Ce mémoire propose d’aborder la relation entre le chez-soi et la construction des identités géographiques. Plus précisément, il s’agit de se pencher sur l’importance que revêt cette dimension intime et familière de l’habitat dans la part des identités qui mobilise les lieux, territoires et paysages comme référents. S’interroger à cet égard s’avère d’autant plus pertinent aujourd’hui, dans un contexte de fragmentation socio-spatiale à l’échelle urbaine et de prolifération d’enclaves résidentielles qui témoignent d’un enfermement et d’une introversion de l’habitat. Nous abordons la question à travers le cas du projet AlphaVille São Paulo (Brésil), un large développement résidentiel composé de plusieurs communautés fermées. Les entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de onze habitants de ce projet permettent de confirmer l’importance du chez-soi dans leur construction identitaire. En effet, le chez-soi en communauté fermée représente l’aboutissement d’un parcours géographique et permet au regard des habitants rencontrés une expérience de l’espace résidentiel qui s’approche de celle qu’ils ont connue au cours de l’enfance et qu’ils ont perdue à mesure que la ville s’est transformée en un milieu de plus en plus hostile. Ainsi, il leur permet dans une certaine mesure de revivre un idéal perdu. Néanmoins, habiter en communauté fermée contraint les territorialités : au sein de la métropole, le chez-soi fait figure de refuge. Il n’en demeure pas moins que les réponses des résidents révèlent une conscience que leur choix d’habitat constitue en quelque sorte une fuite de la réalité. Ainsi, ils entretiennent à l’égard de leur milieu de vie une relation qui oscille entre illusion et désillusion. / This thesis proposes to study the relationship between the home and the formation of geographic identities. More precisely, it aims understanding the role of this intimate and familiar place in the part of human identity that is defined through the individual’s interaction with places, territories and landscapes. This question appears particularly relevant in the present urban context, largely characterised by socio-spatial fragmentation and the proliferation of residential enclaves, which express a confinement of the home environment. We approach this question through the case of the AlphaVille São Paulo project (Brazil), a large residential development composed of various gated communities. The semi-directed interviews that were conducted with eleven residents allow us to confirm the relevance of the home in their identity formation. Indeed, the dwelling inside a gated community represents the final destination of the residents’ geographical trajectories. According to the inhabitants, this allows for a residential experience similar to the one they underwent during childhood and that was subsequently lost as the city transformed into a more hostile environment. Thereby, it allows, to a certain extent, for the revival of a lost ideal. However, living in a gated community constrains territorialities: within the urban context, the home place becomes a refuge. Nonetheless, the residents’ answers reveal a degree of consciousness that their choice of residence represents an escape from reality. Thus, their relationship towards their living environment oscillates between illusion and disillusion.

Esta tese trata dos ambientes coletivos dos condomínios horizontais e dos loteamentos fechados construídos a partir de 1990 na cidade de Londrina Pr. Busca descobrir quais as necessidades dos usuários (moradores) e, a partir da avaliação de desempenho físico e de satisfação do usuário voltada aos ambientes construídos e de uso coletivo, com ênfase nos aspectos social, funcional, segurança, durabilidade e manutenabilidade, formula procedimentos metodológicos de desempenho de avaliação para dar suporte na definição de programas de necessidades para futuros empreendimentos similares. Propõe um modelo metodológico que encontra suporte no Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) para hierarquizar os atributos e as alternativas que influenciam nas decisões de projeto (critérios e subcritérios) e cuja calibragem do modelo se dá por meio da Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO), envolvendo os pontos de vista dos moradores, dos administradores ou síndicos, dos autores dos projetos destes empreendimentos, além dos levantamentos in loco realizado pelo pesquisador. / ABSTRACT This thesis deals with collective environments of gated communities and plots which started being built in 1990 in the city of Londrina-PR. It searches for finding out the needs of the users (residents) and, from the evaluation of their physical performance and satisfaction regarding the built and collective environments, with special emphasis on social, functional, safety, durability and maintenance aspects, conceives the methodological procedures of performance evaluation to support the definition of programs of needs for future similar developments. It proposes a methodological model supported by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to form as a hierarchy the attributes and the alternatives which have influence on the design decisions (criteria and sub-criteria), whose calibration of the proposed methodological model took place through the Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE), involving the viewpoints from the residents, the administrators or syndics and architects, besides the surveys in loco carried out by this researcher.