Orientador: Carmen Silvia Passos Lima / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T01:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LopesAguiar_Leisa_M.pdf: 2327323 bytes, checksum: f4177dbf5283eb216c8d1239e025d5db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A cisplatina (CDDP) associada à radioterapia (RT) é utilizada no tratamento de portadores de células escamosas de cabeça e pescoço (CCECP). Já é conhecido que tanto a resposta ao tratamento como seus efeitos colaterais variam de indivíduo para indivíduo. Uma possível explicação para o fato pode ser a variabilidade genética no metabolismo da CDDP. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de verificar se habilidades herdadas no reparo de lesões do DNA, mediadas pelas enzimas ERCC1, XPC, XPD e XPF, alteram os efeitos terapêuticos, colaterais e a concentração de CDDP urinária em pacientes com CCECP. Foram avaliados, de forma prospectiva, pacientes consecutivos com CCECP do Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP, que receberam terapêutica com CDDP associada à RT. Os genótipos dos polimorfismos XPC Lys939Gln, XPD10 Asp312Asn, XPD23 Lys751Gln, XPF T30028C e ERCC1 C118T foram analisados por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase e digestão enzimática em DNA de sangue periférico. A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada por meio de exame clínico e por tomografia computadorizada do pescoço. Os efeitos colaterais ao tratamento foram graduados por meio de questionário e exames laboratoriais. As toxicidades renal e auditiva foram avaliadas por meio do clearance de creatinina estimado, da taxa de filtração glomerular com EDTA-51Cr e de audiometria tonal limiar, respectivamente, antes e após o tratamento. As dosagens urinárias da CDDP foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. O significado estatístico das diferenças entre grupos foi calculado pelos testes da probabilidade exata de Fisher ou qui-quadrado, regressão logística múltipla e ANOVA. Portadores do alelo Gln do polimorfismo XPC Lys939Gln estiveram sob chance de 0,11 vezes (intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%: 0,03-0,40) menor de ototoxicidade. Pacientes com o alelo Asn e com o genótipo Asn/Asn do polimorfismo XPD10 Asp312Asn estiveram sob chance de 0,38 vezes (IC 95%: 0,14-0,99) menor de náuseas, e 8,50 (IC 95%: 1,02-70,70) e 12,29 vezes (IC 95%: 1,19-126,04) maior de resposta completa ao tratamento e ototoxicidade, respectivamente. Portadores do genótipo CC do polimorfismo XPF T30028C estiveram sob chance de 0,13 (IC 95%: 0,02-0,74) e 0,06 vezes (IC 95%: 0,007-0,67) menor de náuseas e vômitos, respectivamente. E, pacientes com o alelo T do polimorfismo ERCC1 C118T estiveram sob chance de 0,33 vezes (IC 95%: 0,11-0,97) menor de vômitos. Concluímos que estes polimorfismos desempenham papéis importantes na obtenção de resposta à terapêutica e na ocorrência de efeitos colaterais. Acreditamos que estes resultados possam constituir a base preliminar para o tratamento personalizado futuro de pacientes com CCECP / Abstract: Cisplatin (CDDP) associated with radiotherapy (RT) is used in treatment of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). It is well known that both response to treatment and side effects vary among individuals. A possible explanation for this may be the genetic variability in metabolism of CDDP. The aim of this study was to access if inherited ability to repair DNA damage, mediated by ERCC1, XPC, XPD and XPF enzymes change the therapeutic side effects and urinary concentration of CDDP in HNSCC patients. We evaluated prospectively, 90 consecutive HNSCC patients of UNICAMP¿s Hospital, who received CDDP associated RT as neoadjuvant, definitive or palliative treatment. Genotypes of XPC Lys939Gln, XPD10 Asp312Asn, XPD23 Lys751Gln, XPF T30028C and ERCC1 C118T polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion of peripheral blood DNA. Treatment response was assessed by clinical examination and computed tomography of neck. Treatment side effects were ranked through questionnaire and laboratory tests. Renal and hearing toxicities were assessed using, respectively, estimated creatinine clearance and glomerular filtration 51Cr-EDTA and pure tone threshold audiometry, before and after treatment. Urinary doses of CDDP were performed by high performance liquid chromatography. Statistical significance of differences between groups was calculated by Fisher's exact probability test or chi-square, logistic regression and ANOVA. Carriers of Gln allele of XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism had a 0.11-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03-0.40) decreased risk of