No description available.

Apresentamos a teoria sobre mercados de dois lados, centralizados e descentralizados, para analisar o mercado de admissão de estudantes aos Centros de Pós-graduação em Economia no Brasil ao longo dos últimos 15 anos. Iniciamos descrevendo a história da organização deste mercado até a época atual. As falhas do sistema descentralizado e as hipóteses sobre o insucesso do procedimento centralizado de 1997 são discutidas. Observações empíricas são utilizadas para propor um modelo teórico que represente aproximadamente o atual mecanismo descentralizado e explique a aparente duradoura aplicação desse mecanismo. Por fim, tecemos considerações a respeito das possibilidades de aprimoramento deste mercado com modificações do mecanismo existente. / We present the theory of two-sided matching markets, with centralized and decentralized mechanisms, in order to analyze a Brazilian market in which graduated students seek positions in postgraduate programs in economics. We first describe the institutional history of this market. The failures of the decentralized procedure and the hypothesis about the failure of the 1997 centralized mechanism are discussed. Empirical observations are used to propose a theoretical model that represents the actual decentralized matching procedure of the market. Based in this model we explain the apparent long-lasting use of this decentralized mechanism. Finally, we make considerations about the possibilities of developments in this market by modifying the mechanism used today.

Jusqu’à peu, Mars était vue comme une planète à substrat crustal homogène, dominé par des basaltes à olivine. Les missions in situ ont contribué à bouleverser cette vision si simpliste. Le rover Curiosity qui sillonne le cratère d’impact de Gale formé à l’Hespérien (3.5-3.8 Ga) creusé dans des roches noachiennes (> 3.8 Ga), a ainsi découvert, grâce aux analyses LIBS (‘laser induced breakdown spectroscopy’) de l’instrument ChemCam, des roches ignées alcalines felsiques noachiennes, révélant un magmatisme primitif évolué (Sautter et al., 2016) : ce résultat est en accord avec l’identification récente de clastes ignés felsiques d’âge Noachien observés dans la brèche martienne NWA 7533 et ses paires. Une croûte primitive martienne évoluée de type ‘continentale’ aurait-elle existé ? C’est ce que suggère ce travail de par l’observation orbitale GRS de plusieurs terrains noachiens felsiques enrichis en K et Th et abondants en feldspaths. Par ailleurs, du fait de l’identification de feldspaths peu calciques dans les roches et clastes de Gale et de la brèche, il est envisagé ici que la croûte primitive martienne ait pu se former selon un modèle différent de l’océan de magma défini sur la Lune. De plus, la quantification de Li, Rb, Sr et Ba dans l’ensemble des matériaux ignés de Gale analysés par la LIBS ainsi que leurs concentrations dans les clastes ignés de la brèche, suggèrent l’existence de plusieurs réservoirs magmatiques primitifs. En parallèle, la quantification du Cu à partir des données LIBS effectuée dans cette étude, met en évidence des abondances anormalement élevées dans des roches potassiques de la région de Kimberley. Majoritairement associées à des silicates détritiques ignés, ces phases de cuivre proviendraient d’une source magmatique primitive siliceuse localisée dans le flanc Nord de Gale. Au Noachien, la circulation hydrothermale dans un magma évolué aurait formé un gisement métallifère de cuivre aux alentours du cratère. Finalement, la Terre et Mars sont géologiquement plus proches que jamais / Until recently, Mars was considered as a planet with a homogeneous crust dominated by olivine-rich basalts. This simplistic vision has been largely disrupted especially with results of recent in situ missions. In this way, the Curiosity rover that travels in Gale crater, which formed by impact during the Hesperian period (3.5-3.8 Gyr) within igneous basement rocks dated at 4.2 Gyr, discovered Noachian alkaline igneous rocks (> 3.8 Gyr) using the ChemCam LIBS instrument (‘laser induced breakdown spectroscopy’): this observation along with the recent identification of Noachian igneous felsic clasts within the breccia meteorite NWA 7533 and subsequent paired stones, revealed an evolved primitive magmatic system (Sautter et al., 2016). Would an evolved ‘continental’ primitive crust have ever existed on Mars? This is favored in this