The aim of this essay is to investigate Face Theory, from a gender perspective, in the 19th century’s novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen with the help of Speech Act Theory including direct Speech and indirect Speech. The special focuses of this investigation are if Elizabeth has a stereotypical use of FTAs strategies for different genders.

While climate change mitigation has been on the agenda of spatial planning practitioners for over two decades, adaptation has only become influential in spatial planning practice in recent years. This trend is evident not only at the municipal levelbut also at the regional and national levels. The revised planning and building law from 2011 states that municipalities must consider climate change. In parallel, a body of research focusing on the relationship between gender and concern for environmental and climate change and arguing that women are more concerned and proactive with respect to environmental issues has emerged. However, this research has been criticized for being essentialist and for stigmatizing women and men. The long-term aim of the present dissertation is to contribute to knowledge on how a gender perspective on municipal spatial planning can contribute to efficient and well-informed climate change response, as well as on how a gender perspective, as an analytical framework, can be developed to analyze, on the one hand, spatial planning related to climate change and, on the other, spatial planning more generally. One of the main contributions of my dissertation is to demonstrate that, by including a gender perspective in municipal climate change response, aspects that may be important for achieving efficient and well-informed spatial planning related to climate change response that are not typically prioritized can be afforded prominent places on the agenda. In this dissertation, I refer to these aspects as feminine values and perspectives—or attributes. I also contribute to the development of an analytical framework that can be used by policy makers and scientists to assess how a gender perspective is and can be integrated within municipal spatial planning processes related to climate change response, as well as spatial planning more generally. Furthermore, in addition to the development of efficient and well-informed responses, a dimension of gender equality must be considered. My dissertation contributes to the understanding that planners who adopt a gender perspective must consider the general level of gender equality in a country. Although the primary objective of this dissertation is to contribute to the development of efficient and well-informed policy, issues of equality and democracy cannot be overlooked. As I argue in my dissertation, participatory approaches to spatial planning are imperative for municipal efforts related to climate change. Nonetheless, participatory approaches require spatial planners to ensure that democracy and equality, on the one hand, and efficient and well-informed policy delivery, on the other, do not conflict. / <p>QC 20140214</p>

The purpose of this examination was to make a qualitative study focusing on children's influence from a gender perspective. The study is based on interviews. We wanted to investigate teachers' perception of children's influence in the preschool. Earlier research on children´s influence and gender has also helped us in the conclusion of this examination. The survey consists of ten interviews with teachers of varied work experience in the preschool. We also chose to interview teachers in other positions, since this is often the case in preschools today. From the result we can see that there are different levels of skill and awareness regarding the topic of children's influence from a gender perspective. Our researches shown that preschools are at different stages in their work on children's interests and that it is not always certain that girls and boys have the same amount of influence during their days at preschool. We concluded that those who claimed to work consciously with equality were more familiar with the subject, and that they had many thoughts about it. Another aspect that proved to be important was the impact of the learning environment to the children´s opportunity to affect their everyday lives. In conclusion, all the teachers said that children's influence is an important part of children's daily life at preschool as it is also a way to teach children democracy, consideration and respect for their environment.

The purpose of this study is to describe how, and if, discourses about self-harm in young people has been changed from the late 90-s until today. We chose to do this by studying films where the content of self-harm is a big factor. The study is built on a narrative research, we did however analyze it as a discourse method. The issues we have concentrated on are: Is there a significant quality that describes an individual who cut themselves? How can this phenomenon be seen from a gender point of view? Is there a specific group of people who is labeled as a person who cut themselves from the public? The result from this study show us that self-injury, from symptoms of a (bad) mental state, is a strong discourse where the views from the society lets it become more acceptable. However, there are other reasons for self-harm that is developed by the social difficulties, which is illustrated in these films. Norms and beliefs around what is male or female have not been changed from the beginning of the time period we have studied until today. Self-mutilation is still seen as a typical female thing – a woman problem. The persons who are pointed out as cutting themselves are typical white, young, dramatic girls. These girls also exhibit depth - and shame for the problem and its environment.

