Regensburg, Univ., Diss., 2009.

Spanish women writers that establish their literary careers early in twentieth century find themselves at an interesting historical crossroads as the world changes from an agrarian to an industrial paradigm. On one hand, this change leads to a strong current of traditionalism, to which most male writers adhere, as it offers the attractive idea of return to a pre-modern simplicity; on the other, this change opens up possibilities for social improvement and participation for those groups traditionally excluded from power. Embracing this change poses the opportunity for female subjects to reshape fundamental structures of society and, in sum, eventually create a different world where women can become full citizens. Blanca de los Ríos, Concha Espina, Carmen de Burgos, María Lejárraga, and Caterina Albert are representative of Spanish women writers facing this situation. Their fictional works written between 1898 and 1914 offer a rich literary production that invites us to examine the emergence of new cultural and social practices. These authors renegotiate deeply rooted ideologies that structure not only gender relations but also the social class system, the spatial organization around country/city, and Spain’s national identity built around the discourse on race. Addressing conflicting perspectives between tradition and modernity through the prism of gender, the analysis of their works reveals their taking on a modern stand, hopeful of the promises brought by the new socioeconomic reality and the liberating aspect of modernity. As Rita Felski and Barbara Mashall´s studies have pointed out, many theorists of modernity, such as Marshall Berman and Jürgen Habermas, do not take gender into consideration. Grounded in a gendered analysis, this study reveals the importance of Spanish female authors as agents of modernity at the turn of the twentieth century.

Categories titled simple plots, loose plots, no plots, and parallel plots are used within this thesis to organize and contrast sixteen novels by Spanish author Pio Baroja.

Die Dissertation untersucht den Einfluss der inhaltlichen Konzepte und der Formensprache Nietzsches auf die spanische Literatur. Die Arbeit analysiert, inwiefern Theoreme wie der Übermensch, die ewige Wiederkunft des Gleichen, Nietzsches Ästhetik und seine Religi-onskritik in den Texten der generaciones del 98, 14 und 27 gegenwärtig sind. Die Untersuchung bildet verschiedene Gattungen ab und stützt sich auf Texte der Lyrik (u.a. „A Nietzsche“, „En Flor 50“), Prosa (u.a. Los trabajos del infatigable creador Pío Cid, La filosofía del hombre que trabaja y que juega), Dramatik (u.a. El señor del Pigmalión) und auf Essays (u.a. Papeles póstumos, La rebelión de las masas), deren verbindendes Element die Präsenz der Philosophie Nietzsches ist. Die Dissertation versucht Nietzsches Einfluss nachzuvollziehen, indem sie (1) in einem darstellenden Teil die philosophischen und gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen erörtert, unter denen der Philosoph in Spanien rezipiert wird, (2) die für die Textarbeit relevanten philosophischen Konstrukte Nietzsches darstellt und (3) in einem textkritischen Teil konkret das literarische Material auf die zuvor skizzierten Theorien Nietzsches hin untersucht. / The dissertation examines the influence of Nietzsche’s philosophical concepts and stylistic elements on Spanish literature. In that process, it will be analysed how propositions like the overman, the eternal return of the same, Nietzsche’s aesthetics and his criticism of religion form part of selected texts of the so-called generaciones del 98, 14 and 27. This research takes various literary genres into account: poetry (e.g. “A Nietzsche“, “En Flor 50”), prose (e.g. Los trabajos del infatigable creador Pío Cid, La filosofía del hombre que trabaja y que juega), drama (e.g. El señor del Pigmalión) and essays (e.g. Papeles póstumos, La rebelión de las masas). The connecting element of these different literary genres is that they implement, in one way or another, the philosophy of Nietzsche. Hence this dissertation attempts at understanding his influence (1) by discussing the philosophical and societal circumstances under which Nietzsche is adopted in Spain; (2) by presenting Nietzsche’s relevant philosophical concepts and (3) by analysing specific texts with regard to how Nietzschean salient concepts and propositions are implemented there.

Esta tesis Doctoral pretende delimitar el corpus cuentístico de la extensa obra de José Martínez Ruiz ("Azorín") y ofrecer un estudio diacrónico de tales narraciones. El trabajo consta de dos partes. En la primera, ha sido revisada la noción de cuento literario a la luz de los planteamientos más modernos, realizando una sucinta historia del relato breve español hasta 1898. La segunda-necesariamente más amplia- es un estudio de los cuentos de José Martínez Ruiz. Siguiendo su propia concepción del género-tan susceptible de cambios con el correr de los años- y la que nos dieron prestigiosos azorinista, hemos estudiado más de seiscientos relatos. A través de ellos, descubriremos a un autor que conocía muy bien la tradición cuentística, pero que, a su vez, fue capaz de trazar nuevos y arriesgados caminos para el cuento actual / This Doctoral Thesis intends to detemine the tale corpus within José Martínez Ruiz ("Azorín")'s extensive work and offer a diachronic study of such narrations. The essay consists of two parts. In the first part, the notion of the literray tale has been revised, taking into account the most modern approaches and establishing a succinct view of Spanish short stories until 1898. The second part, wich is necessarily extensive, is a study of José Martínez Ruiz's tales. We have studied over 600 stories, following his own conception of the genre- so likely to change within the course of time- along with the conception provided by some of his most prestigious followers. Through his stories, we discover an author who had a vast knowledge of the traditional tale, yet who nevertheless was able to create new and risky paths for the contemporany tale.

1 Abstract The main aim of this thesis is to analyse and compare in various aspects two literary works Tiempo de silencio by Luis Martín-Santos and El árbol de la ciencia by Pío Baroja. The work focuses on the social decadence of the society, mainly in the field of science and its insufficiency. In spite of the fifty year, the works of art are linked with similar problems in the area of science. These works of art have many similarities, such as the autobiographical style, the lack of science in the time period and the tragic destiny of the main characters. Baroja, with The Generation 98, considered the topic of science to be very important and due to the underdeveloped state of science in Spain in comparison to the rest of Europe, Spain had to face to the strong criticism. Martín-Santos also shared these views on science and even though he criticised Baroja for his political views, there was still a considerably influence in his first book. Key words: Tiempo de silencio, El árbol de la ciencia, Generation of, 98, science, social decadence