京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医科学) / 乙第13482号 / 論医科博第8号 / 新制||医科||9(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 岩田 想, 教授 秋山 芳展, 教授 近藤 玄 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Morphogens of the Wnt and Hedgehog families are secreted signaling molecules that coordinate growth and patterning of many different tissues. Both, Wingless and Hedgehog spread across long distances in developing wing of Drosophila melanogaster. However, both proteins are covalently modified with lipid moieties. The mechanisms that allow long-range movement of such hydrophobic molecules are unclear. Like Wingles and Hedgehog, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-linked proteins also transfer between cells with their lipid anchor intact. It has been speculated that gpi-linked proteins and lipid-linked morphogens travel together on a membranous particle, which was termed an argosome. As yet however, no functional link between argosome production and dispersal of lipid-linked proteins has been established. The topic of this thesis is to understand the cell biological nature of the argosome and thus contribute to understanding of morphogen gradient formation. To address the question of argosome biosynthesis, at least two models have been proposed. One possibility is that argosomes are membranous exovesicles with a complete membrane bilayer. Alternatively, argosomes might resemble lipoprotein particles that comprise on of a family of apolipoproteins scaffolded around a phospholipid monolayer that surrounds a core of esterified cholesterol and triglyceride. Lipid-modified proteins of the exoplasmic face of the membrane (like GFPgpi, Wingless or Hedgehog) might fit well into the outer phospholipid monolayer of such a particle. Here, I utilize biochemical fractionation to determine the sort of particle that lipid-linked proteins associate with. I show that Wingless, Hedgehog and gpi-linked proteins bind Drosophila lipoprotein particles in vitro, and colocalize with them in wing imaginal discs. Next, I use genetic means to address the functional importance of this association. I demonstrate that reducing Lipophorin levels in Drosophila larvae perturbs long-range but not shor-range Wingless and Hedgehog signaling, and increases the sequestration of Hedgehog by Patched. I propose that Lipophorin particles are vehicles for the long-range movement of lipid-linked morphogens and gpi-linked proteins.

[pt] Modelos organizacionais são excelentes insumos para a engenharia de requisitos, uma vez que eles são ricos em detalhes sobre o sistema de informação, permitindo a comunicação, entendimento, avaliação do domínio, e a elicitação da informação para a definição de requisitos de software. Dentro do contexto da administração organizacional, estes modelos são usados em uma variedade de propósitos, incluindo o alinhamento organizacional, o qual é um dos maiores desafios das companhias em ambientes de alta competitividade. O alinhamento organizacional torna explicita as relações entre a camada operacional e de objetivos, o que deve ser representado através de modelos organizacionais para ampliar as possibilidades de avaliação, mensuração e melhoria. No contexto de sistemas de software, é importante o uso de modelos com alta qualidade e aderência aos objetivos organizacionais. Para se alcançar um nível satisfatório de alinhamento, somente a projeção de processos bem definidos não é suficiente. Também é necessário o alinhamento estratégico de diversas perspectivas da organização, por exemplo, financeira, planejamento, tecnologia e recursos humanos. Entretanto, quando se trata de alinhamento estratégico, as linguagens de modelagem organizacional não abordam diversos aspectos. Esta tese busca expandir a capacidade da modelagem organizacional, inserindo recursos que ajudam a análise do alinhamento estratégico. Em especial, a perspectiva de Recursos Humanos é abordada, a qual consideramos uma das mais relevantes para o alinhamento organizacional devido a sua posição vital na execução dos processos organizacionais. / [en] Organizational models are excellent inputs for requirement engineering, since they carry a huge amount of detail about information systems, allowing the communication, understanding, domain evaluation, and the information elicitation to the definition of software requirements. Inside the organizational administration context, these models are used for a variety of purposes, including organizational alignment, which is a major challenge for companies in a highly competitive environment. Organizational alignment makes explicit the relationship between the operational and objective layers, what must be represented in organizational models to increase the possibilities of evaluation, measurement and improvement. In the context of software systems, it is important to use models with higher quality and adherence to the organizational objectives. To achieve satisfactory level of alignment, only the designing of well-defined processes is not enough. It is also necessary to strategically align diverse perspectives of the organization, for example, budget, planning, technology, and human resources. However, when it comes to strategic alignment, organizational modeling languages do not address several aspects. This thesis seeks to expand the capacity of organizational modeling, inserting resources that help the strategic alignment analysis. Especially the Human Resources perspective will be approached, which we consider one of the most relevant to organizational alignment, due to its vital position in the execution of organizational processes.

