• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 12
  • 5
  • 4
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 32
  • 10
  • 9
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Analys av Nedbrytningsprodukter av Polymerer för Bitumenändamål

Lindström, Björn January 2007 (has links)
This project was aimed to study the degradation of polystyrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS). SBS is used to modify bitumen, the binder in asphalt. From earlier studies it is known that SBS degrades in bitumen, but the degradation products have not been identified. To be able to determine the long term effects of SBS in the environment, degradation products need to be identified. Polystyrene forms rigid blocks with polybutadiene as a rubbery matrix between the ridgid blocks. When blended in bitumen, the polystyrene blocks are crosslinked to form a three dimensional network. SBS is an elastomer and has the ability to regain its shape after being a subject of mechanical force. According to the pre references the polymers had to be degraded in similar ways as they would in bitumen. Since bitumen is a very complex matrix with high boiling point and viscosity, there would be difficulties separating polymers from the bitumen. We made an assumption that it would be plausible for the degradation products formed in bitumen to form even with no bitumen present. Four different SBS polymers were used. One of the polymers was branched. Another had a high content of 1-2 polybutadiene. The third was a diblock copolymer (SB) with low styrene content compared to the others. The last was a linear SBS. The polymers were degraded in pieces of apparatus used for study ageing characteristics of bitumen as well as they were aged by refluxing in hexane. The degradation products were extracted by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and identified by GC-MS. Due to instrumental limits there were not many degradation products identified. The main products detected included saturated hydrocarbons in the range of 16-31 carbon atoms as well as squalene. / I det här projektet studerades nedbrytning av styren-butadien-styren block kopolymerer (SBS). SBS används för att modifiera bitumen vars användningsområde är som bindemedel i asfalt. Tidigare studier har visat att SBS bryts ned i bitumen, men nedbrytningsprodukterna har inte identfierats. För att kunna avgöra vad SBS har för långsiktiga effekter på miljön måste nedbrytnignsprodukterna identifieras. I SBS bildar polystyren styva block medan polybutadien fungerar som flexibla bryggor mellan polystyrenblocken. När SBS blandas med bitumen korslänkas polystyrenblocken så att ett tredimensionellt nätverk bildas. Eftersom SBS är en elastomer har den förmågan att återfå sin ursprungliga form efter att ha blivit utsatt för mekanisk stress. Enligt de givna förutsättningarna för studien skulle polymererna brytas ned på samma sätt som om de skulle ha varit lösta i bitumen. Eftersom bitumen är en komplex matris med hög kokpunkt och viskositet skulle det varit svårt att separera polymererna och deras nedbrytningsprodukter från bitumenet. Vi gjorde ett antagande om att det förmodligen bildas samma nedbrytningsprodukter som om bitumen varit närvarande även om nedbrytningen sker utan bitumen närvarande. Fyra olika SBS polymerer användes. En av polymererna var grenad. En annan hade en stor andel 1,2-polybutadien. Den tredje var en diblock kopolymer (SB) med lågt styren innehåll jämfört med de andra. Den sista polymeren var linjär. Polymererna åldrades i apparatur framtagen för att studera åldring av bitumen. Polymererna åldrades även genom att återloppskokas i hexan. Nedbrytningsprodukterna extraherades via fastfasextraktion (SPE) och identifierades med GC-MS. Genom instrumentella begränsningar kunde bara ett fåtal nedbrytningsprodukter identifieras. Bland de produkter som identifierades fanns alkaner och alkener med mellan 16 och 31 kolatomer, men även skvalen identifierades som nedbrytningsprodukt. Lågmolekylära ämnen kan ha ventilerats bort för att vi inte hade tillgång till apparatur för adsorbtion av flyktiga ämnen för injektion i GC-MS.
12

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Biodiesel Deposits Formed on a Hot Metal Surface

