Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo desse trabalho à fornecer uma demonstraÃao para as desigualdades de Hitchin-Thorpe e Miyaoka-Yau. Inicialmente forneceremos uma decomposiÃÃo ortogonal para o tensor curvatura, em seguida mostraremos como o operador curvatura pode ser definido a partir do tensor curvatura. Com o intuito de cumprir o objetivo proposto, iremos provar o Teorema de Gauss-Bonnet em dimensÃo 4, para isso utilizaremos um resultado devido a Allendoerfer e forneceremos uma fÃrmula integral para o cÃlculo da caracterÃstica de Euler de uma variedade Riemanniana de dimensÃo 4. AlÃm disso, definiremos o conceito de assinatura em uma variedade Riemanniana e exibiremos uma fÃrmula integral para a obtenÃÃo deste objeto, para isso utilizaremos o Teorema de Assinatura de Hirzebruch em dimensÃo 4 e pouco da Teoria de Chern-Weil que nos fornece uma conexÃo entre a topologia algÃbrica e a geometria diferencial. Por fim, mostraremos como as fÃrmulas que foram obtidas podem ser utilizadas na demonstraÃao das desigualdades citadas inicialmente. / The aim of this work is to present a proof of the Hitchin-Thorpe and Miyaoka-Yau inequalities. First we provide an orthogonal decomposition for the curvature tensor, and then we show how the curvature operator can be defined from the curvature tensor. In order to fulfill the proposed objective, we prove the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem in dimension 4, to do this we use a result due Allendoerfer and we present an integral formula for the Euler characteristic computation on a Riemannian 4-manifold. Furthermore, we define the concept of signature in a Riemannian manifold e we exhibit an integral formula for the achievement of this object, for this we use the Hirzebruch Signature Theorem in di- mension 4 and the Chern-Weil Theory which provides us a connection between algebraic topology and differential geometry. Finally, we show how the earlier formulas can be used in the demonstration of the initial inequalities.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:47:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 batista_ra_me_rcla.pdf: 818880 bytes, checksum: 6293c2c753e3d0bd5a6900cfc890944f (MD5) / O principal objetivo deste trabalho é confeccionar um texto para alunos de gradua ção na área de Ciências Exatas e da Terra concernente ao estudo da Curvatura Gaussiana e Aplicação de Gauss, Superfícies Mínimas, Teorema Egregium de Gauss e o Teorema de Gauss- Bonnet para curvas simples fechadas / The main objective from this work is to make a text for students of graduation in the area of exact sciences and of the land concerning to the study of the Gaussian Curvature and the Gauss Map, Minimal Surfaces, Gauss's Theorem Egregium and the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem for Simple Closed Curves

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1343904 bytes, checksum: e6a827a05ce6f44bfd65a1e4edd24434 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this thesis we obtain the geometry associated with a cosmic string in two different models of modified gravity, namely: f(R) and Gauss-Bonnet theories. We Determined the solutions for static cosmic string and spinning cosmic string, with and without interior structure in f(R) and a static cosmic string in Gauss-Bonnet theory. For the static case, we solved the Dirac equation, and determined the fermionic current. We also found, in the context general theory of relativity, one solution with rotation corresponding to a rotation cloud of strings(Letelier spacetime), by using the method of Newman-Janis. / Nesta tese obtemos a geometria gerada por cordas cósmicas em dois modelos de gravitação modificada, a saber: Teorias f(R) e de Gauss-Bonnet. Determinamos soluções que correspondem ao espaço-tempo gerado pela corda cósmica estática e a corda cósmica com rotação, com e sem estrutura interna em f(R), e a corda cósmica estática na teoria de Gauss-Bonnet. Para as soluções estáticas, resolvemos a equação de Dirac, e determinamos a corrente ferminóica. Encontramos, também, no contexto da Teoria da Relatividade Geral, uma solução com rotação para a nuvem de cordas(Espaço-tempo de Letelier), usando o método de Newman-Janis.

Differential geometry is about space (a manifold) and a geometric structure on that space. In Riemann’s lecture (see [17]), he stated that “Thus arises the problem, to discover the matters of fact from which the measure-relations of space may be determined...”. It is key then to understand how manifolds differ from one another geometrically. The results of this dissertation concern how the geometry of a manifold changes when we alter metrical connections. We investigate how diverse geodesics are in different metrical connections. From this, we investigate a new class of metrical connections which are dependent on the class of smooth functions. Specifically, we fix a Riemannian metric and investigate the geometry of the manifold when we change the metrical connections associated with the fixed Riemannian metric. We measure the change in the Riemannian curvatures associated with this new class of metrical connections, and then give uniqueness and existence criterion for curvature of compact 2-manifolds. These results depend on the use of Hodge Theory and ultimately on the function f we choose to define a metrical connection.

