contingency function of the Common Good. Whilst George IV’s visit is well-known, that the Council used Common Good money to provide civic hospitality and promotion is not. The Great Fires of Edinburgh of 1824 were very damaging, especially around Parliament Square, and the Council offered a sophisticated response using the resources of the Common Good which included emergency aid to those in need, and the establishment of the first municipal fire brigade. In 1833 Edinburgh was declared bankrupt, and the City’s assets were transferred to trustees appointed for the Creditors. Without control of its finances during protracted negotiations, the new, elected Council suffered from a ‘legitimacy deficit.’ The Settlement Act 1838 served to ‘translate’ the Burgh Reform Act, 1833 to Edinburgh’s needs, as it restructured municipal debt and gave Leith a portion of Edinburgh’s Common Good, which meant Leith could make use of its police burgh status gained in 1833. This case shows the higher importance of local legislation to a major city rather than general acts. With the problems of the former political system resolved, Edinburgh’s 1856 Extension Act expanded municipal boundaries and transferred police powers to the Council, so moving towards a unitary authority. Neither burgh reform nor the restructuring of local government can be understood without first analysing how the Common Good was used, and this thesis takes important strides in that direction.

O radiofármaco FLT-18F é um análogo do nucleosídeo timidina e um promissor marcador da proliferação tumoral para imagens em PET. A síntese deste radiofármaco não é simples e, muitas vezes, apresenta baixos rendimentos. Este radiofármaco já vem sendo estudado há alguns anos, porém, não há produção, nem estudos clínicos, no Brasil. O estudo do processo produtivo e a sua adequação às diretrizes de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (ANVISA) são de extrema importância. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a síntese deste radiofármaco, avaliar os métodos de controle de qualidade que serão utilizados na rotina de produção futura, realizar estudos de citotoxicidade, estudos de biodistribuição e imagens PET em animais, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento e elaboração do protocolo de validação de processo e estabelecimento das metodologias analíticas a serem utilizadas durante a rotina de produção. Inicialmente, foi estudada a síntese e produção do produto FLT-18F, com a avaliação de três temperaturas diferentes de marcação, a m de vericar o comportamento do rendimento radioquímico e a estabilidade do produto nal. Os estudos de metodologia analítica compreenderam as análises de identicação radionuclídica, determinação dos pers cromatográcos, pureza radioquímica, solventes residuais e pH. Estudos in vitro do FLT- 18F de internalização e citotoxicidade também foram feitos. Nos estudos in vivo, avaliou-se a farmacocinética, biodistribuição em animais sadios e em animais com modelos tumorais, além de imagens PET/CT de animais com melanoma. O produto nal apresentou alta pureza radioquímica e mostrou-se estável por até 10 horas após a síntese, porém obteve-se um rendimento radioquímico relativamente baixo, conforme descrito na literatura. As metodologias analíticas testadas mostraram-se adequadas para o uso no controle de qualidade do FLT-18F. Nos estudos in vitro o FLT-18F apresentou uma signicativa porcentagem de ligação às células tumorais e a molécula não radiomarcada não foi considerada tóxica para estas células estudadas. A biodistribuição e as imagens apresentaram resultados compatíveis com o esperado. As contribuições para a validação de processo foram satisfatórias e auxiliarão na validação futura do processo produtivo do radiofármaco em estudo. / Radiopharmaceutical 18F-FLT is a thymidine nucleoside analogue and a promising tumor proliferation marker for PET images. The synthesis of this radiopharmaceutical is not simple, and often has low yields. This radiopharmaceutical has already been studied for some years; however, there is no production, nor are there clinical studies in Brazil. The study of the production process and its compliance with the guidelines of Good Manufacturing Practices (ANVISA) are of extreme importance. This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of this radiopharmaceutical, evaluate methods of quality control that will be used in future production routines, perform cytotoxicity studies, biodistribution studies and PET imaging in animals, thereby contributing to the development and elaboration of the process validation protocol and to the establishment of analytical methods to be used during production routines. Initially, we studied the synthesis and production of 18F-FLT, with the evaluation of three dierent temperatures of radiolabeling to check the behavior of the radiochemical yield and stability of the nal product. Studies of analytical methodology comprised the analysis of radionuclide identication, determination of chromatographic proles, radiochemical purity, residual solvents, and pH. In vitro studies of internalization and cytotoxicity were also carried out. In in vivo studies, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution in healthy animals and in animals with tumor models, in addition to PET/CT images in animals with melanomas. The nal product had high radiochemical purity and was stable for up to 10 hours after the synthesis, but got a relatively low radiochemical yield, as described in the literature. The tested analytical methods proved suitable for use in the quality control of 18F-FLT. In in vitro studies, 18F-FLT showed a signicant percentage of binding to tumor cells, and the nonradiolabeled molecule was not considered toxic for these studied cells. The biodistribution and images showed results that were consistent with expectations. Contributions to the validation process were satisfactory, and will assist in the future validation of the production process of the radiotracer under study.