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina Davila Bitencourt-1.pdf: 6061377 bytes, checksum: 300ceb06e9e5a02bb5d81cccc0c24165 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-25 / This study researches the urban dynamic and the expansion of the city through the residential lot-like condominium form in the city of Valinhos, Campinas metropolitan area, state of S?o Paulo. It is analyzed how this new areas have provided a new culture in living, regarding the mentioned metropolitan area. In this sense, this study aims to show a new urban dynamic and analyses the emergence of this new way of living and its impact in the urban structures. Understanding this changes that occurred in the city, since the 70's of the last century, give a base to discuss the new urban spaces, which recreate the forms and uses of a traditional city, but in a different and excluding way. The contemporary city analyzed in its fragments, shows the peculiarity of urban growth and the sociability interaction in the space. / Neste trabalho investiga-se a din?mica urbana e a expans?o da cidade contempor?nea atrav?s dos condom?nios horizontais fechados no munic?pio de Valinhos - SP, discutindo como esses novos espa?os t?m propiciado uma nova cultura na forma de morar na escala metropolitana. Nesse sentido, esta disserta??o tem como objetivo apresentar uma nova din?mica urbana de produ??o da cidade e refletir sobre a emerg?ncia dessa nova forma de moradia e seus reflexos nas estruturas urbanas da cidade. Compreender as mudan?as que ocorreram na cidade, desde a d?cada de 1970, embasa as an?lises sobre os novos espa?os urbanos, que recriam as formas e os usos da cidade tradicional de forma excludente. A urbaniza??o contempor?nea analisada em seus fragmentos, evidencia as peculiaridades do espraiamento urbano e as formas de sociabilidade no espa?o.

Les politiques urbaines de « reconstruction » post-apartheid de ces dernières décennies n’ont pas permis de réduire les injustices spatiales du Gauteng et de Johannesburg en particulier. Sous l’impulsion des acteurs privés, les résidences fermées d’entrée de gamme, symbole de l’ascension sociale des classes moyennes, diffusent de nouvelles formes de relégation et de fragmentation qui questionnent fortement le lien social, l’étalement et la mobilité croissante. Le peu d’investigations menées sur cette ville « moyenne », qui se veut synonyme de progrès et de modernité, offre l’opportunité de mobiliser une réflexion nouvelle sur les interrelations qui existent entre production de la ville, pratiques et territoires. Loin d’être monolithique, le logement d’entrée de gamme s’est développé à travers maints arrangements institutionnels particuliers et géographiquement situés. Le rôle des acteurs privés impliqués dans la gouvernance urbaine, souvent méconnu et rarement étudié, est devenu la clé de voûte des transformations contemporaines de la ville. L’originalité de ce travail a été de révéler les principes de constitution de savoirs spécialisés et spatialisés, qui éclairent le processus de codification des pratiques et donc la naissance de l’urbanisme sécuritaire institutionnalisé au sein de la métropole.Le détour comparatif avec Delhi a été l’occasion de valider que ces résultats avaient une portée générale cumulable, tout en délocalisant le regard. / The post-apartheid urban policies of the last decades aiming at “rebuilding” the nation, have not led to reducing spatial injustice in Gauteng, and Johannesburg in particular. Spurred on by private actors, bottom-of-the-range closed residences, which symbolise the upward social mobility of the middle class, spread new forms of relegation and fragmentation, thereby challenging social links, urban sprawl and growing mobility. The little research carried out on this “average” city, which is meant to be synonymous with progress and modernity, is an opportunity to develop new thoughts on existing interrelations between urban production, practices and territories.Far from being monolithic, bottom-of-the-range housing is being developed through many specific and geographically located institutional arrangements. The role played by private actors involved in urban governance, which is often largely unknown and rarely being studied, has become the keystone of the city’s contemporary transformations. The novelty behind this research work is that it reveals the principles of what constitutes specialised and spatialized expertise, thereby shedding light on the codification process of practices and, as such, the birth of institutionalised security town planning within the metropolis.Comparing Johannesburg with Delhi was an opportunity to validate the fact that these results could be significantly drawn concurrently, while studying two different sites