The purpose of the study was to examine a selection of teachers’ experiences of working with adaptation and support for students with reading and writing difficulties. Adaptation and support should be immediately addressed to students with reading and writing difficulties according to the Swedish Agency for Education (2017). The Adaptations and support fields are lesser researched areas of reading and writing difficulties. This study is based on interviews with six teachers and the teachers were interviewed with semi-structured interviews. This study has a gender perspective and is based on gender as an active process that is constantly changing. Even hidden assumptions guiding gender is constantly affecting thoughts and reasons. Hardings (1986) gender model with three continuing processes in symbolic, structure and individual levels was used to analyse the study.   The results show that the most common ways of paying attention to students in need of adaptations and support for reading and writing difficulties are when the teacher listens when the student reads high through different screenings. The teachers say they notice boys and girls equally. Intensive training of the students reading ability and the usage of compensatory aids are the most common adaptations and support methods. Difficulties for boys tend to follow them through the school years despite adaptations and support. The results from the study show that boys more often than girls have problem with concentration, attention and motivation in combination with reading and writing difficulties. The teachers in the study describe girls as diligent and boys as immature and sloppy. According to the teachers the boys also experience poorer child support. The analysis shows that at the symbolic level there are differences in the characteristics of boys and girls attributed to the teachers and on individual level there are writing and motivational differences between boys and girls. Boys are described to have less motivation and writing skills compared to girls. Girls are described to be vivid book readers whilst boys are thought of as non-readers. Support from colleagues and special education teachers are emphasised by all of the teachers so they can provide the best possible read and writing development support.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur King och Elle framställer mat ur ettgenusperspektiv, det vill säga ur ett manligt respektive kvinnligt perspektiv, och i samband meddetta studera människors attityder till mat generellt. Detta med avsikt att ta reda på om det finnsskillnader mellan hur mat framställs beroende på dess målgrupp, samt om det finns någonkoppling till hur människor ställer sig till mat allmänt. För att besvara syftet genomfördes enkvalitativ innehållsanalys av ett begränsat antal artiklar från de utvalda magasinen, samt enenkätundersökning som vi delade ut via webben. För att stödja vår analys av undersökningen harvi främst grundat arbetet i gestaltningsteorin och teorin om socialkonstruktivism. Våra frågeställningar var: • Hur framställs manligt och kvinnligt i mat och dryck-delen i magasin? • Finns det någon skillnad på hur män och kvinnor tänker kring mat och matvanor? • Hur kan livsstilsmagasin tänkas påverka sina läsare i fråga om matpreferenser? Resultatet av studien visar att det är en framstående skillnad mellan hur mat framställs i magasinriktat till män respektive kvinnor. Dessutom pekar enkätundersökningen på att fler kvinnor änmän är måna om vad de äter, och att det finns skillnader mellan hur män och kvinnor ser på mat.Utifrån våra resultat och slutsatser följer en diskussion om hur det kommer sig att mat framställspå det vis den gör, samt hur detta kan komma att påverka dess läsare och samhället i sig. Slutligenger vi även exempel på vidare forskning inom det utforskade området för en djupare förståelse. / The purpose of this study was to examine how males versus females gets portrayed in the foodsection in monthly magazines, in this case Elle and King. In relation to that we have studiedpeoples attitudes of food. We wanted to see if there is any difference in how the magazines framefood depending on the target group and if there is a connection to how people agrees to food ingeneral. We used a qualitative content analysis and surveys as methods to implement the study. To prove our study material we’ve used the framing theory and the theory of social construction. Our main questions was: • How does the magazines portray women and men in magazines when it comes to foodand beverage? • Is it any difference between how men and women think about food and their eatinghabits? • How can the magazines affect their readers in the matter of food preferences? The result of this study shows that there is a difference between how men and women getsportrayed in the food section of the magazines. The survey shows that women care more aboutwhat they eat than men do, and that there is a difference in how men and women think aboutfood. Based on our results and conclusion we discuss why food gets portrayed in the matter itdoes and how the readers and society might get affected. At the end of the study we giveexamples for further research within the unexplored area for a deeper understanding.