Magister Artium - MA (History) / In the following two chapters I will attempt to offer a more systemic account of St. Helena immigration to South African between 1838 and 1948. To date, no such study has been undertaken, despite a vibrant oral tradition amongst the descendants of St. Helena immigrants celebrating their St. Helenian heritage and often, in peculiar fashion, romanticise their Island of provenance. The commencement date for my chosen timeframe emerges from a need to authenticate rather tenuous historical accounts of St. Helena’s first mass emigration for the Cape of Good Hope in 1838. Where cases of migration are discussed, these are either incidences of large-­scale 41, often aided, migration and settlement, or of those St. Helena migrant workers initially employed under temporary contacts to work in South Africa, specifically within burgeoning industrial sectors of the late-­nineteenth or early-­twentieth century South Africa.

This doctoral thesis presents a critical analysis of the global debate on the ‘good governance’ of the extractive resources sectors. Its starting point is that over the past decade this debate has seen a remarkable elevation, while at the same time the governance concept itself has been subjected to critique. To understand how the sector-focused ‘good governance’ agenda compares against this critique, the thesis uses a conceptual framework that identifies the different uses of this concept. Against this background, it reviews the main scholarly debates on the opportunities and challenges of countries producing extractive resources and identifies four critical questions, which it then sets out to answer. The main argument is that the global debate on the ‘good governance’ of the extractive resources sectors has been built on the widely endorsed conclusion that ‘good institutions’ make for better outcomes and that therefore producer countries need to improve their sector institutions. However, this seemingly obvious conclusion has ignored the complexity and confusion around ‘governance’ and ‘institutions’ that prevails across the broader social science literature. This argument is based on the answers the thesis provides to four critical questions: what are institutions; how do institutions change; how are they enforced; and do existing institutions matter for the design of interventions aimed at improving institutions. The thesis lays open that the policy conclusions of the global debate are premised on the dominance of a particular reference point paired with a particular methodology where the emphasis has been on, first, identifying the types of institutions that have apparently led to desired results, and then to promote these as a means to steer towards these results. It concludes that this focus has premised the global agenda on a false sense of clarity on what producer countries ought to be improving.

Despite increasing philosophical knowledge of disaster planning and preparedness, disasters still remain a challenge in many communities. As a result, communities, environment and economies remain considerably vulnerable and at the risk of disaster destruction hence, sustainable development is undermined. The purpose of this study is to review and assess the state of community readiness in order to prevent and mitigate common hazards in the City of Johannesburg, especially in previously disadvantaged communities such as Protea-South. A survey and interviews was conducted with the local community members. Results show that, this community like many others, is at high risk, due to their living circumstances. e.g. the presence of densely built shacks on a flood plain; poor hygiene and sanitation, pollution, poverty etc. There is therefore a need for a paradigm shift by institutions from emergency response and the provision of hard infrastructure to disaster prevention, preparedness and soft infrastructure provision by means of an approach encompassing collaborative planning.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--Boston University

Latino males have come to be an “invisible” populace that is underrepresented in higher education (Saenz & Ponjuan, The vanishing Latino male in higher education, 2009). Previous research has addressed the causes for why Latino males are declining and not persisting in college (Harper, (Re)setting the agenda for college men of color: Lessons learned from a 15-year movement to improve Black male student success, 2014; Saenz & Ponjuan, The vanishing Latino male in higher education, 2009). However, scholars who have studied this subject concluded this is a multifaceted concern that needs to be understood in more depth. Latino males are struggling to keep up with their male and female peers at crucial transition points of the education pipeline (Saenz & Ponjuan, The vanishing Latino male in higher education, 2009). The plight of Latino males continues to be a challenging educational issue, which is magnified by the neglect of policy makers, educators, and leaders in higher education who continue to overlook the unique socioeconomic and cultural characteristics surrounding the Latino male experiences in postsecondary education (Noguera & Hurtado, 2012). The problem that this study addresses is the truncated college completion rates among Latino males of Mexican ancestry and the persistent problem of the increasing gender gap and underrepresentation of Latino male student’s graduation rates. This narrative inquiry examined the cultural concepts of familismo and the “good son dilemma” as they relate to the college experience of Latino students which thereby informs a deeper understanding of the experiences that facilitate successful academic achievement of Latino male students of Mexican ancestry. Secondly, this study aimed to highlight the voices of Latino male students of Mexican ancestry, who have navigated through the educational system and graduated from a four-year higher education institution.