Esta tese trata dos ambientes coletivos dos condomínios horizontais e dos loteamentos fechados construídos a partir de 1990 na cidade de Londrina Pr. Busca descobrir quais as necessidades dos usuários (moradores) e, a partir da avaliação de desempenho físico e de satisfação do usuário voltada aos ambientes construídos e de uso coletivo, com ênfase nos aspectos social, funcional, segurança, durabilidade e manutenabilidade, formula procedimentos metodológicos de desempenho de avaliação para dar suporte na definição de programas de necessidades para futuros empreendimentos similares. Propõe um modelo metodológico que encontra suporte no Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) para hierarquizar os atributos e as alternativas que influenciam nas decisões de projeto (critérios e subcritérios) e cuja calibragem do modelo se dá por meio da Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO), envolvendo os pontos de vista dos moradores, dos administradores ou síndicos, dos autores dos projetos destes empreendimentos, além dos levantamentos in loco realizado pelo pesquisador. / ABSTRACT This thesis deals with collective environments of gated communities and plots which started being built in 1990 in the city of Londrina-PR. It searches for finding out the needs of the users (residents) and, from the evaluation of their physical performance and satisfaction regarding the built and collective environments, with special emphasis on social, functional, safety, durability and maintenance aspects, conceives the methodological procedures of performance evaluation to support the definition of programs of needs for future similar developments. It proposes a methodological model supported by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to form as a hierarchy the attributes and the alternatives which have influence on the design decisions (criteria and sub-criteria), whose calibration of the proposed methodological model took place through the Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE), involving the viewpoints from the residents, the administrators or syndics and architects, besides the surveys in loco carried out by this researcher.

Ce mémoire propose d’aborder la relation entre le chez-soi et la construction des identités géographiques. Plus précisément, il s’agit de se pencher sur l’importance que revêt cette dimension intime et familière de l’habitat dans la part des identités qui mobilise les lieux, territoires et paysages comme référents. S’interroger à cet égard s’avère d’autant plus pertinent aujourd’hui, dans un contexte de fragmentation socio-spatiale à l’échelle urbaine et de prolifération d’enclaves résidentielles qui témoignent d’un enfermement et d’une introversion de l’habitat. Nous abordons la question à travers le cas du projet AlphaVille São Paulo (Brésil), un large développement résidentiel composé de plusieurs communautés fermées. Les entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de onze habitants de ce projet permettent de confirmer l’importance du chez-soi dans leur construction identitaire. En effet, le chez-soi en communauté fermée représente l’aboutissement d’un parcours géographique et permet au regard des habitants rencontrés une expérience de l’espace résidentiel qui s’approche de celle qu’ils ont connue au cours de l’enfance et qu’ils ont perdue à mesure que la ville s’est transformée en un milieu de plus en plus hostile. Ainsi, il leur permet dans une certaine mesure de revivre un idéal perdu. Néanmoins, habiter en communauté fermée contraint les territorialités : au sein de la métropole, le chez-soi fait figure de refuge. Il n’en demeure pas moins que les réponses des résidents révèlent une conscience que leur choix d’habitat constitue en quelque sorte une fuite de la réalité. Ainsi, ils entretiennent à l’égard de leur milieu de vie une relation qui oscille entre illusion et désillusion. / This thesis proposes to study the relationship between the home and the formation of geographic identities. More precisely, it aims understanding the role of this intimate and familiar place in the part of human identity that is defined through the individual’s interaction with places, territories and landscapes. This question appears particularly relevant in the present urban context, largely characterised by socio-spatial fragmentation and the proliferation of residential enclaves, which express a confinement of the home environment. We approach this question through the case of the AlphaVille São Paulo project (Brazil), a large residential development composed of various gated communities. The semi-directed interviews that were conducted with eleven residents allow us to confirm the relevance of the home in their identity formation. Indeed, the dwelling inside a gated community represents the final destination of the residents’ geographical trajectories. According to the inhabitants, this allows for a residential experience similar to the one they underwent during childhood and that was subsequently lost as the city transformed into a more hostile environment. Thereby, it allows, to a certain extent, for the revival of a lost ideal. However, living in a gated community constrains territorialities: within the urban context, the home place becomes a refuge. Nonetheless, the residents’ answers reveal a degree of consciousness that their choice of residence represents an escape from reality. Thus, their relationship towards their living environment oscillates between illusion and disillusion.