work by orbital GRS observations showing several Si-K-Th-rich Noachian terrains displaying abundant feldspars. Besides, the identification of low-Ca feldspars within the clasts of the breccia and Gale rocks, suggests that the primitive martian crust may have formed according to a model that differs from the lunar magma ocean. In addition, the LIBS quantification of Li, Rb, Sr and Ba presented in this work in igneous rocks, along with the distribution of alkali trace elements within the igneous clasts of the breccia, suggests the potential occurrence of several magmatic reservoirs. Concurrently, in the Kimberley formation, copper quantification using LIBS data, reveals anomalously elevated abundances within potassic rocks: these Cu-phases mainly associated with detrital igneous silicates, would come from a primitive felsic igneous source located in the northern rim. During the Noachian period, the hydrothermal circulation within an evolved magmatic chamber favored the formation of a Cu-bearing deposit in Gale vicinity. After all, the Earth and Mars are geologically closer than ever

Apresentamos a teoria sobre mercados de dois lados, centralizados e descentralizados, para analisar o mercado de admissão de estudantes aos Centros de Pós-graduação em Economia no Brasil ao longo dos últimos 15 anos. Iniciamos descrevendo a história da organização deste mercado até a época atual. As falhas do sistema descentralizado e as hipóteses sobre o insucesso do procedimento centralizado de 1997 são discutidas. Observações empíricas são utilizadas para propor um modelo teórico que represente aproximadamente o atual mecanismo descentralizado e explique a aparente duradoura aplicação desse mecanismo. Por fim, tecemos considerações a respeito das possibilidades de aprimoramento deste mercado com modificações do mecanismo existente. / We present the theory of two-sided matching markets, with centralized and decentralized mechanisms, in order to analyze a Brazilian market in which graduated students seek positions in postgraduate programs in economics. We first describe the institutional history of this market. The failures of the decentralized procedure and the hypothesis about the failure of the 1997 centralized mechanism are discussed. Empirical observations are used to propose a theoretical model that represents the actual decentralized matching procedure of the market. Based in this model we explain the apparent long-lasting use of this decentralized mechanism. Finally, we make considerations about the possibilities of developments in this market by modifying the mechanism used today.

La thaxtomine A (TA) est la principale toxine produite par l'agent pathogène causant la gale commune Streptomyces scabies.La TA est nécessaire et suffisante à l'induction des symptômes de la maladie.La TA a un rôle d'inhibiteur de la synthèse de la cellulose et cause une inhibition importante de la croissance racinaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana. Ce projet avait pour objectif de caractériser un mutant d'Arabidopsis plus résistant à la TA, 9F32, dans le but de mieux comprendre le mécanisme d'action de la TA. 9F32 a démontré une résistance trois fois plus importante à la TA que Col 0, autant au niveau du phénotype global qu'au niveau de la croissance racinaire. Le taux d'entrée de la TA mesuré chez 9F32 est significativement inférieur à celui du type sauvage et comparable à celui d'un mutant présumé du transport de la toxine, txr1. Une analyse de micro-puces à ADN a montré la variation d'expression de 195 gènes chez 9F32, 174 gènes ont une expression augmentée et 21 sont réprimés (FC [supérieur ou égal] 2). Cette analyse a montré que le mutant présente une expression augmentée des réponses de stress, et plus particulièrement de la voie de réponse de défense de l'acide salicylique. 9F32 présente un phénotype et une expression transcriptionnelle partageant les caractéristiques d'une privation de phosphore, soit une petite taille et une production accrue d'anthocyanines. Finalement, l'infection du mutant 9F32 avec la bactérie S. scabies a montré une diminution des symptômes par rapport au type sauvage Col 0. Ces résultats suggèrent que la résistance à la TA procure un avantage important lors de l'infection. 9F32 est donc un outil adéquat pour l'étude du mécanisme de la TA et ses phénotypes laissent présager un nouveau mécanisme de résistance à la toxine.