Westberg, Emilie January 2013 (has links)
This thesis aims to investigate the formation of deposits from thermally degraded biodiesel on a hot metal surface under the influence of sodium or copper contaminations. Biodiesel or Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) is a widely utilized biofuel with the potential to replace fossil fuels, however, issues regarding the thermal and oxidative stability prevent the progress of biodiesel for utilization as vehicle fuel. The thermal degradation of biodiesel causes formation of deposits often occurring in the fuel injectors, which could result in reduced engine efficiency, increased emissions and engine wear. However, still have no standard method for evaluation of a fuels’ tendency to form deposits been developed. In this study biodiesel deposits have been formed on aluminum test tubes utilizing a Hot Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS), an instrument based on the principle of the Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester (JFTOT). Quantitative and qualitative analyses have been made utilizing an array of techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (ATR-FTIR). A multi-factorial trial investigating the effects of sodium hydroxide and copper contaminations at trace levels and the impact of a paraffin inhibitor copolymer additive on three different FAME products, two derived from rapeseed oil and one from waste cooking oil as well as a biodiesel blend with mineral diesel, was conducted.The results exhibited that FAMEs are the major precursor to deposit formation in diesel fuel. The SEM analyses exploited the nature of FAME deposits forming porous structures on hot metal surfaces. Sodium hydroxide proved to participate in the deposit formation by forming carboxylic salts. However, the copper contamination exhibited no enhancing effect on the deposits, possibly due to interference of the blank oil in which copper was received. The paraffin inhibitor functioning as a crystal modifier had significant reducing effect on the deposit formation for all biodiesel samples except for the FAME product derived from waste cooking oil. Further studies are needed in order to investigate the influence of glycerin and water residues to the biodiesel deposit formation. Mechanisms involving oxidative or thermal peroxide formation, polymerization and disintegration have been suggested as degradation pathways for biodiesel. The involvement of oxidation intermediates, peroxides, was confirmed by the experiments performed in this thesis. However, the mechanisms of biodiesel deposit formation are complex and hard to study as the deposits are seemingly insoluble. Nevertheless, ATR-FTIR in combination with JFTOT-processing has potential as standard method for evaluation of deposit forming tendencies of biodiesel.
13

Untersuchungen an Phosphor-Arsen-Schwefel-Selen-Verbindungen und am Phosphor-Schwefel-Phasendiagramm

Stowasser, Joachim 13 February 2002 (has links)
Durch die Untersuchungen mittels der RP-HPLC hinsichtlich der Bildung der gemischten Moleküle in den Systemen P4S3/P4Se3 und P4S3/As4S3 in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und der Zeit konten die k-Werte unddie Reaktionsordungen für die Bildung dieser Moleküle bestimmt werden. Dabei konnte im System P4S3/P4Se3 eine Reaktion zweiter Ordnung festgestellt und das Vorliegen einer Festkörperreaktion bestätigt werden. Auch im System P4S3/As4S3 konnte so eine Parallelreaktion zweiter Ordnung festgestellt werden, hierbei wird das symmetrische Molekül PapAs3S3 bevorzugt gebildet. Bei der Bestimmung von Phosphor - Arsen - Schwefel - Schmelzen konnte durch den Einsatz der Untersuchungsmethode GC-MS P3AsS7, P3AsS8, P2As2S5, P2As2S6, sowie PAs3S5 und PAs3S6 bestimmt werden. Durch vergleichende Versuche mit der 31P-NMR-Spektroskopie konnte die Annahme, dass die Verbindungen durch den Zerfall höherer gemischter Verbindungen im GC-MS entstehen, wiederlegt werden. Die Untersuchungen im Phosphor - Schwefel - System erbrachten ein Phasendiagramm, das in verschiedenen Bereichen von den bekannten Diagrammen abweicht. Neben der Temperatur von 124°C für das Eutektikum bei 55 Mol% P, konnte auch die Liquiduskurve im Bereich P4S7 - P4S3 neu bestimmt werden. Die Abweichungen konnten durch die Verwendung von HPLC und Röntgenfilmuntersuchungen, sowie einer mathematischen Bestimmung, belegt werden. Für die Verbindung P4S7 konnte die Kristallstruktur erfeinert werden. Desweiteren konnte die Struktur der Verbindung [EnH2][TeS3] mittels Einkristallröntgenanalyse bestimmt werden. Die Versuche mit verschiedenen Templaten zeigten, dass bei größerer Variation der Template, der Templatkonzentrationen und der eingesetzten Verbindungen weitere Strukturen mit einem TeS32- - Ion möglich sind.
14

連結経営基盤キャッシュ・マネジメント・システムの運用課題と対応に関する研究

福嶋, 幸太郎 23 July 2018 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第21290号 / 経博第578号 / 新制||経||286(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 徳賀 芳弘, 教授 澤邉 紀生, 教授 藤井 秀樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DFAM
15

