Ice hockey is a heavily male dominated sport generally considered rough and demanding. The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine and describe the residing attitudes and norms amongst young ice hockey players utilizing the social constructivism theory and a univariate method of analysis. This has been done through the distribution of surveys consisting of a number of questions aimed to investigate the residing attitudes and expectations of young ice hockey players. To do this, we have compared young ice hockey players' views and expectations of themselves pertaining to their identities as hockey players and, conversely, their identities as individual men outside of the world of sports. We have also compared this data to the players’ views and expectations on female ice hockey players and women outside of the world of sports. Through our analysis we have discovered four particular normative values that a great amount of the respondents possess: The level of discomfort surrounding homosexuality, and the embracing of strength, willpower and courage as desirable traits. Most young ice hockey players participating in the study would not be comfortable coming out as homosexual to their teammates. Likewise, many respondents claim that strength, willpower and courage are desirable traits for male ice hockey players as well as men outside the world of sports. This study is of importance as a contribution to current gender research and debates surrounding masculinity and the health of young boys.

No description available.

<p> The Kingdom of Swaziland is a small African nation with an HIV prevalence rate of 27.4% in adults and up to 39% in pregnant women (Global Health Observatory, 2014). In 2012, life expectancy for a woman in Swaziland was 55-years (World Health Organization, 2014). Health entails more than the absence of disease. Although considered a lower middle-income country, 69% of Swazi citizens live in poverty and nearly one-third live in extremely poor circumstances. The degree to which upstream factors such as social conditions and the cultural environment impact individuals tends to be minimized in Westernized models of health behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine the sociocultural factors that impact self-care and health maintenance of women in Swaziland. The goals related to this were to uncover the salient cultural values, beliefs and attitudes that affect the health of Swazi women, and to develop a deeper understanding of how strongly embedded cultural values are a determinant of health outcomes. Using Carspecken&rsquo;s methodology of critical ethnography, which incorporates both observational and narrative methods, this study focused intensively on the life stories of four rural African women. The findings richly illustrate how social issues such as poverty and food insecurity impact the health of women and their children; and how traditional customs and practices both support and threaten the health of women and families. Women in this study experienced a loss of husband or extended family due to death or abandonment that resulted in losses in supports and resources. Additionally, they worried about the health and education of their children before personal health needs. They also reported chronic employment problems and mistrust in existing governmental agencies including the healthcare system. Application of the culturally sensitive Person-Environment-Neighborhood (PEN-3) model highlights areas of resilience, strengths, and resource targets and identifies the community as an appropriate entry level for health interventions.</p>

<p> Using longitudinal data from Panel Study of Income and Dynamic (PSID) and multivariate analyses, this dissertation examines the dynamic and longitudinal relationship between gender, occupational career and health among people of working age under the new economy. The major concern is whether there are gender differences in the health returns to occupation/employment resources across life course, whether the gendered health gap diverges with age, and whether health affect men' and women's employment transitions and occupational mobility differently. </p><p> Results show that women experience significantly poorer health than men, but this health gap reduces with aging. The health disadvantages experienced by women are entirely explained by SES status. Working becomes increasingly important to maintain health as people age. However, women receive far fewer health rewards from employment than men, and this unequal health returns to employment are compounded with age. The health benefit from a higher occupational status is similar for men and women across the life course. More importantly, all else being equal, health of women declines at a rate half that of men, showing a reversed gender health gap toward old age. Regarding health selection, results show that health is not a predictor of occupational status for either men or women, but is an important predictor for employment status and downward mobility of both genders. </p><p> From a theoretical standpoint, this research illustrates the limitation of using one dominate life course theory, and calls for a more prominent theory that examine both biological and social processes that contribute to the life course gender health inequality. Methodologically, results suggest the superiority of combining longitudinal designs with hierarchical longitudinal models, which are able entangle the within-person health change and between-person effects of time. From a policy standpoint, the study suggests that family-friendly policies should be able to improve both women's employment and, by extension, their health status.</p>

