A partir de questionamentos associados à proliferação de condomínios horizontais e loteamentos fechados em Vinhedo (gated communities nos E.U.A), procurou-se evidenciar através de indicadores pautados no conceito de sustentabilidade urbana, o que se tem de realmente sustentável quando da introdução destes empreendimentos na paisagem. Para isso foram consideradas duas dimensões: a sustentabilidade social urbana e a sustentabilidade ambiental urbana, cada qual com dois indicadores; mobilidade e acessibilidade a áreas verdes ou/lazer públicas intramuros, cobertura vegetal arbórea e impermeabilização dos solos, sendo estes últimos analisados entre 1962 e 2012, tanto intra como extramuros. Esta proposta visou demonstrar que o modelo ou padrão de habitação urbana baseada em loteamentos fechados e condomínios horizontais amplia em Vinhedo a possibilidade de alcance da sustentabilidade ambiental urbana, ao mesmo tempo em que reduz a possibilidade de alcance da sustentabilidade social urbana, uma vez que sua lógica de implantação desconsidera importantes funções sociais a serem desempenhadas pela cidade, dessa forma, o alcance da sustentabilidade urbana considerada como um todo se torna parcial. / From questions associated with the proliferation of horizontal condominiums and closed subdivisions in Vinhedo (gated communities), it was tried to highlight by indicators guided the concept of urban sustainability, which has really sustainable when the introduction of these enterprises in the landscape. For this we considered two dimensions: urban social sustainability and urban environmental sustainability, each with two indicators; mobility and accessibility to green areas or / public recreational intramural, arboreal coverage and soil sealing, the latter being analyzed between 1962 and 2012, both intra and extramural. This proposal aimed to demonstrate that the model or pattern of urban housing based on closed subdivisions and horizontal condominiums in Vinhedo expands the possibility of reach of urban environmental sustainability, while reducing the possibility of reaching the urban social sustainability, once its logic implementation ignores important social functions to be performed by the city, thereby achieving urban sustainability considered as a whole becomes partial.

Orientador: Simone Narciso Lessa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T01:13:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_ArkanaKellySilva_D.pdf: 12658509 bytes, checksum: bddaab0850f5f3070f35f91d52a33028 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os loteamentos fechados são uma das formas de ocupação do território que mais têm se repetido na expansão das cidades brasileiras. Estes empreendimentos oferecidos, por vezes de forma ilegal, têm representado cada vez mais uma promessa de melhor qualidade de vida urbana a partir da adoção de um estilo de vida exclusivo e justificado por uma eventual fuga da violência urbana. Diante deste quadro nos questionamos sobre a dimensão do impacto ambiental destas estruturas urbanas no território e meio ambiente das cidades. Esta pesquisa baseia-se na hipótese de que o impacto da proliferação dos loteamentos fechados nas áreas metropolitanas interfere tanto nas áreas urbanas quanto nas rurbanas em sua sustentabilidade. Baseado nisto, temos como objetivos específicos: analisar os loteamentos fechados como um produto do mercado; tipificar como esses empreendimentos interferem na estrutura territorial da região metropolitana de Campinas; observar como se dá a oferta de serviços ambientais e quais substitutos são gerados no processo de apropriação da natureza. Com isso busca-se identificar de que forma as diferentes tipologias destes empreendimentos, estabelecem relações entre si formando um mosaico no território e como estas relações interferem na sustentabilidade dos serviços ambientais. Para a obtenção destes objetivos a metodologia utilizada foi descritiva e analítica, com a realização de uma caracterização dos loteamentos fechados instalados na RMC, bem como uma análise que foi elaborada seguindo três escalas distintas de investigação: metrópole, municípios e condomínios / Abstract: The gated communities are one type of territory occupation that more have been repeated in expansion of Brazilian cities. These housing development, have represented, each time more, a promise of better quality of urban life with adoption of a life style exclusive, that are justified by an eventual escape of the urban violence. This research is based on hypothesis that the impact of the proliferation of gated communities interferes in urban and rurbans areas of metropolitans territory. This thesis have as objectives: to analyze the gated communities as product of market; to observe how these enterprises intervene with the territorial structure of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas- MRC, state of São Paulo - Brasil; to observe like the environment services are offered and how substitutes services are generated in the process of appropriation of the nature. Had used like methodology one descriptive and analytical process, with the accomplishment of a characterization of the gated communities installed in the MRC, as well as an analysis that was elaborated following three distinct scales of inquiry: metropolis, cities and gated communities / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Les inégalités sociales et les politiques menées par les pouvoirs publics ont contribué à l'expansion de l'habitat précaire et spontané au Brésil. A Rio de Janeiro, les formes d'habitat populaire montrent une évolution au fil du temps, en s'adaptant aux différentes politiques urbaines et au développement urbain de la ville. L'habitat populaire, malgré son caractère spontané, accompagne ainsi les transformations urbaines. Depuis 2000, une nouvelle forme d'habitat populaire et spontané surgit aux abords d'une ancienne autoroute industrielle de la ville de Rio de Janeiro, l'Avenida Brasil. Il s'agit de l'invasion