Analysis Of Complex Volatile Organic Compound Mixtures Using Active Spme-Gc-Ms

Famiyeh, Lord 09 May 2015 (has links)
The ultimate goal of this research is to develop an efficient, reproducible and low cost method for analysis of VOCs in complex mixtures such as those in exhaled breath and in headspace of fungi cultures. In Chapter I; analytical methods for volatile biomarkers identification is reviewed In Chapter II, active SPME GCMS was employed to analyze VOCs in the breath of a single healthy male and a single female. The goal was to determine the extent of intra-individual variations in the VOC profiles. In Chapter III, a preliminary study was carried out in a greenhouse to determine the pathogenicity of different isolates of M. phaseolina on soybeans. This will allow, in future studies, the matching of VOC profiles of different isolates of M. phaseolina with their relative pathogenicity. This is a key step towards the development of an early warning system for the detection of pathogenic M. phaseolina fungus contaminations.
16

Climate Change Impacts On Rainfed Corn Production In Malawi

Msowoya, Kondwani 01 January 2013 (has links)
Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy in Malawi and accounts for 40% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 90% of the export revenues. Corn (maize) is the major cereal crop grown as staple food under rainfed conditions, covers over 92% of the total agricultural area, and contributes 54% of the caloric intake. Corn production is the principle occupation and major source of income for over 85% of the total population in Malawi. Issues of hunger and food insecurity for the entire nation are associated with corn scarcity and low production. Global warming is expected to cause climate change in Malawi, including changes in temperature and precipitation amounts and patterns. These climate changes are expected to affect corn production in Malawi. This study evaluates the impacts of climate change on rainfed corn production in Malawi. Lilongwe District, with about 1,045 square miles of agriculture area, has been selected as a representative area. First, outputs of 15 General Circulation Models (GCMs) under different emission scenarios are statistically downscaled. For this purpose, a weather generator (LARSWG) is calibrated and validated for the study area and daily precipitation as well as minimum and maximum temperature are projected for 15 GCMs for three time horizons of 2020s, 2050s and 2090s. Probability assessment of bounded range with known distributions is used to deal with the uncertainties of GCMs’ outputs. These GCMs outputs are weighted by considering the ability of each model to simulate historical records. AquaCrop, a new model developed by FAO that simulates the crop yield response to water deficit conditions, is employed to assess potential rainfed corn production in the study area with and without climate change. Study results indicate an average temperature increase of 0.52 to 0.94oC, 1.26 to 2.20oC and 1.78 to 3.58oC in the nearterm (2020s), mid-term (2050s) and long-term (2090s) future, respectively. The expected changes in precipitation during these periods are -17 to 11%, -26 to 0%, and -29 to -3%. Corn iii yields are expected to change by -8.11 to 0.53%, -7.25 to -14.33%, and -13.19 to -31.86%, during the same time periods. The study concludes with suggestion of some adaptation strategies that the Government of Malawi could consider to improve national food security under climate change.
17

A Comprehensive Tool and Analytical Pathway for Differential Molecular Profiling and Biomarker Discovery

Grigsby, Claude Curtis 20 December 2013 (has links)
No description available.
18

Mise en évidence d'un espace sensoriel et caractérisation des marqueurs relatifs à l'arôme des vins issus du cépage Chardonnay

Ballester Pérez, Jordi 06 May 2008 (has links)
El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar los compuestos volátiles responsables del aroma del vino elaborado a partir de la variedad Chardonnay, independientemente del origen geográfico y del estilo de vinificación. En una primera experiencia, la tipicidad « Chardonnay » de un grupo de 48 vinos (de los cuales 29 eran Chardonnay y 19 no) fue evaluada por un panel de expertos. Este estudio permitió la selección de un sub-grupo de vinos pertenecientes a dos niveles de tipicidad distintos: buenos ejemplos y malos ejemplos de vino Chardonnay. La segunda étapa del estudio consistió en seleccionar un método de extracción que diera lugar a un extracto representativo del aroma del vino de Chardonnay. Se evaluaron tres métodos de extractión: la extracción con diclorometano, el "salting-out" seguido de una destilación a vacio y el "salting-out" seguido de una extracción con diclorometano. Los extractos obtenidos fueron re-diluidos en una solución hidroalcohólica (12% vol.) para su comparacion sensorial con el vino original mediante un test de similitud. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre los tres métodos de extracción. El método de extración con diclorometano fue seleccionado por su buena compatibilidad con la cromatografia en fase gaseosa y por su facilidad de realización. Durante la tercera etapa se llevó a cabo una selección de los miembros del panel de olfactometria. Cuatro tests sirvieron para evaluar la habilidad de los candidatos a describir los olores, su repetibilidad en la deteccion y en la descripción, así como la presencia de hiposmias. Estos tests permitieron seleccionar 17 personas de entre 29 candidatos. La etapa sigiente consistió en el análisis olfactométrico propiamente dicho. Los 18 vinos elegidos fueron analizados por los 17 evaluadores seleccionados según el método de las frecuencias de detección. Setenta y dos zonas de olor fueron definidas. Gracias a una regresion PLS, se encontro una relación entre las notas de tipi / Ballester Pérez, J. (2004). Mise en évidence d'un espace sensoriel et caractérisation des marqueurs relatifs à l'arôme des vins issus du cépage Chardonnay [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1850
19