<p> On November 5, 1996, California became the first state in the US to legalize Marijuana for medical purposes through the enactment of the Compassionate Use Act of 1996. Later Marijuana for recreational use was also enacted through the Adult Use of Marijuana Act of 2016. Presently, 29 States in the U.S including the District of Columbia have legalized the use of marijuana for either medicinal or recreational purposes (Election 2016&ndash;Marijuana Ballot results). With the legalization of Marijuana, there have been tremendous higher rates of distribution, sales, and consumption of the drug in California. The use of Marijuana has not only been socially accepted but has also laid a foundation for more research about the social economic and health effects to the communities. Therefore this paper seeks to assess the detrimental and beneficial effects of marijuana use among the racial/ ethnically diverse population of northern California.</p><p>

<p> Previous research has supported the notion that significantly more women than men seek help for chronic pain. This study aims to understand gender differences in how, when, and from whom individuals seek help for chronic pain. In particular, many aspects of masculinity have been demonstrated to inhibit help seeking. Participants were a sample of patients seeking treatment at a pain treatment facility. It was hypothesized that there would be a greater discrepancy between pain self-reported on paper versus in person by men than would be by women. It was also hypothesized that higher conformity to masculine norms would be positively related to greater self-report discrepancy. Additionally, the author expected to find gender differences in the amount of time between the onset of pain and disclosure of pain as well as medical help seeking. Again, it was anticipated that greater delays in disclosure and medical help seeking would be related to higher conformity to masculine norms. Moreover, conformity to masculine norms was expected to mediate gender differences in help seeking. The author also hypothesized that the type of people to whom pain is first disclosed would differ based on differences in gender and conformity to masculine norms.</p>

Popular discourses and current government policy focus on the need for individuals and families to make healthy food choices, without acknowledging the social and cultural milieu in which these are embedded. A neo-liberal focus on responsible individualism is part of a middle class habitus that ensures foodwork and foodplay are located within distinct heteronormative cultural fields. In my thesis I explore narratives from seventy-five mainly middle class respondents who engaged in a series of asynchronous online interviews over nine months beginning in November 2010. The themes that emerged aligned with public policy debates on the family, healthy eating, eating disorders, ‘fat’ bodies and elite foodways. Hence, feeding the family ‘healthy’ meals ‘prepared from scratch’ was considered a means of acquiring social, symbolic and cultural capital. ‘Fat’ talk and ‘lipoliteracy’ or learning to read the body were ways of performing femininity, whilst elite foodways were utilised as forms of hegemonic masculinities. Hence, in a challenge to the individualisation thesis my research demonstrates the complexity of food relationships beyond individual consumer choice. Throughout I adopt an auto/biographical approach that stresses the interconnectedness of biography and autobiography, focuses on researcher reflexivity and is sensitive to respondent subjectivities. Respondents used a common vocabulary of individuality, whilst simultaneously embedding themselves in family and kinship relations. Indeed, family, gender, and class, were the means of anchorage in a sea of remembering that engendered a sense of ontological security. Foodways are, thus, part of a habitus that is gendered, classed, temporal and historical. Women in the study conformed to cultural scripts of heteronormative femininity, whilst men resorted to hegemonic masculinities to distance themselves from feminised foodways and care work. These identities were not part of a negotiated family model, but located in cultural fields that reinforced and naturalised gendered divisions, they were bound by gender and class.