Stable matchings were introduced in 1962 by David Gale and Lloyd Shapley to study the college admissions problem. The seminal work of Gale and Shapley has motivated hundreds of research papers and found applications in many areas of mathematics, computer science, economics, and even medicine. This thesis studies stable matchings in graphs and hypergraphs. We begin by introducing the work of Gale and Shapley. Their main contribution was the proof that every bipartite graph has a stable matching. Our discussion revolves around the Gale-Shapley algorithm and highlights some of the interesting properties of stable matchings in bipartite graphs. We then progress to non-bipartite graphs. Contrary to bipartite graphs, we may not be able to find a stable matching in a non-bipartite graph. Some of the work of Irving will be surveyed, including his extension of the Gale-Shapley algorithm. Irving's algorithm shows that many of the properties of bipartite stable matchings remain when the general case is examined. In 1991, Tan showed how to extend the fundamental theorem of Gale and Shapley to non-bipartite graphs. He proved that every graph contains a set of edges that is very similar to a stable matching. In the process, he found a characterization of graphs with stable matchings based on a modification of Irving's algorithm. Aharoni and Fleiner gave a non-constructive proof of Tan's Theorem in 2003. Their proof relies on a powerful topological result, due to Scarf in 1965. In fact, their result extends beyond graphs and shows that every hypergraph has a fractional stable matching. We show how their work provides new and simpler proofs to several of Tan's results. We then consider fractional stable matchings from a linear programming perspective. Vande Vate obtained the first formulation for complete bipartite graphs in 1989. Further, he showed that the extreme points of the solution set exactly correspond to stable matchings. Roth, Rothblum, and Vande Vate extended Vande Vate's work to arbitrary bipartite graphs. Abeledo and Rothblum further noticed that this new formulation can model fractional stable matchings in non-bipartite graphs in 1994. Remarkably, these formulations yield analogous results to those obtained from Gale-Shapley's and Irving's algorithms. Without the presence of an algorithm, the properties are obtained through clever applications of duality and complementary slackness. We will also discuss stable matchings in hypergraphs. However, the desirable properties that are present in graphs no longer hold. To rectify this problem, we introduce a new ``majority" stable matchings for 3-uniform hypergraphs and show that, under this stronger definition, many properties extend beyond graphs. Once again, the linear programming tools of duality and complementary slackness are invaluable to our analysis. We will conclude with a discussion of two open problems relating to stable matchings in 3-uniform hypergraphs.

Stable matchings were introduced in 1962 by David Gale and Lloyd Shapley to study the college admissions problem. The seminal work of Gale and Shapley has motivated hundreds of research papers and found applications in many areas of mathematics, computer science, economics, and even medicine. This thesis studies stable matchings in graphs and hypergraphs. We begin by introducing the work of Gale and Shapley. Their main contribution was the proof that every bipartite graph has a stable matching. Our discussion revolves around the Gale-Shapley algorithm and highlights some of the interesting properties of stable matchings in bipartite graphs. We then progress to non-bipartite graphs. Contrary to bipartite graphs, we may not be able to find a stable matching in a non-bipartite graph. Some of the work of Irving will be surveyed, including his extension of the Gale-Shapley algorithm. Irving's algorithm shows that many of the properties of bipartite stable matchings remain when the general case is examined. In 1991, Tan showed how to extend the fundamental theorem of Gale and Shapley to non-bipartite graphs. He proved that every graph contains a set of edges that is very similar to a stable matching. In the process, he found a characterization of graphs with stable matchings based on a modification of Irving's algorithm. Aharoni and Fleiner gave a non-constructive proof of Tan's Theorem in 2003. Their proof