Morphogens of the Wnt and Hedgehog families are secreted signaling molecules that coordinate growth and patterning of many different tissues. Both, Wingless and Hedgehog spread across long distances in developing wing of Drosophila melanogaster. However, both proteins are covalently modified with lipid moieties. The mechanisms that allow long-range movement of such hydrophobic molecules are unclear. Like Wingles and Hedgehog, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-linked proteins also transfer between cells with their lipid anchor intact. It has been speculated that gpi-linked proteins and lipid-linked morphogens travel together on a membranous particle, which was termed an argosome. As yet however, no functional link between argosome production and dispersal of lipid-linked proteins has been established. The topic of this thesis is to understand the cell biological nature of the argosome and thus contribute to understanding of morphogen gradient formation. To address the question of argosome biosynthesis, at least two models have been proposed. One possibility is that argosomes are membranous exovesicles with a complete membrane bilayer. Alternatively, argosomes might resemble lipoprotein particles that comprise on of a family of apolipoproteins scaffolded around a phospholipid monolayer that surrounds a core of esterified cholesterol and triglyceride. Lipid-modified proteins of the exoplasmic face of the membrane (like GFPgpi, Wingless or Hedgehog) might fit well into the outer phospholipid monolayer of such a particle. Here, I utilize biochemical fractionation to determine the sort of particle that lipid-linked proteins associate with. I show that Wingless, Hedgehog and gpi-linked proteins bind Drosophila lipoprotein particles in vitro, and colocalize with them in wing imaginal discs. Next, I use genetic means to address the functional importance of this association. I demonstrate that reducing Lipophorin levels in Drosophila larvae perturbs long-range but not shor-range Wingless and Hedgehog signaling, and increases the sequestration of Hedgehog by Patched. I propose that Lipophorin particles are vehicles for the long-range movement of lipid-linked morphogens and gpi-linked proteins.

Malaria caused by the protozan parasite Plasmodium is one of the most serious infectious diseases in the developing world. It is estimated that malaria causes an annual mortality rate of ~627,000. New drugs are urgently required, as the incidence of resistance is spreading rapidly. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins decorate the merozoite surface and several of which, including merozoite surface proteins - 1 and -2 have previously been shown to be essential for erythrocyte invasion and parasite survival. Plasmodium GPI-anchors contain a glycan core consisting of four mannose residues. Therefore, the enzymes involved in the synthesis of activated mannose, guanidine diphosphomannose pyrophosphorylase (GDP-Man PP) and dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS), are thought to be crucial for GPI-anchor biosynthesis and as such potential drug targets. Double homologous recombination has been exploited to test whether PfGDP-Man PP and PfDPMS are essential during the erythrocytic portion of the parasite's life cycle. Additionally, overexpression parasite lines for both enzymes have been generated and have shown that the regulation of the two enzymes are intricately linked. Focused metabolomics by multi-reaction monitoring of the overexpression lines suggests that the fucosylation pathway may have a novel function within the parasite, possibly as a dynamic store for activated fucose/mannose. In order to determine the cellular concentration of key metabolites within the parasite, the volumes of the intra-erythrocytic stages have been determined and show that the concentration of metabolites in the ring stage parasites is substantially higher than previously thought. Furthermore, the sub-cellular localisation of GDP-Man PP and DPMS has been determined by immunofluorescence assay. The recombinant expression of DPMS in E. coli allowed its active site residues to be probed as well as establishing a platform for inhibitors to be screened against the enzyme. Finally, inhibitors of the T. brucei DPMS enzyme have been screened against the P. falciparum parasites in culture.