<p> Men in sub-Saharan Africa are less likely than women to use HIV services and, thus, are more likely to die from AIDS. While much of the literature argues that men&rsquo;s views of masculinity keep them from services, I use the theory of gendered organizations to provide another perspective. In this dissertation, I use a mixed methods approach to examine the gendered organization of facility-based HIV testing services in southern Malawi and how the organization of services creates additional barriers to men&rsquo;s use of care. </p><p> I combine four types of data: (1) survey data with facility clients to assess if quality of care differs by sex of client; (2) in-depth interviews with healthcare providers and policy makers to examine perceptions of men as clients; (3) participant observation in health facilities to understand how institutional protocols are enacted at the local level; and (4) international and national policy documents to situate local health institutions within broader global constructs of gender and HIV priorities. </p><p> I find that heterosexual men have become an invisible category within both international and national HIV policy. When they are included, they are described as the problem, not part of the solution to HIV epidemics. On the ground, the organization of HIV testing services has followed suit. </p><p> Health institutions, like other organizations, are not gender-neutral. Men in southern Malawi were not recruited for health services, were less likely than women to receive health education when they did attend a facility, and were less likely to have access to HIV testing because services were, at times, only offered during hours for antenatal services. Furthermore, HIV testing was often located near antenatal services, again contributing to the perception that testing was designed for women &ndash; because it was. Based on these findings, I argue that HIV testing is gendered across three levels of the health institution: (1) the organizational HIV policies; (2) the physical environment in which testing occurs; and (3) interactions within facilities that require clients to enact qualities typically viewed as feminine in order to successfully receive care (e.g., waiting long hours, being compliant, and being a caregiver).</p>