relies on a powerful topological result, due to Scarf in 1965. In fact, their result extends beyond graphs and shows that every hypergraph has a fractional stable matching. We show how their work provides new and simpler proofs to several of Tan's results. We then consider fractional stable matchings from a linear programming perspective. Vande Vate obtained the first formulation for complete bipartite graphs in 1989. Further, he showed that the extreme points of the solution set exactly correspond to stable matchings. Roth, Rothblum, and Vande Vate extended Vande Vate's work to arbitrary bipartite graphs. Abeledo and Rothblum further noticed that this new formulation can model fractional stable matchings in non-bipartite graphs in 1994. Remarkably, these formulations yield analogous results to those obtained from Gale-Shapley's and Irving's algorithms. Without the presence of an algorithm, the properties are obtained through clever applications of duality and complementary slackness. We will also discuss stable matchings in hypergraphs. However, the desirable properties that are present in graphs no longer hold. To rectify this problem, we introduce a new ``majority" stable matchings for 3-uniform hypergraphs and show that, under this stronger definition, many properties extend beyond graphs. Once again, the linear programming tools of duality and complementary slackness are invaluable to our analysis. We will conclude with a discussion of two open problems relating to stable matchings in 3-uniform hypergraphs.

La recherche des phases hydratées à la surface de Mars est essentielle à la compréhension de son passé habitable et des changements climatiques globaux qu'elle a subis. Le rover MSL/Curiosity apporte de nouveaux moyens pour caractériser l'hydratation de la surface. En particulier, la spectroscopie de plasma induite par laser (LIBS) de l'instrument ChemCam mesure la composition élémentaire à distance. Il permet une détection de l'hydrogène par le pic d'émission H Balmer alpha à 656.6 nm. Cependant la quantification de cet élément n'a été que très peu étudiée. Le modèle de qualification de l'instrument ChemCam a été intégré à un banc LIBS afin d'analyser des séries d'échantillons hydratés au laboratoire. A l'exception de quelques échantillons révélant des phénomènes spécifiques à l'hydrogène, ces tests montrent qu'un étalonnage linéaire est obtenu avec la teneur en eau. Sur Mars, dans le cratère Gale, cette calibration révèle l'hydratation de différentes phases : la bassanite (CaSO4 × 0.5H2O) dans les veines remplissant les fractures des roches, les sulfates de magnésium, les sédiments opalifères et argileux découverts in situ. Les mesures d'abondances en eau effectuées jusqu'à présent étaient restreintes à de rares expériences de pyrolyse ; cette étude montre que ChemCam apporte maintenant un nouveau moyen opérationnel pour la mesure de l'hydrogène à la surface, à l'échelle submillimétrique et couvrant un très grand nombre de roches. / The search for hydrated phases lying at the surface of Mars is essential to understand its habitable past and the fate of water on a planet disrupted by global climate changes. The MSL/Curiosity rover provides new tools to characterize surface hydration in situ. Among these, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) performed by the ChemCam instrument enables remote measurement of elementary abundance. However, measuring the LIBS emission peak of hydrogen at 656.6 nm (Balmer alpha) to quantify target water content is poorly documented in the literature. Using the instrument replica, large series of hydrated samples have been analyzed in the laboratory under Martian atmospheric conditions. Except for some samples on which effects specific to the hydrogen signal have been observed, these tests show that a linear calibration can be obtained with target water content. On Mars, at Gale crater, this calibration reveals the hydration of different phases: bassanite (CaSO4 × 0.5H2O) in the veins filling the bedrock fractures, magnesium sulfates, opaline and clay rich sediments discovered in situ. Measurement of water content performed to date have been limited to sparse and bulk pyrolysis experiments; this study shows that ChemCam provides a new technique to measurement hydrogen on the surface, at a submillimeter scale and sampling a very large number of rocks.