d'anciens terrains d'usines abandonnées par des habitants des favelas. Le processus d'occupation des terrains, la conversion de l'espace en habitat, et les règles établies à l'intérieur de celui-ci révèlent que les invasions présentent un nouveau cas de figure dans le cadre de l'habitat populaire spontané à Rio de Janeiro, que l'on dénomme « copropriété de fait ». Ce travail de recherche pose la question de la représentation de ce nouveau type d'habitat dans la ville et dans la société actuelle. Nous avons étudié le développement du territoire de la ville et de la favela d'origine des occupants, ainsi que les différentes politiques publiques concernant l'habitat précaire pour comprendre la production des « copropriétés de fait » et leur rapport avec l'évolution urbaine à Rio de Janeiro. L'analyse de l'espace construit de l'invasion se développe en relation avec l'espace social communautaire et révèle des nouvelles pratiques, issues de la forme d'habitat populaire en copropriété / Social inequalities and the policies of the public service contributed to the expansion of poor and spontaneous housing in Brazil. In Rio de Janeiro, the types of popular housings evolved through time, adjusting themselves to the different urban policies and to the city's urban development. Despite its spontaneous character, popular housings go along with urban transformation. Since 2000 a new type of popular and spontaneous housing has arisen on the borders of an old industrial highway called ‘Avenida Brasil', located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Inhabitant from favelas invaded old lands of abandoned factories. The process of occupation of the lands, the conversion of space into housing, and the rules established therein, reveal that this type of invasion – ‘de facto shared ownership' – is a new case in terms of popular spontaneous housing in Rio de Janeiro. This research raises the question of the representation of this new type of housing in the city and in the actual society. I studied the urban development planning of the favelas of which the occupants came from originally, and the different public policies concerning precarious housing in order to understand the ‘de facto shared ownership' as a product of the urban evolution of Rio de Janeiro. The analysis of the constructed space of housing is developed in relation to urban and community social space. It stresses the transformation of a culture produced from the marginality of space in the city, and which is articulated to the type of co-ownership housing

Att sträva efter en hållbar samhällsutveckling sett till ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala aspekter är en målsättning som ges stor tonvikt inom svensk politik och planering. Den påtagliga boendesegregationen som präglar det svenska samhället utgör dock ett problem i arbetet för att nå den sociala hållbarheten, vilket inte minst tydliggörs genom att det varit en fråga på den politiska agendan sedan 1970-talet. För att försöka minska segregationen eftersträvar kommuner ofta att skapa blandade bostadsområden, planera för mötesplatser samt bygga bort barriärer mellan olika stadsdelar för att öka integrationen och minska både geografiska och sociala avstånd mellan människor. Sedan avregleringen på bostadsmarknaden har de privata aktörernas roll i bostadsförsörjningen ökat, vilket resulterat i att nya bostadskoncept etablerats i Sverige. Undersökningsobjektet för denna studie, nämligen gated communities, utgör ett av de allra senaste koncepten. Det finns många varianter av gated communities runt om i världen, men en generell beskrivning är att det rör sig om bostadsområden som hägnas in med hjälp av fysiska barriärer så som murar, stängsel eller grindar. Bostadskonceptet är väletablerat i exempelvis USA och Sydamerika, men på den svenska bostadsmarknaden har det ännu inte slagit igenom. Under andra halvan av 2000-talet har det dock byggts ett antal inhägnade bostadsområden runt om i landet, vilket skapat en medial debatt kring huruvida gated communities kan komma att se en framtida utveckling även i Sverige.  Detta masterarbete syftar till att undersöka och analysera vad gated communities kan komma att innebära för den socialt hållbara bostads- och samhällsutveckling som politik och planering strävar efter att uppnå. Syftet är också att undersöka hur ett antal kommuner i deras strategiska arbete ser på bostadskonceptet och vilka konsekvenser som en ökad utveckling kan medföra. Detta har undersökts genom en flerfallstudie, där två bostadsområden och två kommuner utgör fallen i studien. Empirin i studien, vilken i huvudsak kommer från intervjuer med politiker, planerare och byggherrar samt genom dokumentstudier av olika planhandlingar, har analyserats genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studien visar att inhägnade bostadsområden i en svensk kontext existerar i två former, nämligen inhägnade bostadsrättsområden och exklusiva gated communities där boende ges privat tillgång till funktioner och service. Studiens huvudsakliga slutsats är att båda formerna skapar ytterligare en dimension till den rådande boendesegregationen genom att fysiska barriärer förs upp och förtydligar gränser i rummet som tidigare endast varit mentala. Exklusiva gated communities som riktas åt socioekonomiskt starka grupper och erbjuder funktioner som parker, lekplatser och andra fritidsaktiviteter riskerar att minska dessa gruppers incitament till att nyttja de offentliga mötesplatserna som kommunerna skapar i förhoppning om att få olika befolkningsgrupper att mötas. En ökad utveckling av gated communities riskerar därmed att skapa ännu tydligare ”vi och dom” – uppdelningar i samhället och utmana de svenska strategierna som använts för att försöka minska boendesegregationen sedan 1970-talet. Trots detta visar studien även att det finns ett visst kommunalt intresse i bostadskonceptet, vilket kan bero på att kommuner kan öka sina skatteintäkter och göra kostnadsbesparingar genom etableringen av gated communities.