Etude des phénomènes de biotransformation des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) par les organismes aquatiques (poissons) : relation exposition - génotoxicité

Le Dû-Lacoste, Marie 12 December 2008 (has links)
Afin d’étudier la santé d’un écosystème marin et le potentiel toxique d’une contamination telle que celle liée à la présence d’hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), il est nécessaire, outre de connaître les niveaux de contamination du milieu, de pouvoir accéder à la fraction toxique à laquelle les organismes aquatiques ont été exposés et de connaître les effets toxiques des contaminants incriminés. L’exposition et la contamination des organismes aquatiques aux HAP ont généralement été évaluées par le dosage des HAP bioaccumulés dans les tissus. Or, cette approche est critiquable si l'on tient compte des capacités de biotransformation des organismes, notamment des vertébrés, et des propriétés toxiques des produits de transformation formés. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les phénomènes de bioccumulation et de biotransformation des HAP chez les organismes marins via l’étude des métabolites de HAP. Un effort de validation de biomarqueurs pertinents pour évaluer la génotoxicité des HAP en lien avec la contamination chimique des tissus et la production de métabolites est nécessaire. Des méthodes de dosage des métabolites de HAP dans les matrices biologiques ont tout d’abord été mises au point. Ces outils analytiques sensibles, innovants et performants ont ensuite été appliqués lors d’expositions de poissons à des HAP via différentes voies de contamination en milieu contrôlé. Ils ont permis une meilleure connaissance des phénomènes de biotransformation des HAP. Enfin, des études de terrain ont été réalisées, notamment dans le cadre de l’étude de la contamination de la Baie de Seine, montrant l’applicabilité du dosage des métabolites de HAP dans l’évaluation de l’exposition des organismes aux HAP en milieu naturel. Dans le cadre d’une approche intégrée chimie/biologie, ces travaux ont permis d’apporter une contribution dans le transfert méthodologique des biomarqueurs de génotoxicité des HAP pour des applications en surveillance de l’Atlantique Nord et notamment dans la Manche. / In order to study the health of a marine ecosystem and the toxic potential of a contamination such as that related to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it is necessary, in addition to the determination of environmental contamination levels, to have access to the fraction for aquatic organisms have been exposed to and to identify the toxic effects of the contaminants. The exposure and contamination of aquatic organisms to PAHs have generally been evaluated by the quantification of bioaccumulated PAHs in tissues. However, this approach is criticable when taking into account the biotransformation capabilities of organisms such as vertebrates and the toxic properties of biotransformation products. In this way, the aim of this study is to study PAH bioaccumulation and biotransformation phenomena through the PAH metabolites study. An effort for the validation of relevant biomarkers to evaluate the link between the genotoxicity of PAHs, PAHs body burden and PAH metabolites production, is necessary. Analytical techniques to quantify PAH metabolites in biological matrices have first been set up. Then, these sensible, innovating and powerful analytical tools have been applied to the study of fish exposures to PAHs through differents contamination sources in controlled conditions. This allowed to have a better understanding of PAH biotransformation phenomena. Finally, field studies have been led, notably to study the contamination of the Seine bay, demonstrating the applicability of the quantification of PAH metabolites to evaluate the exposure and the contamination of organisms to PAHs in natural environment. Within the framework of an integrated approach chemistry/biology, this work led to a contribution in the methodological transfer of biomarkers of PAH genotoxicity
20

Étude de la composition de différentes fumées de cigarette associées aux tabagismes actif et passif / Investigation of the composition of different cigarette smoke associated with active and passive smoking