Sarcoptes scabiei est un acarien ectoparasite obligatoire. Sa présence dans la couche cornée de l’épiderme est à l’origine d’une gale dite sarcoptique. Cette ectoparasitose a été décrite chez 104 espèces de mammifères représentant 27 familles distinctes. Les traitements actuels de la gale sarcoptique ne sont pas toujours satisfaisants et il n’existe pas de produits qui permettent d’éliminer S. scabiei dans l’environnement. Par ailleurs, la diversité génétique de S. scabiei n’est pas clairement définie et l’unicité de l’espèce fait toujours l’objet de controverses.L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’évaluer l’efficacité d’acaricides vis-à-vis de S. scabiei en utilisant un modèle animal ou par le biais de tests in vitro. La diversité génétique d’isolats d’origine animale a également été étudiée. La première partie du travail de thèse a concerné un essai thérapeutique L’efficacité d’une administration orale unique d’afoxolaner, une molécule du groupe des isoaxazolines, a été évaluée sur des porcs expérimentalement infestés. Le critère principal d’évaluation a été la réduction du nombre de sarcoptes mis en évidence dans les raclages cutanés. Huit jours après le traitement, aucun sarcopte n’a été détecté sur les 4 porcs ayant reçu l’afoxolaner alors que des sarcoptes étaient toujours présents sur les 3 porcs ayant reçu de l’ivermectine. Tous les porcs traités étaient guéris à la fin de l’essai (J35) alors que les animaux non traités sont demeurés infestés. Les autres critères d’évaluation étaient l’évolution du score clinique et de prurit. Les lésions cutanées ont rapidement régressé dans le groupe traité par l’afoxolaner alors qu’elles étaient encore présentes à J14 dans le groupe traité avec l’ivermectine. La deuxième partie du travail de thèse a porté sur l’évaluation in vitro de différentes molécules ou produits acaricides. Plusieurs concentrations d’une solution d’ivermectin ou de moxidectine ainsi 11 huiles essentielles ont été testées. Après 24h de contact avec l’ivermectine et la moxidectine, la dose létale 50% étaient de 150,2±31,4 µg/mL et 608,3±88,0 µg/mL, respectivement. Une concentration inférieure à 1 ng/mL (pour l’ivermectine) ou à 10 ng/mL (pour la moxidectine) n’a aucune activité acaricide. Pour les huiles essentielles, des tests par fumigation et par immersion ont été réalisés. Parmi Lavandula augustifolia, Melaleuca altenifolia, Pelargonium asperum, Eucalyptus radiate, Leptospermum scoparium, Cryptomeria japonica, Citrus aurantium ssp amara et 3 l’huile essentielle identifiée (BOB4, BOB5, BOB9) testés par immersion, l’huile essentielle identifiée BOB4 s’est révélée la plus efficace (une solution à 1% tue tous les acariens en 20 min). Parmi les 10 huiles essentielles énumérées avant, plus Juniperus oxycedrus testés par immersion, l’huile essentielle de Melaleuca altenifolia s’est révélée la plus efficace (tous les acariens sont morts en 4 min). Pour le contrôle de S. scabiei dans l’environnement, différents biocides ou répulsifs ont été examinés. La durée moyenne de survie a été calculée pour les produits comportant de la perméthrine, de l’esdépallethrine et de la bioresmethrine, de la bifenthrine, de la cyperméthrine et de l’imiprothrine, de la cyfluthrine, de la tétramethrine et de la sumithrine, du DEET, de l’icaridine et le produit IR3535. La deuxième partie du travail de thèse a porté sur la diversité génétique d’isolats de S. scabiei provenant d’animaux. Une partie du gène cox1 a été amplifiée. L’analyse des séquences ainsi obtenues semble montrer que les sarcoptes circulant chez le Chien sont issus de population de sarcoptes d’origine humaine. / Sarcoptes scabiei is an ectoparasite responsible for the emerging/re-emerging disease called scabies in humans or mange in animals. It was reported in 104 species across 27 families of domestic and wild animals. Current treatments for scabies/mange are limited and there are no efficient products for the environment control of S. scabiei. Moreover, the taxonomic status of S. scabiei is still under controversy and the question remains that whether it represents a single species or several taxa.The objectives of the thesis were to assess the susceptibility to acaricides and analyse the genetic diversity of S. scabiei from animals. In the first part of the