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Les espèces du complexe Scedosporium apiospermum sont des agents pathogènes émergents qui se situent au deuxième rang parmi les champignons filamenteux rencontrés au cours de la mucoviscidose. Ils sont omniprésents et particulièrement rencontrés dans les zones polluées. En dépit de leur importance clinique, nos connaissances sur leur biologie moléculaire et leur physiologie restent limitées. Chez les champignons, la paroi constitue un bouclier protecteur face à des conditions environnementales défavorables, et joue un rôle essentiel dans la pathogénicité. Ici, nous avons étudié les changements dynamiques de la paroi des conidies de S. boydii, l’une des deux espèces majeures de ce complexe avec S. apiospermum, avec pour objectif d'identifier des facteurs de virulence potentiels. En utilisant une large variété de techniques, allant de la microscopie électronique à balayage ou à transmission à l’analyse protéomique des protéines à ancre glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) en passant par la microélectrophorèse et la partition de phase, la cytométrie en flux, la microscopie de force atomique, la résonance paramagnétique électronique, ou encore des techniques moléculaires, nous avons mis en évidence diverses modifications qui se produisent dans la paroi pendant la maturation et la germination des conidies de S. boydii et nous avons identifié la DHN-mélanine ainsi qu'un nombre important de protéines à ancre GPI. Enfin, nous avons fourni la première séquence complète du génome de S. apiospermum qui appuierait les différents domaines de la recherche sur ces champignons que ce soit pour l’étude des mécanismes pathogènes ou pour des applications biotechnologiques. / Species of the Scedosporium apiospermum complex are emerging human pathogens which rank the second, after Aspergillus fumigatus, among the filamentous fungi colonizing the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. These fungi are ubiquitous in nature and particularly encountered in polluted areas. Despite their clinical relevance, our knowledge about their molecular biology and physiology remains rather limited. In fungi, the cell wall forms a protective shield against adverse environmental conditions, and therefore plays a key role in pathogenesis, which makes it an interesting target for antifungal drug development. Here, in an attempt to identify potential virulence factors, we investigated the dynamic changes of the cell wall of conidia in S. boydii, one of the main pathogenic species within this species complex with Scedosporium apiospermum. Using various techniques, ranging from scanning and transmission electron microscopy to proteomic analysis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)- anchored proteins, through two-phase partitioning and microelectrophoresis, atomic force microscopy and chemical force spectroscopy, flow 5 cytometry, electron paramagnetic resonance and molecular techniques, we highlighted various modifications occurring in the cell wall during maturation and germination of S. boydii and we identified DHN-melanin as well as a substantial number of GPI-anchored proteins in the cell wall. Finally, we provided the first publicly available genome sequence of S. apiospermum that would support various research fields on these fungi whether for understanding their pathogenic mechanisms or for various biotechnological applications.

<p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to treat the motor symptoms of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Although this therapy has been widely applied, the mechanisms of action underlying its effectiveness remain unclear. The goal of this dissertation was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS by quantifying changes in neuronal activity in the basal ganglia during both effective and ineffective DBS.</p><p>Two different approaches were adopted in this study. The first approach was the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rat model. Using this animal model, we developed behavioral tests that were used to quantify the effectiveness of DBS with various frequencies and temporal patterns. These changes in behavior were correlated with changes in the activity of multiple single neurons recorded from the globus pallidus externa (GPe) and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr). The second approach was a computational model of the basal ganglia-thalamic network. The output of the model was quantified using an error index that measured the fidelity of transmission of information in model thalamic neurons. We quantified changes in error index as well as neural activity within the model GPe and globus pallidus interna (GPi, equivalent to the SNr in rats).</p><p>Using these two approaches, we first quantified the effects of different frequencies of STN DBS. High frequency stimulation was more effective than low frequency stimulation at reducing motor symptoms in the rat, as well as improving the error index of the computational model. In both the GPe and SNr/GPi from the rat and computational model, pathological low frequency oscillations were present. These low frequency oscillations were suppressed during effective high frequency DBS but not low frequency DBS. Furthermore, effective high frequency DBS generated oscillations in neural firing at the same frequency of stimulation. Such changes in neuronal firing patterns were independent of changes in firing rates.</p><p>Next, we investigated the effects of different temporal patterns of high frequency stimulation. Stimulus trains with the same number of pulses per second but different coefficients of variation (CVs) were delivered to the PD rat as well as PD model. 