Les trous noirs primordiaux sont une sonde exceptionnelle pour rechercher des effets de nouvelle physique, à l'intersection de la relativité générale, de la mécanique quantique, de la physique des particules et de la cosmologie. Ce mémoire présente quelques pistes d'études relatives à ces objets astrophysiques fascinants. D'abord, autour de leur recherche via l'étude des rayons cosmiques qui seraient émis par évaporation de Hawking. Des liens entre les limites obtenues et les modèles d'inflation sont ensuite proposés afin d'obtenir une borne supérieure très contraignante - et totalement inaccessible aux observables usuelles que sont le fond diffus et les grandes structures - sur la puissance aux petites échelles dans l'Univers primordial. La fin de l'évaporation des trous noirs est etudiée en gravité de corde et leur statut de candidat à la matière noire froide revisité dans le cadre des modèles à brisure d'invariance d'échelle. Enfin, dans le cadre des modèles à basse échelle de Planck (c'est-à-dire présentant de larges dimensions supplémentaires), la formation de trous noirs auprès des collisionneurs est envisagée. Nous montrons que des effets de gravité quantique (couplage de Gauss-Bonnet) pourraient être sondés au LHC. Quelques voies d'investigations futures, liées à la présence d'une constante cosmologique ou au rayonnement cosmique d'énergie extrême sont esquissées.

I detta kandidatarbete undersöker och jämför vi två olika metoder för att approximera gauss- och medelkrökningen hos en yta i rummet som är given som en mängd av punkter. Det är viktigt att försöka få en bra analogi mellan diskret krökning och analytisk krökning då man ofta startar med en mängd punkter i de praktiska fallen, som t ex i tillverkningsindustrin, igenkänning av objekt (inscannade bilder) och datorgrafik. Givet dessa punkter och en bra approximation av gauss- och medelkrökningen kan man få mer information om ytans geometri och beteende. För att kunna förstå dessa begrepp och metoder/algoritmer så behandlas först den bakomliggande teorin och sedan metoderna. Den första metoden är att återge ytan med hjälp av Bézierytor, vilka vi kan utföra geometriska operationer på utan problem och även få fram gauss- och medelkrökningen. Den andra metoden kommer från artikeln ``Discrete Differential-Geometry Operators for Triangulated 2-Manifolds'' av Mark Meyer, Mathieu Desbrun, Peter Schröder och Alan H. Barr. Deras approximationer av krökningarna kräver en triangulering av ytan, vilket de inte ger någon algoritm för. De tittar på ett område runt varje punkt och approximerar krökningarna genom detta område, även Gauss-Bonnets sats används för approximering av gausskrökningen. Mina simuleringar visar att Bézierytornas approximationer av gauss- och medelkrökningar är konvergenta och att alla värden ligger relativt nära varandra. Artikelns algoritm fungerar bra för gauss- och medelkrökning men deras algoritm beror väldigt mycket på trianguleringen vilket gör att man behöver ha krav på den triangulerade ytan, vilket i sig är ett svårt problem att lösa. / In this thesis we analyze and compare two different methods for approximating the Gauss and mean curvature on a surface, which is given as a set of points. It is important to find a method that agrees well with the analytic Gauss and mean curvatures and guarantees robust estimations. There is a great interest in Gauss and mean curvature since these two curvatures give information about the local geometry of the surface around the point at which these curvatures are calculated. The thesis begins with a short overview of differential theory and then the methods are explained and described. The reason for this is to give the reader an understanding of the theory before explaining the methods. The first method is called Bézier surfaces, which interpolates the given points. These surfaces are differentiable which makes it possible to approximate the Gauss and mean curvature, and are therefore very well suited for our problem. The second method comes from the research article ``Discrete Differential-Geometry Operators for Triangulated 2-Manifolds'' by Mark Meyer, Mathieu Desbrun, Peter Schröder and Alan H. Barr. Their algorithm requires a triangulated surface, which itself is a hard problem to solve (at least if one has requirements on the triangulation). Their approximations of the Gauss and mean curvatures use a well chosen area around the point, and the Gauss curvature also makes use of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. My simulations show that Bézier surfaces approximate both Gauss and mean curvature well, and the approximations seem to converge to the analytic value when the information gets better. The articles algorithm also works well for approximating both curvatures, though this method seems to depend somewhat on the triangulation. This gives some requirements on the triangulation and will therefore be a harder problem to solve. The approximations do not converge when given a triangulation with obtuse triangles, though it shows signs to do so.