thesis, an animal model was used to evaluate the efficacy of afoxolaner, a new acaricide from the isoaxazoline family. The primary outcome of efficacy was based on the reduction in the number of live mites counted in skin scrapings following treatment. At day 8, four afoxolaner-treated pigs (out of four) were mite-free, while mites were still found in three (out of three) ivermectin-treated pigs. All treated pigs were cured at the end of the study (day 35) and all pigs in the control group remained infected. Secondary outcomes included measures on the reduction of skin lesions and pruritus. The clinical lesions of scabies infection were allowed to disappear completely for all the pigs in the afoxolaner group but not in the ivermectin group at 14 days after the treatment. An increase of the pruritus was observed right after treatment, followed by a decrease of the pruritus score in both treated groups. The second part of the thesis was to evaluate the scabicidal effect of molecules or products using an in vitro test. A gradient of concentrations of ivermectin and moxidectin as well as 11 essential oils have been evaluated in vitro against S. scabiei. After 24h of exposure to ivermectin and moxidectin, the median lethal concentrations were 150.2±31.4 µg/mL and 608.3±88.0 µg/mL, respectively. Doses of ivermectin under 1 ng/mL and moxidectin under 10 ng/mL showed no scabicidal effect. Fumigation and contact bioassays were used for the assessment of essential oils efficacy. Among Lavandula augustifolia, Melaleuca altenifolia, Pelargonium asperum, Eucalyptus radiate, Leptospermum scoparium, Cryptomeria japonica, Citrus aurantium ssp amara and 3 other unknown oils (BOB4, BOB5, BOB9) tested with the contact bioassay, the essential oil identified as BOB4 demonstrated the best scabicidal effect (1% solution killed all the mites in 20 min). Among the 10 essential oils listed before plus Juniperus oxycedrus with the fumigation bioassay, the oil Melaleuca altenifolia demonstrated the best scabicidal effect (all the mites died in only 4 min). For environmental control of S. scabiei, the efficacy of biocides or repellents was assessed. The median survival time was calculated for permethrin (4% and 0.6%), esdepallethrin and bioresmethrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin and imiprothrin, cyfluthrin, tetramethrin and sumithrin, DEET (25% and 50%), icaridin and IR3535. The third part of the thesis included the study of the genetic diversity of populations of S. scabiei from animals. A part of cox1 was used for phylogenetic analyses. The results showed that Sarcoptes mites from dogs seem to derive from humans.

This thesis provides a study on stochastic models of financial markets related to problems of asset pricing and hedging, optimal portfolio managing and statistical changepoint detection in trends of asset prices. Chapter 1 develops a general model of a system of interconnected stochastic markets associated with a directed acyclic graph. The main result of the chapter provides sufficient conditions of hedgeability of contracts in the model. These conditions are expressed in terms of consistent price systems, which generalise the notion of equivalent martingale measures. Using the general results obtained, a particular model of an asset market with transaction costs and portfolio constraints is studied. In the second chapter the problem of multi-period utility maximisation in the general market model is considered. The aim of the chapter is to establish the existence of systems of supporting prices, which play the role of Lagrange multipliers and allow to decompose a multi-period constrained utility maximisation problem into a family of single-period and unconstrained problems. Their existence is proved under conditions similar to those of Chapter 1.The last chapter is devoted to applications of statistical sequential methods for detecting trend changes in asset prices. A model where prices are driven by a geometric Gaussian random walk with changing mean and variance is proposed, and the problem of choosing the optimal moment of time to sell an asset is studied. The main theorem of the chapter describes the structure of the optimal selling moments in terms of the Shiryaev–Roberts statistic and the posterior probability process.