A depressão materna tem sido considerada uma condição de adversidade ao desenvolvimento infantil, observando-se quanto ao gênero peculiaridades e uma diversidade de achados em relação ao comportamento, à psicopatologia e ao perfil de socialização de crianças que convivem com a depressão materna. Objetivou-se: a) caracterizar o perfil de socialização de crianças em idade escolar que convivem com a depressão materna recorrente, identificando recursos e dificuldades relativos ao desempenho escolar e ao comportamento; b) comparar grupos separados pelo gênero; c) correlacionar desempenho escolar e comportamento. Foram avaliadas 40 díades mãe-filho, tendo as mães diagnóstico sistematicamente avaliado de Transtorno Depressivo Recorrente, e as crianças, com idades entre sete e 12 anos, foram distribuídas em dois grupos diferenciados pelo gênero: G1-20 meninos e G2-20 meninas. As crianças foram identificadas a partir da seleção das mães atendidas em serviços públicos de Saúde Mental da cidade de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Para a seleção dos participantes foram utilizados: a Entrevista Clínica e Estruturada para o DSM-IV (SCID), para confirmação diagnóstica das mães; e o teste das Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven - Escala Especial, para avaliação cognitiva das crianças e exclusão de déficit intelectual. Procedeu-se a avaliação do comportamento infantil por meio do Questionário de Capacidades de Dificuldades (SDQ) respondido pelas mães, e do desempenho escolar por meio do Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE) realizado pelas crianças. Os instrumentos foram aplicados segundo as recomendações técnicas e as avaliações foram realizadas em sessões individuais. Os dados foram codificados segundo as proposições dos instrumentos. Para a análise procedeu-se à comparação entre os grupos diferenciados pelo gênero em relação às variáveis desempenho escolar e comportamento e, na dependência da distribuição das variáveis, utilizaram-se os testes de Mann Whitney, do Qui-Quadrado, Exato do Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher, Análise de Regressão Logística Bivariada e Correlação de Spearman, adotando-se o nível de significância p 0,05 em todas as comparações. Em relação ao desempenho escolar, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre meninos e meninas. Aproximadamente metade do total de crianças apresentou dificuldades, principalmente relacionadas às habilidades aritméticas, e apresentaram indicadores de recursos nos domínios escrita e leitura. No que se refere ao comportamento, 42,5% do total de crianças apresentou dificuldades comportamentais, observando-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os gêneros em relação aos sintomas emocionais, com 80% das meninas apresentando indicadores de prejuízos nesta escala em comparação a 50% dos meninos. Para o grupo das meninas foram identificadas correlações negativas entre desempenho escolar e comportamento. Conclui-se que as crianças expostas à depressão materna recorrente apresentam dificuldades escolares e comportamentais independentemente do gênero, sendo que as meninas mostraram-se mais vulneráveis do que os meninos em relação aos problemas emocionais relativos a queixas somáticas e de insegurança, próprias de comportamentos internalizantes, não diferindo dos meninos quanto aos comportamentos externalizantes, os quais apresentaram mais recursos para lidar com tal adversidade. Considera-se que tais dados podem contribuir para o planejamento de intervenções terapêuticas diferenciadas para meninos e meninas em idade escolar que convivem com a depressão materna, com especial atenção para as meninas. / Maternal depression has been considered a condition of adversity on child development, observing regarding gender peculiarities and diversity of findings in relation to behavior, psychopathology and the socialization profile of children living with maternal depression. This study aimed to: a) characterize the socialization profile of school-age children living with recurrent maternal depression, identifying resources and difficulties related to academic performance and behavior; b) compare groups separated by gender; c) correlate school performance and behavior. Were evaluated 40 mother-child dyads, with mothers diagnosis systematically assessed of recurrent depressive disorder, and children aged between seven and 12 years, were divided into two groups differentiated by gender: G1- 20 boys and G2-20 girls. Children were identified by the selection of mothers in treatment at public mental health services in Ribeirão Preto - SP. For the selection of participants were used: Structured and Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) for diagnostic confirmation of mothers, and the Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven - Escala Especial test, for cognitive assessment of children and exclusion of intellectual deficit. Proceeded with the evaluation of child behavior through Strenghts and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) completed by the mothers, and school performance through the Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE) performed by children. The instruments were applied according to technical recommendations and evaluations were conducted in individual sessions. Data were coded according to the propositions of the instruments. For the analysis proceeded to compare the groups differentiated by gender for school performance and behavior and, depending on the distribution of variables, were used the tests Mann Whitney, Chi-square, Exact Chi-square, Fisher Exact, Bivariate Logistic Regression Analysis and Spearman Correlation, adopting a significance level p0.05 for all comparisons. In relation to school performance, there were no significant differences between the profile of boys and girls. Approximately half of all children had difficulties, especially those related to arithmetic skills, and presented resource indicators in writing and reading areas. With regard to behavior, 42.5% of children had behavioral difficulties, observing a statistically significant difference between genders in relation to emotional symptoms, with 80% of girls presenting indicators of losses on this scale compared to 50% boys. For the group of girls were identified negative correlations between school performance and behavior. Concludes that children exposed to recurrent maternal depression have difficulties on school performance and behavioral regardless of gender, and girls were more vulnerable than boys in relation to emotional problems related to somatic complains and insecurity, prevailing in internalizing behaviors, not differing from boys with regard to externalizing behaviors, which had more resources to deal with such adversity. It is considered that such data can contribute to the planning of different therapeutic interventions for school age boys and girls living with maternal depression, with special attention to girls.