I construct anti-de Sitter boson stars in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity coupled to a (D-1)/(2)-tuplet of complex massless scalar field both perturbativelyand numerically in D=5,7,9,11 dimensions. Due to the choice of scalar fields, these solutions possess just a single helical Killing symmetry. For each choice of the Gauss-Bonnet parameter &alpha;&#8800;&alpha;_cr, the central energy density at the center of the boson star, q_0 completely characterizes the one parameter family of solutions. These solutions obey the first law of thermodynamics, in the case of the numerics, to within 1 part in 10^6. I describe the dependence of the boson star mass, angular momentum and angular velocity on &alpha; and on the dimensionality. For &alpha;<&alpha;_cr and D>5, these quantities exhibit damped oscillations about finite central values and the central energy density tends to infinity. The Kretschmann invariant at the center of the boson star diverges in the limit of diverging central energy. This contrasts the D=5 case, where the Kretschmann invariant diverges at a finite value of the central energy density. Solutions where &alpha;<&alpha;_cr, correspond to negative mass boson stars, and the for all dimensions the boson star mass and angular momentum decrease exponentially as the central energy density tends toward infinity with the Kretschmann invariant diverging only when in the limit the central energy density diverges. I also briefly discuss the difficulties of numerically obtaining single Killing vector hairy black hole solutions and present the explicit boundary conditions for both Einstein gravity and Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity.

On étudie différentes notions de courbure riemanniennes: la $p$-courbure, qui interpole entre courbure scalaire et courbure sectionnelle, les courbures de Gauss-Bonnet-Weyl qui constituent une autre interpolation allant de la courbure scalaire <br />jusqu'à l'intégrand de Gauss-Bonnet.<br />Les $(p,q)$-courbures que nous dégageons englobent toutes ces notions. On examine ensuite le terme en courbure de la formule classique de Weitzenböck. On étudie aussi les propriétés de positivité de la $p$-courbure, la seconde courbure de Gauss-Bonnet-Weyl, la courbure d'Einstein et de la courbure isotrope.

We introduce the formalism of supersymmetric quantum mechanics, including super-symmetry charges,Z2-graded Hilbert spaces, the chirality operator and the Wittenindex. We show that there is a one to one correspondence of fermions and bosons forenergies different than zero, which implies that the Witten index measures the dif-ference of fermions and bosons at the ground state. We argue that the Witten indexis the index of an elliptic operator. Quantization of the supersymmetric non-linearsigma model shows that the Witten index equals the Euler characteristic of the un-derlying Riemannian manifold over which the theory is defined. Finally, the pathintegral representation of the Witten index is applied to derive the Gauss-Bonnettheorem. Apart from this we introduce elementary mathematical background in thesubjects of topological invariance, Riemannian manifolds and index theory / Vi introducucerar formalismen f ̈or supersymmetrisk kvantmekanik, d ̈aribland super-symmetryladdningar,Z2-graderade Hilbertrum, kiralitetsoperatorn och Wittenin-dexet. Vi visar att det r ̊ader en till en-korrespondens mellan fermioner och bosonervid energiniv ̊aer skillda fr ̊an noll, vilket medf ̈or att Wittenindexet m ̈ater skillnadeni antal fermioner och bosoner vid nolltillst ̊andet. Vi argumenterar f ̈or att Wittenin-dexet ̈ar indexet p ̊a en elliptisk operator. Kvantisering av den supersymmetriskaicke-linj ̈ara sigmamodellen visar att Wittenindexet ̈ar Eulerkarakteristiken f ̈or denunderliggande Riemannska m ̊angfald ̈over vilken teorin ̈ar definierad. Slutligenapplicerar vi v ̈agintegralrepresentationen av Wittenindexet f ̈or att h ̈arleda Gauss-Bonnets sats. Ut ̈over detta introduceras ocks ̊a grundl ̈aggande matematisk bakrundi ämnena topologisk invarians, Riemmanska m ̊angfalder och indexteori.

Orientador: João Peres Vieira / Banca: Eliris Cristina Rizziolli / Banca: Laércio Aparecido Lucas / Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho é confeccionar um texto para alunos de gradua ção na área de Ciências Exatas e da Terra concernente ao estudo da Curvatura Gaussiana e Aplicação de Gauss, Superfícies Mínimas, Teorema Egregium de Gauss e o Teorema de Gauss- Bonnet para curvas simples fechadas / Abstract: The main objective from this work is to make a text for students of graduation in the area of exact sciences and of the land concerning to the study of the Gaussian Curvature and the Gauss Map, Minimal Surfaces, Gauss's Theorem Egregium and the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem for Simple Closed Curves / Mestre