130 Hz regular DBS was more effective than irregular DBS at alleviating motor symptoms of the PD rat and improving error index in the computational model. However, the most irregular stimulation pattern was still more effective than low frequency stimulation. All patterns of DBS were able to suppress the pathological low frequency oscillations present in the GPe and SNr/GPi, but only 130 Hz stimulation increased high frequency 130 Hz oscillations. Therefore, the suppression of pathological low frequency neural oscillations was necessary but not sufficient to produce the maximum benefits of DBS.</p><p>The effectiveness of regular high frequency STN DBS was associated with a decrease in pathological low frequency oscillations and an increase in high frequency oscillations. These observations indicate that the effects of DBS are not only mediated by changes in firing rate, but also involve changes in neuronal firing patterns within the basal ganglia. The shift in neural oscillations from low to high frequency during effective STN DBS suggests that high frequency regular DBS suppresses pathological firing by entraining neurons to the stimulus pulses. </p><p>Therefore, results from this dissertation support the hypothesis that the underlying mechanism of effective DBS is its ability to entrain and regularize neuronal firing, therefore disrupting pathological patterns of activity within the basal ganglia.</p> / Dissertation

Quantification of blood fraction (fblood), blood oxygenation (S<img src="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/jbio.201200055/asset/equation/tex2gif-inf-2.gif?v=1&amp;t=h70man4a&amp;s=4a6d004ec608a2a6ec8e8597f73bdb6be30286e8" />), melanin, lipofuscin and oxidised and reduced Cytochrome aa 3 and c was done from diffuse reflectance spectra captured in cortex, white matter, globus pallidus internus (GPi) and subthalamus during stereotactic implantations of 29 deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes with the aim of investigating whether the chromophores can give physiological information about the targets for DBS. Double-sided Mann-Whitney U -tests showed more lipofuscin in GPi compared to white matter and subthalamus (p &lt; 0.05). Compared to the other structures, fbloodwas significantly higher in cortex (p &lt; 0.05) and S<img src="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/jbio.201200055/asset/equation/tex2gif-inf-4.gif?v=1&amp;t=h70man4c&amp;s=855c70105e88a292de25618487573dfc7d30e08a" /> lower in GPi (p &lt; 0.05). Median values and range for fblood were 1.0 [0.2–6.0]% in the cortex, 0.3 [0.1–8.2]% in white matter, 0.2 [0.1–0.8]% in the GPi and 0.2 [0.1–11.7]% in the subthalamus. Corresponding values for S<img src="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/jbio.201200055/asset/equation/tex2gif-inf-6.gif?v=1&amp;t=h70man4e&amp;s=151ec25bee7270bcfc2292e70d6f4aea18348dbc" /> was 20 [0–81]% in the cortex, 29 [0–78]% in white matter, 0 [0–0]% in the GPi and 0 [0–92]% in the subthalamus. In conclusion, the measurements indicate very low oxygenation and blood volume for DBS patients, especially in the GPi. It would be of great interest to investigate whether this is due to the disease, the normal situation or an artefact of doing invasive measurements.

C. albicans est le pathogène opportuniste le plus fréquemment incriminé lors de candidoses nosocomiales. Sa paroi est une cible majeure pour le développement de nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques. Une classe majoritaire des protéines de paroi est composée par les protéines à ancre GPI dont la famille la plus étendue est représentée par les protéines Iff. La fonction des 12 protéines Iff est largement inconnue, mais des indications ont été récemment obtenues pour trois d'entre elles. Hyr1, régulée par la morphogenèse, a été identifiée comme un facteur de virulence, Iff4 est impliquée dans l'adhérence aux plastiques et Iff11, la seule protéine secrétée de la famille, est impliquée dans la biosynthèse de la paroi et dans la virulence. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que les gènes de cette famille, à l'exception de HYR1, étaient peu exprimés en conditions de croissance au laboratoire et également in vivo chez la souris. Le gène IFF2 est cependant fortement induit sur milieu minimum en phase stationnaire. Nous avons construit des mutants nuls homozygotes pour chacun de ces gènes, sauf pour IFF3 et IFF9, identiques à 99% en séquence et probablement essentiels. Les mutants obtenus ne présentent aucun défaut détectable au niveau de la biosynthèse de la paroi, de leur réponse au pH, à un stress oxydatif ou à une forte température. Ils ne sont pas davantage affectés dans leur adhérence sur cellules épithéliales HeLa ou dans leur survie en présence de macrophages J774. En milieu de croissance des cellules HeLa, la délétion de IFF2, IFF6, IFF7 et IFF8 semble cependant affecter la transcription d'IFF3 et d'IFF9, suggérant l'existence de mécanismes de régulations croisées.