Este trabalho se propõe a discutir as práticas de cuidado a mulheres em um serviço de Atenção Básica, a partir da experiência da pesquisadora como terapeuta ocupacional de um Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF). No cotidiano do trabalho compartilhado com a Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), percebe-se que a Atenção à Saúde da Mulher abarca principalmente questões relacionadas à reprodução e situações específicas do ciclo fértil feminino. A partir das discussões de gênero, saúde e produção de cuidado integral e ampliado, foi possível discutir e sistematizar uma experiência grupal e interprofissional de cuidado a mulheres realizada em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), da cidade de São Paulo. Além disso, houve também oportunidade de identificar e problematizar as estratégias de cuidado em resposta às necessidades de saúde das mulheres da área de abrangência desse serviço, de maneira a contribuir para a ampliação do cuidado na atenção primária em saúde. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa com metodologia de estudo de caso, a partir da realização de trabalho de campo com observação participante e 17 entrevistas com os seguintes sujeitos: coordenadoras de NASF, trabalhadoras da ESF desta UBS, trabalhadoras de NASF que são coordenadoras do Grupo de Mulheres e mulheres participantes do referido grupo. A análise dos dados indicou as seguintes categorias: gênero como potencial de desgaste e de fortalecimento; escuta reconhecida pelas trabalhadoras como demanda das mulheres; empoderamento das mulheres como objetivo do Grupo de Mulheres; Grupo de Mulheres como estratégia de cuidado às necessidades ampliadas de saúde. Percebeu-se que as profissionais compreendem a Saúde da Mulher a partir de uma perspectiva integral. Por outro lado, a formação e os arranjos organizacionais e de gestão direcionam as práticas no sentido do modelo biomédico. E no caso da assistência às mulheres, as práticas são direcionadas aos protocolos de Saúde Reprodutiva, o que retrata as opressões de gênero. Neste território, a \"sobrecarga\" das mulheres, ou seja, as assimetrias de gênero, são fator de grande relevância em seus processos de adoecimento, nos quais a determinação social e as condições de vida aparecem como necessidades de saúde das mulheres ao serviço. As participantes do Grupo e as profissionais apontam a importância do Grupo de Mulheres para os processos de recuperação de saúde e de cidadania, porém, poucas mulheres são direcionadas a serem cuidadas neste dispositivo. Com o intuito de propor melhorias para a assistência às mulheres, considera-se a importância de novos arranjos do processo de trabalho e de formação de gênero no local de trabalho. Em uma perspectiva mais abrangente, há que se considerar também esta questão na luta pela reformulação das Políticas e das práticas de Saúde Pública. Assim, propusemos a sistematização do dispositivo \"Grupo de Mulheres\" como estratégia de cuidado e de emancipação, apresentada em um caderno anexo a esta dissertação. / The purpose of this study is to discuss the practice of women\'s care within Primary Care (Atenção Básica) service, based upon this researcher\'s experience as an occupational therapist at a Family Healthcare Support Nuclei (Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família - NASF). During routine daily work, in conjunction with the Family Healthcare Strategy (Estratégia de Saúde da Família - ESF), it can be perceived that the Attention to Women\'s Health target (Atenção à Saúde da Mulher) only covers issues related to reproduction and specific aspects of the female fertility cycle. It is considered that, from discussions of gender and health and the delivery of a broader integrated care, it is possible to present and discuss an interprofessional group experience for the care of women care, understaken at a Primary Healthcare Unit (Unidade Básica de Saúde - UBS) in the city of São Paulo and to also identify care strategies and understanding of the health needs of women within the scope of this service, in order to contribute to the expansion of care in primary healthcare. To achieve this, the proposal was a qualitative approach with a case study methodology, derived from conducting fieldwork with participant observation and 17 interviews with NASF coordinators, ESF professionals at the UBS \'A\', NASF professionals who coordinate the Women\'s Group and female participants of the group. Data analysis indicated the following categories: gender as potential for attrition and strengthening; health workers understand that the demand of women is to be heard; empowerment of women as an objective of the Women\'s Group; Women\'s Group as a strategy of care for the expanded needs of health. It was noticed that the professionals understand the Women\'s Health from an integral perspective, however, the training and the organizational and management arrangements direct the practices towards the biomedical model, and also, in the case of the assistance to the women, the protocols reproductive health, portraying gender oppression. In this territory, women\'s \"overload\", that is, gender asymmetries, are a major factor in their disease processes, where social determination and living conditions appear as health needs of women in health service. Women and professionals point out the importance of the Women\'s Group for health and citizenship recovery processes, however, few women are directed to being cared for in this device. With the purpose of proposing improvements to the care of women, the importance of new work process arrangements, gender training in the workplace, and the struggle for the reformulation of Public Health Policies and practices are considered. Thus, we proposed the systematization of the device \"Women\'s Group\" as a strategy of care and emancipation, presented in a notebook attached to this dissertation.