This research report is submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in partial fulfilment of the degree of Masters of Arts in Social and Psychological Research, 2017 / South Africa has undergone a number of social and geographical changes since the end of apartheid. This has drastically changed urban spaces, where we have seen the proliferation of Gated Communities (GCs). These spaces have come to signify how inequality has evolved from being an issue exclusively bound to race to one that now occurs within races and between classes. Therefore, in order to better understand inequality the current study considered the individuals who occupy spaces of privilege, but are not necessarily part of those spaces – such as security guards. It attempts to provide descriptions of inequality, moving away from a traditional macroeconomic understanding. This is done through a thematic analysis of interviews conducted with security guards from GCs. The analysis outlines the descriptions given by the security guards on their experience of working at GCs. Four superordinate themes were derived: Professionalism; Education and Knowledge; Commodification of Life; and Violence. From these themes it is clear that we cannot only interpret inequality from an income perspective as there are a number of psychosocial factors that are integrated into the construct of inequality. / XL2018

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No description available.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Gated developments, also known as gated communities, have become a feature of urban living throughout the world and have been the subject of intensive research. Gated developments in South African cities are a ubiquitous feature of the post-apartheid urban landscape with many new housing developments in the form of secure estates or fortified townhouse complexes. Almost all the international literature on gated developments has focused on them as a metropolitan phenomenon. Very few international studies have investigated gated developments in non-metropolitan locales and this topic is unexplored in the South African context. This dissertation addresses this research gap. The study area is the entire non-metropolitan area of the Western Cape province. The politicoadministrative concept of non-metropolitan is used rather than the descriptor rural because the latter implies an area of primary production with no diversification of productive activities. The study area excludes the metropolitan area of Cape Town but includes the rest of the province within which there are settlements of varying sizes having a diverse range of economic activities. It is in these places that gated developments were investigated to cover and discover particular aspects of the hitherto unexplored non-metropolitan gated developments of South Africa. The specific objectives were to place the research in the theoretical and conceptual debates of gated developments; map the occurrence of the phenomenon; and spatially analyse the location and security aspects of the developments at a macro scale. Two towns, Swellendam and Ceres, were selected as case studies as their gated developments present a host of significant features warranting further micro-scale analysis. The spatial and locational analyses yielded other researchable themes specific to certain types of developments, namely retirement gated developments in Oudtshoorn and Swellendam and gated developments outside the urban edge. A comprehensive spatially-linked database of gated developments in the study area was compiled from numerous sources, culminating in a process of groundtruthing that resulted in the collection of data on the physical features of each development. Qualitative data was collected from respondents through interviews, electronic communications and a questionnaire survey. Distribution patterns of gated developments were determined from spatial data and data on physical features was used to calculate security level index values for the gated developments. These data sets enabled spatial and typological comparisons to be made. Qualitative data added a ‘voice’ to the quantitative data and provided insights into social, economic and planning aspects of gated developments. The location of gated developments in the province is largely determined by proximity to metropolitan Cape Town and areas with high occurrences of amenities. The spatio-temporal patterns and typological distinctions of gated developments are influenced by location-specific factors. In some towns the gated developments typify a living space and in others a living and lifestyle space. The security features of gated developments also vary typologically and spatially. Crime data was used to show that the distribution of non-metropolitan gated developments