Bakgrund Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) omfattas av tre grupper; (1) en kombinerad typ med både uppmärksamhetsstörning och överaktivitet/impulsivitet, (2) huvudsakligen överaktivitet/impulsivitet samt (3) huvudsakligen uppmärksamhetsstörning. Hos barn erhåller 1 av 20 diagnosen ADHD där pojkar är överrepresenterade. Flickor diagnostiseras oftast i vuxen ålder varför det kan misstänkas att en underdiagnostik förekommer i yngre år. Sjuksköterskor är ofta delaktiga i psykopedagogiska insatser vars syfte är ökad förståelse och att ge strategier till barnet och de personer som finns runt barnet. Sjuksköterskornas erfarenhet av att det är fler pojkar än flickor som erhåller diagnosen ADHD skulle eventuellt kunna leda till att sjuksköterskorna brister i sin förmåga att anpassa omvårdnaden och de psykopedagogiska samtalen efter flickornas behov. Syfte Att undersöka om sjuksköterskor uppfattar att symtombilden och den psykopedagogiska omvårdnaden skiljer sig vid ADHD beroende på barnets/ungdomens kön ur ett genusperspektiv. Metod Fem sjuksköterskor från barn- och ungdomspsykiatriska verksamheter i Sverige intervjuades med stöd av en semistrukturerad frågeguide. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat I resultatet framkom att det fanns ämnesområden som sjuksköterskorna vanligtvis fokuserade på i de psykopedagogiska samtalen. Sjuksköterskorna beskrev skillnader mellan flickor och pojkar när det handlade om skola, fritidssysselsättning, beteende, relationer och känslor samt i symtombild. Majoriteten av sjuksköterskorna ansåg att samtalen formades efter vad barnen valde att ta upp och påverkades inte av vilket kön barnet hade. Slutsats Sjuksköterskorna upplevde inte att deras förmåga att anpassa omvårdnaden och de psykopedagogiska samtalen påverkades av barnets kön. De anpassade istället omvårdnaden efter barnens och ungdomarnas behov, resurser och intressen. Däremot upplevde sjuksköterskorna att intressen och symtombild ofta skiljde sig beroende på kön. / Background   Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comprises of three subtypes; (1) a combined type with both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, (2) mainly hyperactivity/impulsivity and (3) mainly inattention. One out of every 20 children is diagnosed with ADHD and boys are diagnosed more frequently than girls. Girls are often diagnosed as adults which could mean that they are underdiagnosed as children. Psychoeducation, which nurses often partake in, is directed towards increasing understanding and giving the necessary strategies for the child and the people surrounding and caring for the child. Nurses´ experience of the fact that more boys than girls are diagnosed with ADHD may possibly lead to deficits in their ability to modulate care and psychoeducation to the needs of the girls. Purpose To explore if nurses perceive the symptomology and the psychoeducational care to be different depending on the sex of the child/adolescent with ADHD from a gender perspective. Method Five nurses working in child and adolescent psychiatric care in Sweden were interviewed using a semi structured interview guide. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis.  Results The results show that there are subject areas that nurses usually focus on during the psychoeducational conversations. The nurses described differences between girls and boys in terms of school, avocation, behaviour, symptomology and relationships and emotions. The majority of nurses considered the conversations to be shaped around what the child wished to discuss and not depending on the sex of the child. Conclusion The nurses did not perceive that their ability to modulate nursing care during the psychoeducational meetings was affected by the child’s gender. Instead they modulated the nursing care according to the children´s or the adolescents needs, resources and interests. However, the nurses experienced that the interests and symptoms of the child or adolescent often differed by gender.

The need to maintain business confidential information within the company are increasing in today’s knowledge-based society. Today, trade secrets are an asset for entrepreneurs and important for competitiveness. These secrets are sometimes provided to the employees and the more secrets spread, the more vulnerable the employer becomes. To prevent trade secrets from being disclosed there is a law about confidential information and competition clauses could be entered in the employment contracts. Nevertheless, the need to protect confidential information must be compared to the right of workers to freely use their skills. This paper aims to highlight the legal situation and the legal balance between both parts within the law of confidential information and competition clauses on the basis of a legal science method. It also aims to highlight the use of non-compete agreements from a gender perspective. The purpose of the paper has led to the following research questions; How can the legal framework of trade secrets and compete clauses be understood from an employer and employee perspective and what are the consequences of it? From a gender perspective, what consequences does the balance between the employer’s need to protect confidential information and the employees’ need to be competitive on the labor market after an employment have? The paper shows that there are weaknesses in the law of confidential information through the employer’s perspective and the law does not stall the employees’ competitiveness. The non-compete agreements however, may jeopardize the movement of the employees and are often seen as unfair in Swedish court. However, the problem is that the freedom of enter contracts prevails and the agreements are valid until an arbitration or court shows otherwise. The study indicates that it is mostly men that are subject to compete clauses, which can lead to improvement of women’s position in the labor market.