When residential segregation is mentioned in news coverage and when it is talked about in everyday discourse in Sweden, it is very often associated with immigration and minority groups living in the poorer areas of the city. A common assumption is that “immigrants” actively withdraw from society and that they choose to live together rather than integrating with the majority population. This study, however, argues that discussions about segregation cannot be limited to the areas where minorities and poorer-income groups live, but must understand segregation as a process occurring in the whole system of urban neighbourhoods. In order to reach a more complete understanding of the ways in which segregation processes are at work in contemporary Swedish cities, knowledge is needed about the inhabitants with greater resources and power to choose their dwellings and residential areas. The neighbourhood choices of more privileged groups, and the socio-spatial reproduction of the areas of the upper-middle class, are investigated by applying a qualitative ethnographic framework. The thesis studies two neighbourhoods located in the post-industrial city of Malmö: Victoria Park, a US-inspired “lifestyle community” which is the first of its kind in Sweden, and Bellevue, older but still one of the most exclusive and high-status neighbourhoods in the city. In order to understand self-segregation among privileged groups, the study especially scrutinises the concepts of class and security as well as the impacts of neoliberalisation on the Swedish housing market. The main argument of the study is that the self-segregation by members of the upper-middle class demonstrates a rift which runs through the urban fabric of Malmö, splintering the city up into perceived separate worlds. The existence of physical, symbolic and social boundaries in Victoria Park and Bellevue reproduces these neighbourhoods as exclusive, private and tranquil spaces of the upper-middle class. By locating themselves in the calm and safe part of the city, the upper-middle class can buy security as a commodity, rather than relying on the welfare state to provide it for them.

In this section of research, a new crime prevention model for residential neighbourhoods, namely the HONC - against crime model was developed. This model is based on the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design principles (CPTED). The first three elements of this model are intended to better the function of CPTED in neighbourhoods. The elements are as follows: H = Healthy lifestyle O = Online (Information technology) N = Nature C = CPTED The effectiveness of the elements in the prevention of crime was tested in two gated communities and one open neighbourhood, namely Woodlands Lifestyle Estate, Prairie Estate and Glossa Estate. All these neighbourhoods are situated in Garsfontein, a suburb of Pretoria, South Africa. Woodlands Lifestyle Estate was designed in accordance with these principles. This neighbourhood is situated next to a nature reserve called Moreletaspruit. The fence facing this reserve is a steel palisade to provide a view of the scenery. The other three fences are solid brick. This Estate has two entrances with formal access control. Woodlands has a specifically designed lifestyle centre which contains a gym, squash courts, swimming pool, tennis courts and an entertainment area. Pedestrian routs run from this centralised centre throughout the neighbourhood with water features and adequate lighting. Prairie Estate is also a gated community, fenced off with a brick wall and reachable through one entrance with formal access control. The architectural design of dwellings within this neighbourhood was left to the discretion of different developers. The only area for recreational activity within this neighbourhood is the fenced off club house and swimming pool. Glossa Estate is situated diagonally across Woodlands Lifestyle Estate, and is an open neighbourhood. It has three entrances with one guard patrolling the interior neighbourhood. This neighbourhood was designed with a park as a recreational area. The park was not in use and became overgrown, which created a crime problem, and it was therefore fenced off and the gate locked. Only the element of a healthy lifestyle could be proven as influential in the incidence of crime. The last three elements only served as guidelines and need to be tested in further research. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaFPSS_ate_pag139.pdf: 2490005 bytes, checksum: b735b84d55bbfd8a2101c8aa52c1d6a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-28 / The present work analyzes the fast evolution of gated communities in Natal-RN?s urban space. Characterized by the occupation of large areas, providing private security and utilities, this kind of real estate use arises a long list of questions and issues from society and scholars, due to privatization of urban space, bending of law constraints and the lack of an integrated planning of the cities where they are built. The reasons for its fast growth in Brazil s urban areas are analyzed, considering the impact on formal urban planning and municipal services and on the identification of urbanistic, architectural pattern and constraints, as well as legal, social and economic issues. This study is based on the detailed analysis of the first three units of gated communities built in the urban space in Natal, between 1995 and 2003, including their evolution throughout time and the specific social and economic reasons for its present widespread adoption in Brazilian real estate market and, particulary, in our city. The main objective of this piece of work is to answer the why s and how s these phenomena evolved, setting a basis for the definition of adequate public policies and regulation of this kind of urban land use / Este trabalho analisa a r?pida evolu??o dos condom?nios residenciais horizontais na cidade do Natal, RN. Identificados como grandes transformadores do espa?o, os condom?nios horizontais normalmente utilizam glebas muito extensas e se constituem em conjuntos residenciais de baix?ssima densidade. Introduzem novos ideais de bem viver que incorporam elementos sofisticados de seguran?a e infra-estrutura privada. Este tipo de produ??o imobili?ria tem se proliferado e diversificado independentemente da longa lista de questionamentos e cr?ticas levantadas pela sociedade e estudiosos da mat?ria urbana quanto ? privatiza??o do espa?o, indiferen?a ?s leis existentes e fragmenta??o, ou n?o integra??o, ao planejamento e constru??o das cidades onde se implantam. As raz?es deste crescimento nas cidades brasileiras s?o analisadas considerando o impacto formal no espa?o urbano, na arquitetura e na infra-estrutura e servi?os p?blicos, buscando identificar padr?es e problemas, assim como, as quest?es legais, sociais e mercadol?gicas envolvidas. Este trabalho baseia-se em um estudo de caso dos tr?s primeiros grandes condom?nios constru?dos em Natal, entre 1995 e 2003, observando sua consolida??o atrav?s do tempo, a partir de entrevistas com os principais atores envolvidos no processo. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa ? discutir as causas e porqu?s da r?pida transforma??o e aceita??o desses empreendimentos como ideal de bem viver, que os tornaram um fen?meno no mercado imobili?rio brasileiro e em particular na nossa cidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T12:12:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 Natalia Sanchez1.pdf: 2234448 bytes, checksum: 120c689ab228835caa1d8e207e3d4459 (MD5) Natalia Sanchez2.pdf: 3336677 bytes, checksum: 6e78b17f6bee84c849a9aecabfe8f685 (MD5) Natalia Sanchez3.pdf: 1544465 bytes, checksum: a52012441bebfad9abc187223facbf22 (MD5) Natalia Sanchez4.pdf: 1460566 bytes, checksum: 978ad95a048078b1806f9e3b7e8ad6a4 (MD5) Natalia Sanchez5.pdf: 3418109 bytes, checksum: 1214067d00f7bfb4efb6cfeaf675f472 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-13 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This paper analyzes the appearance of the gated communities − phenomenon of the contemporary city − in the Barra da Tijuca district, located in the western part of Rio de Janeiro. This district, occupied from its beginning by high income population, was one of the last frontiers in the expansion of the city. The intensifi cation of its occupation started in the 1970 s, after the implementation the Pilot Plan, elaborated in 1968 by architect Lúcio Costa, according to the premises of Modern Urbanism. Urban planning, associated with the action of the real estate market and the increase in the urban violence, resulted in the decline of the urban nucleus established by Costa and the appearance of the gated communities − in the 1980 s − as the top real estate product. This model of dwelling, characterized by isolated towers in large stretches of land, with vast green areas and leisure facilities, turned the district into the carioca anti-city. resently, Barra da Tijuca is still one of the main areas of expansion in Rio de Janeiro and is a reference in big private developments focused on the high income population. / Esta dissertação trata do surgimento do condomínio residencial fechado − fenômeno da cidade contemporânea − no bairro Barra da Tijuca, localizado na zona oeste do Rio de Janeiro. O bairro, ocupado desde o início pela população de alta renda, foi uma das últimas fronteiras de expansão da cidade. A intensificação de sua ocupação só ocorreu a partir da década de 1970, após a implementação do Plano Piloto elaborado em 1968 pelo arquiteto Lúcio Costa, conforme premissas do Urbanismo Moderno. O planejamento urbano associado à ação do mercado imobiliário e ao aumento da violência urbana propiciou o declínio do núcleo urbano estabelecido por Costa e o surgimento do condomínio residencial fechado − na década de 1980 − como o produto moradia a ser explorado. Esse modelo de habitação, pautado na implantação de torres isoladas em grandes glebas, com amplas áreas verdes e de lazer, caracterizou o bairro como a anticidade carioca. Atualmente a Barra da Tijuca se mantêm como uma das principais áreas de expansão do Rio de Janeiro e é um referencial no que diz respeito aos grandes empreendimentos privados voltados para a população de alta renda.