is not necessarily associated with towns with high levels of criminal activity. Security in these developments is not a response to rampant crime, rather a strategy brought into play in case something happens – preparedness in the unlikely event of a breach of security. The gated developments in the two case-study towns are strongly influenced by locationspecific needs, the purposes of residents and the processes of municipalities. Niche market gated developments, as represented in the thematic case studies of retirement gated developments and gated developments outside the urban edge are promoted by pull factors within towns and by the allure of an exclusive rural residential lifestyle of living in areas with high amenity offerings. The latter is linked to the transformation of agricultural land into gated developments, which signals a shift to postproductivist change in the study area. The results of this seminal investigation into non-metropolitan gated developments suggest avenues for further research endeavour. These include the need for greater understanding of the changing nature of social relations between gated and the non-gated inhabitants of non-metropolitan locales; investigation of the potential for increased topophobia within towns; and examinations of the functions of the various stakeholders and role players in establishing non-metropolitan gated developments. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geslote woonbuurte, ook bekend as geslote gemeenskappe, ’n kenmerk van baie stede regoor die wêreld, het die onderwerp van intensiewe navorsing geword. Geslote woonbuurte in Suid-Afrikaanse stede is ‘n alomteenwoordige kenmerk van die post-apartheid stedelike landskap met baie nuwe behuisingsontwikkelings wat as beveiligde landgoede en meenthuiskomplekse gebou word. Die meerderheid van die internasionale literatuur oor geslote woonbuurte beskou hulle as ’n metropolitaanse verskynsel. Baie min internasionale studies het geslote gemeenskappe in niemetropolitaanse lokaliteite ondersoek en dié onderwerp is onverken in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Hierdie proefskrif vul dié navorsingsleemte. Die studiegebied is die hele nie-metropolitaanse gebied van die Wes-Kaap provinsie. Die politiesadministriewe konsep ‘nie-metropolitaans’ word gebruik in plaas van die benaming ‘landelik’ omdat laasgenoemde ’n gebied van primêre produksie met geen diversifisering van ekonomiese aktiwiteite impliseer. Dus, sluit die studiegebied die metropolitaanse gebied van Kaapstad uit, maar sluit die res van die provinsie in waar nedersettings van verskeie grootte en met ’n diverse reeks ekonomiese aktiwiteite voorkom. Dit is in hierdie gebiedens dat geslote woonbuurte ondersoek word met die doel om besondere aspekte van hierdie tot nou toe onverkende nie-metropolitaanse geslote woonbuurte in Suid-Afrika, na vore te bring. Die spesifieke doelwitte is om die navorsing binne die breër teorietiese en konseptuele debatte rondom geslote woonbuurte te plaas; die verspreiding van die verskynsel te karteer; die ligging en die sekuriteitsaspekte van die woonbuurte op makro skaal ruimtelik te ontleed. Ceres en Swellendam word as gevallestudies behandel. Die twee dorpe se geslote woonbuurte ’n menigte beduidende kenmerke van hul geslote woonbuurte vertoon, wat verdere mikro skaalanalise regverdig. Die ruimtelike en liggingsanalises het navorsingwaardige temas oor spesifieke tipes geslote woonbuurte onthul. Die temas sluit geslote aftreewoonbuurte in Oudtshoorn en Swellendam en geslote woonbuurte buitekant dorpsgrense in. ’n Omvattende ruimtelike databasis van geslote woonbuurte binne die studiegebeid is uit verskeie bronne saamgestel en ’n proses van terreinverifiëring het vir die inwin van data oor fisiese kenmerke van elke woonbuurt gesorg. Kwalitatiewe data is by respondente verkry deur middel van onderhoude, elektroniese kommunikasie en ’n vraelys opname. Verspreidingspatrone van die geslote woonbuurte is aan die hand van die ruimtelike data vasgestel en die data oor die fisiese verskynsels is gebruik om ’n sekuriteitsindekswaardes van die geslote woonbuurte te bereken. Die datastelle het ruimtelike en tipologiese vergelykings moontlik gemaak. Kwalitatiewe data het ’n ‘stem’ aan die kwantitiewe data verleen en insig in die sosiale, ekonomiese en beplanningsaspekte van geslote woonbuurte verskaf. Die ligging van geslote woonbuurte in die provinsie is grootliks deur nabyheid aan die Kaapse metropool en gebiede met ’n hoë voorkoms van geriewe beïnvloed. Die ruimtelike- en tydspatrone en tipologiese kenmerke van geslote woonbuurte is deur liggingspesifiekefaktore beïnvloed. In sommige dorpe is die geslote woonbuurte as ’n ‘leefruimte’ gekenmerk, terwyl ander geslote woonbuurte as ‘leefruimte en leefstylruimte’ getipeer word. Die sekuriteitsverskynsels