Florida judges have the discretion to withhold adjudication for felony offenders sentenced to probation. This sentencing option allows offenders to retain all rights normally lost upon felony conviction within the state of Florida, including the right to vote and carry fire arms. Those who receive adjudication withheld can also legally assert that they are not convicted felons. In short, they suffer none of the associated "civil" or social penalties that generally accompany criminal conviction. This research investigates the direct impact of individual characteristics such as race, ethnicity and gender on the withholding of adjudication for a sample of probationers (N=120,771) convicted in Florida courts between 1999 and 2002. The study also examines the situational influence of crime type and the cross level impact of socially threatening conditions such as black and Hispanic unemployment, racial composition and concentrated disadvantage on the effect of individual traits using Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling. The results indicate that blacks and Hispanics have substantially lower chances than white offenders, with similar personal and legal attributes, to receive adjudication withheld. The influence of race and ethnicity on adjudication withheld is more prominent for drug offenders and for blacks in areas of high black unemployment and for both blacks and Hispanics in places with elevated levels of disadvantage. Gender also significantly impacts adjudication withheld with female offenders significantly more likely to receive this beneficial sentencing decision when compared to male offenders. Additionally, women convicted of atypical crimes such as murder and auto theft do not enjoy the sentencing advantage that other female offenders have over males. Overall, the chance of adjudication withheld for female offenders is substantially increased in areas with stronger female earnings. The race, ethnicity and gender findings are discussed within the social threat and social control theoretical framework. / A Dissertation submitted to the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester, 2006. / March 17, 2006. / Threat, Gender, Ethnicity, Race, Social Control / Includes bibliographical references. / Theodore Chiricos, Professor Directing Dissertation; Richard Tate, Outside Committee Member; William Bales, Committee Member.

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This essay focuses on studying how Swedish authoritys implemented the program gender mainstreaming in their operation. The study uses the theoretical perspective of foucauldian discourse analysis and Kingsleys representation bureaucacy theory for help to answer the scientific question. In a qualitative analysis I used a WPR analysis on official documents for plans of gender mainstreaming from two choosen authoritys, both of which are part of the government's program of gender mainstreaming. The essay presented results that it is the management of the authoritys that decides which norms and values are to be raised in the authoritys business plans. And the concept of gender equality becomes a political measure based on the messenger's demand for a refund. The results of the representation bureaucracy theory analysis shows that gender mainstreaming is built on the demands from the outside world that make them highlight gender equality and a more representative core business in their plans. / <p>2021-06-04</p>

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Two-year-olds' knowledge of gender-stereotyped tasks was assessed in an experiment that utilized the preferential looking paradigm. The looking times of toddlers' (N = 18) gazes towards gender-consistent and gender-inconsistent activities were measured and assessed. In the procedure, toddlers viewed either a male or female actor on two displays performing a masculine stereotyped activity (shaving, putting on a tie) on one screen and a feminine stereotyped activity (putting on lipstick, putting on nail-polish) on the other screen. Infants also viewed male and female actors performing gender-neutral activities (eating, drinking water) side by side in control trials. Consistent with our predictions and previous research, the toddlers looked longer at the gender-inconsistent events than the gender-consistent or gender-neutral activities. The results suggest that children have developed some knowledge of gender-stereotyped events by 24 months of age.

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Yes / Rethinking intersectionality, gender identities and gender equality with Kat Gupta at the GENOVATE conference. / FP7

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