Schramm, Sébastien 21 November 2012 (has links)
La fumée de cigarette est reconnue pour être un important polluant des espaces confinés. La matière particulaire qui lui est associée présente un intérêt toxicologique important, tant dans le cadre du tabagisme actif que passif, de par sa forte propension à être retenue dans les voies respiratoires. De plus, les molécules qui les constituent ou qui sont adsorbées à leur surface peuvent être, après leur rétention, transférées à l'organisme sur des périodes de temps importantes ce qui conduit à une exposition prolongée à ces molécules, certaines étant reconnues toxiques. Cependant, les méthodes d'analyses classiques ne permettent qu'une description partielle et ciblée. C'est dans ce contexte qu'a été entrepris ce travail de thèse sur l'étude détaillée de la composition des particules impliquées dans le tabagisme actif et passif. Dans un premier temps, une méthode de quantification par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (GC-MS/MS) a été mise en place dans le but de valider le dispositif de fumage et de prélèvement. Ainsi, la reproductibilité des échantillons de fumées de cigarette soumis à l'étude a pu être assurée. En considérant l'évolution de traceurs comme la nicotine ou certains HAPs, un plan d'expérience a permis d'évaluer l'influence sur la nature des prélèvements, de différentes caractéristiques associées aux bouffées (durée, débit d'aspiration) et à la cigarette (taux d'humidité, perméabilité du filtre). Dans un second temps, les particules de fumées inspirées (MSS), expirées (EXS) et de fumées émises entre deux bouffées (SSS) ont été analysées par spectrométrie de masse à résonance cyclotronique des ions et à transformée de Fourier couplée à l'ionisation/désorption laser (LDI-FTICRMS) ou électrospray (ESI-FTICRMS). La comparaison MSS/EXS met en évidence une rétention préférentielle dans l'organisme des composés à forte polarité. Les SSS quant à elles révèlent des composés plus aromatiques et moins oxygénés que les MSS. Ce résultat a été associé à une différence de température et à une différence d'apport d'oxygène au niveau du foyer de combustion pendant et entre les bouffées. Ces paramètres influencent en effet la nature du phénomène majoritaire qui s'y produit (phases de pyrolyse et/ou de combustion). Un autre paramètre qui permet d'expliquer les différences observées est l'absence d'interactions des SSS après leur émission. Au contraire, les MSS, qui traversent le tabac encore non-consumé et le filtre de la cigarette, sont en mesure d'entrainer les molécules volatiles qu'ils contiennent telle que la nicotine par exemple. Ces résultats ont été, pour bon nombre, confirmés et complétés par des études réalisées en résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN). L'ensemble des résultats obtenus dans l'étude des MSS, SSS et EXS montre que, pour une part importante, fumeur passif et fumeur actif sont exposés à des classes de molécules différentes qui seraient en mesure de conduire à des pathologies spécifiques / Cigarette smoke is one of the more significant indoor contaminant. Cigarette smoke is associated with gas phase and particulate matter phase components. The cigarette smoke particles are of major concern from a toxicological viewpoint, for both active and passive smoking. Indeed a large part of them is retained by the different levels of human respiratory system. As a consequence, the molecules adsorbed on their surface or the molecules, which compose the particle itself, can be slowly released in the organism. In this context, particles involved in active and passive smoking were analyzed and compared. In a first step, a quantification method by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for some tracers has been developed and validated to allow the validation of both the smoking and the sampling procedures to be achieved. This is important to be sure that for a given cigarette smoke types, the different samples obtained from different collection procedure are statistically identical. This also allowed the influence of some smoking variables (type and humidity of the cigarette, puff duration, and flow rate of the puff) on the composition of the particles to be evaluated. In a second step, mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS), sidestream cigarette smoke (SSS) and exhaled cigarette smoke (EXS) particles were analyzed by ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry coupled with laser desorption/ionisation (LDI-FTICRMS) or electrospray ion (ESI-FTICRMS). The comparison of MSS and EXS revealed the selective retention of the more polar molecules in the organism. In contrast to what it is obtained for MSS, it was found that the compounds detected in the analysis of SSS particles are highly unsaturated and content low amounts of oxygen and nitrogen atoms. This has to be linked to a lower dioxygen amounts and to a lower temperature between two puffs in the burning zone. Consequently, pyrolytic and combustion phenomena are the main process which induce the formation of SSS and MSS, respectively. Moreover, MSS cross unburned tobacco before to be collected and can induce distillation of some volatile compounds (e.g. nicotine) which are thought to be more saturated and more oxygenated that the compounds generated in the burning zone. These results were confirmed and completed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis. The results of the MSS, SSS and EXS particle analysis highlight the differences of chemical composition of these different cigarette smokes which is associated to active smoking for the first one and passive smoking for the latter ones. Consequently, differences of toxicological effect can be expected for each kinds of smoking behavior

Page generated in 0.0561 seconds