van geslote woonbuurte het ook tipologiese en ruimtelike verskeidenheid getoon. Misdaaddata is gebruik om te toon dat die verspreiding van nie-metropolitaanse geslote woonbuurte nie noodwendig ooreenstem met dorpe met hoë misdaadsyfers nie. Sekuriteit is nie ’n reaksie op buitensporige misdaadsyfers nie, eerder ’n strategie wat in werking tree in geval iets gebeur – paraatheid vir die onwaarskynlike gebeurtenis van ’n sekuriteitskending. Die ontwikkeling van geslote woonbuurte in die gevallestudiedorpe is sterk deur liggingspesifieke behoeftes, die doelstellings van inwoners en prosesse van munisipaliteite beïnvloed. Geslote woonbuurte wat nismarkte bedien, soos dié wat deur die tematiese gevallestudies verteenwoordig is, word bevorder deur sekere aantrekkingsfaktore wat dorpe bied en die bekoring van ’n eksklusiewe landelike residensiële lewensstyl in gebiede met ’n hoë voorkoms van geriewe vir lewensgenieting. Laasgenoemde is gekoppel aan die omskepping van landbougrond vir die bou van geslote woonbuurte wat ’n aanduiding van post-produktivistiese verandering in die studiegebeid is. Dié eerste en gedagteprikkelende ondersoek oor nie-metropoolitaanse geslote woonbuurte opper temas vir verdere navorsing. Dit sluit in ’n verstaan van die moontlike veranderings in sosiale verhoudings tussen die inwoners van geslote en ongeslote nie-metropolitaanse lokaliteite, die moontlikheid van verhoogde topofobie in dorpe; en ondersoeke oor die rol van verskillende insethouers en rolspelers in die ontwikkeling van nie-metropoolitaanse geslote woonbuurte.

Yu Wai Ching. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2007-2008, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (p. 204-206). / Thesis Statement --- p.5 / Study Method --- p.9 / "Phenomenon, Principle & Appearance" --- p.11 / Study Area --- p.15 / Precedent study --- p.17 / Chapter - --- Chinese character --- p.19 / Chapter - --- Platonic solid --- p.35 / Chapter - --- Crystal --- p.43 / Architectural example study --- p.59 / Chapter - --- Phenomenon - simple but interesting subdivision --- p.61 / Chapter - --- Principle - subdivision --- p.71 / Chapter - --- envelope arrangment --- p.115 / Chapter - --- opening --- p.127 / Chapter - --- space extension --- p.135 / Chapter - --- Reading examples with principles --- p.145 / Testing on site --- p.155 / Site context --- p.157 / Site planning --- p.163 / Testing on village houses --- p.177 / Housing types --- p.179 / Floor units --- p.183 / House unit --- p.189 / Bibliography --- p.203

Os condomínios e loteamentos fechados constituem um fenômeno urbano que vem se espalhando por todas as metrópoles brasileiras. Desde o final dos anos 1980, podemos observar um grande aumento no número de condomínios fechados dentro da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Os condomínios e loteamentos fechados, antes destinados à moradia da classe alta e localizados em grandes áreas das zonas periféricas da RMSP, atualmente atendem outras classes sociais e possuem características bastante distintas (tamanho da gleba, unidade habitacional, serviços coletivos). A preocupação com conforto foi suplantada pela necessidade de segurança e pelo status. A proliferação desses loteamentos e condomínios fechados nos últimos quinze anos vem modificando a configuração espacial de algumas áreas da Região Metropolitana. Segundo alguns autores, o padrão centro rico versus periferia pobre, que caracterizou os estudos sobre a RMSP, entre os anos 1940 e 1980, alterou-se na última década para um modelo fractal de segregação. Esta Tese pretende verificar a pertinência do novo modelo fractal de segregação espacial, tomando como referência os condomínios horizontais residenciais fechados, e mostrar, a partir de levantamento realizado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, que parte das premissas relativas aos condomínios fechados não são absolutas. / Gated communities constitute an urban phenomenon that is nowadays spreading all over the Brazilian metropolis. Since the 1980s, we can observe an increasing number of gated communities within the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). The gated communities, initially located at suburban areas and used by upper classes, at the present time serve other social classes and have new and distinct characteristics (size and location, houses sizes, services at the collective areas, etc). The initial concerning to comfort was substituted by the need of security and possibly the search for status. This Thesis analyses if the new fractal pattern of spatial segregation has overlapped the rich center X poor suburbia pattern that characterized the SPMA between 1940 and 1980, using the gated communities as case studies. And also pretends to demonstrate that part of the premises about gated communities is not absolute.