Syftet med studien är synliggöra hur barn i förskolans inomhusmiljöerkonstruerar kön i deras interaktioner tillsammans med kamrater i de icke-vuxenstyrda lekarna, utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Studien tar avstamp ur ett feministiskt poststrukturellt-och sociokulturellt perspektiv; där aspekter som språk, interaktioner, kontexter, meningsskapande och diskurser utgör betydelsefulla faktorer för hur kön uppfattas och hur kön konstrueras. Resultatet i studien visar att flickor var de som oftast intog makten i interaktioner med pojkar och att det överlag inte var den samhällsrådande normativa könsdikotomin som dominerade. Resultatet visar även på flickors och pojkars proaktiva könsskapande genom att de intar och utmanar de roller och lekar som generellt tillskrivs flickor eller pojkar. / The purpose of the study is to highlight how children in preschool indoor environmentsconstruct gender in their interactions with peers in the non-adult driven play, from a gender perspective. The study eminates from a feminist post-structuralist-and sociocultural perspective; where aspects such as language, interactions, contexts of meaning and discourses constitute significant factors how gender is understood and how it is constructed. The result of the study show that girls were most likely to take power in interactions with boys and that it generally not was the prevailing socio-normative gender dichotomy that dominated. The result also shows that proactive gender creation of girls and boys takes control and challenge roles and play that generally are attributed to girls or boys

Studiens syfte är att utifrån ett genusperspektiv studera hur trumlektioner genomförs i musik- och kulturskola. Forskningsfrågor är: Vilka förutsättningar för lärande ges killar respektive tjejer i trumundervisning? Hur arbetar trumlärare med det sociala samspelet, val av undervisningsmaterial, kravställningar och förväntningar på sina elever, sett utifrån ett genusperspektiv? För att undersöka detta har tre kvalitativa intervjuer och sex deltagande videoobservationer genomförts. Tidigare studier visar bland annat att musiklärare förväntar sig en feminin och maskulin stil av sina elever, att det är svårt som tjej att positionera sig på ett sätt som utmanar den lokala genusregimen samtidigt som det är svårt att vara traditionellt feminin – måttfull och kontrollerad - när det ska spelas instrument som elbas och trumset. I föreliggande studies resultat visas trumlärarnas syn på trumundervisning men också hur de genomför sin undervisning och hur kill- och tjejelever hanteras i undervisningen. Där framkommer att lärarna i stor utsträckning anpassar undervisningen efter elevernas personligheter och individuella förutsättningar och inte efter könstillhörighet, men att trumlärarna uttrycker vissa fördomar som kan peka på att de förväntar sig att se en feminin och maskulin stil hos sina elever. Diskussion förs om problematiken i att instrument och yrken är genuskodade, vilket kan påverka elevernas förutsättningar för lärande, och om lärares eventuella fördomar samt att vi lärare måste anpassa oss efter eleverna och inte tvärtom. / The purpose of this study is to, from a gender perspectice, explore how the drum kit lessons in three music and culture schools are performed. To investigate this, three qualitative interviews and six participant video observations have been implemented. Previous studies show that music teachers expect a feminine and masculine style of their students, that it is difficult as a girl to position themselves in a way that challenges the local gender regime while it is difficult to be traditionally feminine - moderate and controlled – when playing instruments such as electric bass and drum kit. In the present studies results, drum teachers’ views on drum teaching are shown but also how they conduct their teaching, and how boy- and girl students are handled in teaching. It emerges that teachers largely adapt teaching to students’ personalities and individual circumstances and not to gender, but the drum teachers express certain prejudices which may indicate that they expect to see a feminine and masculine style of their students. There is a discussion about the problems of instruments and professions being gender-coded, which can affect students’ learning conditions, and teacher prejudices and that teachers have to adapt to the students and not vice versa.