ototoxicity. Patients with Asn allele and Asn/Asn genotype of XPD10 Asp312Asn polymorphism had a 0.38-fold (95% CI: 0.14-0.99) decreased risk of nausea, and had a 8.50 (95% CI: 1.02-70.70) and 12.29-fold (95% CI: 1.19-126.04) increased risks of complete response to treatment and ototoxicity, respectively. Carriers of CC genotype of XPF T30028C polymorphism had a 0.13 (95% CI: 0.02-0.74) e 0.06-fold (95% CI: 0.007-0.67) decreased risks of nausea and vomiting, respectively. And, patients with T allele of ERCC1 C118T polymorphism had a 0.33-fold (95% CI: 0.11-0.97) decreased risk of vomiting. We concluded that these genetic polymorphisms have important roles in complete response rate and in occurrence of side effects. We believe that this data may constitute preliminary basis of future personalized treatment of HNSCC patients / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Médica / Mestra em Ciências

Aborto espontâneo recorrente (AER) é definido pela presença de três ou mais abortos espontâneos e consecutivos que ocorreram até a 20ª semana de gestação. O AER possui origem multifatorial. Dentre os diversos fatores associados ao AER, alterações na hemostasia podem comprometer o fluxo sanguíneo na placenta e com isso pode aumentar o risco de complicações obstétricas, como o aborto. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi investigar se existe associação entre polimorfismos genéticos (no gene do fibrinogênio (FGB -455G>A e -148C>T), da trombomodulina (THBD 1418C>T), do fator V (F5 1691G>A), da protrombina (F2 20210 G>A), do PAI-1 (SERPINE1 4G/5G) e do TAFI (CPB2<i/> c.505G>A)) e os abortos espontâneos recorrentes (primários e secundários). Os objetivos específicos desse estudo foram: 1- avaliar se existe associação entre os sete polimorfismos e o período em que ocorreram as perdas fetais (precoce ou tardia) e o número de abortos recorrentes; 2- determinar se os haplótipos dos polimorfismos FGB -455G>A e FGB -148C>T estão ou não associados aos abortos primários e secundários. Foram incluídas 256 mulheres com história de abortos espontâneos recorrentes, provenientes do Ambulatório de Obstetrícia da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e 264 mulheres saudáveis, sem história de aborto espontâneo e que tiveram pelo menos duas gestações normais (grupo controle), pareadas segundo as idades. Amostras de sangue foram obtidas para realização das genotipagens dos polimorfismos por meio de PCR em tempo real (FGB -148C>T, FGB -455G>A, THBD 1418C>T e CBP2 c.505G>A), e PCR-RFLP (SERPINE14G/5G, F5 1691G>A e F2 20210 G>A). As frequências dos genótipos e de alelos para os sete polimorfismos foram semelhantes entre os grupos aborto primário, aborto secundário e grupo controle. Entretanto, quando foi realizada um modelo de regressão logística multivariada saturada, que incluiu as variáveis independentes: F5 1691G>A (referência GG vs GA), F2 20210G>A (referência GG vs GA), CBP2 c.505G>A (referência GG + GA vs AA), THBD 1418C>T (referência CC + CT vs TT), SERPINE1 4G/5G (referência 5G/5G vs 4G/4G + 4G/5G) FGB -455G>A (referência GG vs GA vs AA) e FGB -148C>T (referência CC vs CT vs TT), apenas o polimorfismo FGB -148C>T foi associado ao maior risco de ter aborto primário (OR: 2,91, IC 95% 1,02 - 8,29, p=0,045). Quando os haplótipos para os polimorfismos FGB -455G>A e FGB 148C>T foram considerados, foi observada maior frequência de haplótipo 455G/148T em mulheres com AER primário (3,4%) do que no grupo controle (1,1%), (p=0,030); porém esse efeito não foi observado no AER secundário. Em relação ao número de abortos consecutivos, houve uma tendência (p=0,060) a maior frequência de genótipo TT para o polimorfismo FGB -148C>T no grupo de aborto primário com até três perdas quando comparado com as mulheres do mesmo grupo, porém com número maior de perdas (>3). Em conclusão, os sete polimorfismos quando analisados separadamente, não foram associados ao AER; no entanto, em modelo multivariado de regressão logística, o genótipo TT do polimorfismo FGB 148C>T foi associado com o aumento do risco de ter AER primário. Além disso, foi encontrado maior frequência do haplótipo 455G/148T para os polimorfismos FGB -455G>A e FGB -148C>T em mulheres com aborto primário. / Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined by the presence of three or more consecutive losses prior to 20 weeks of gestation. The RPL has multifactorial origin. Among several factors associated with RPL, changes in hemostasis may impair the blood flow in the placenta and thus may increase the risk of obstetric complications, such as pregnancy loss. The general aim of this study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms (in the genes of fibrinogen (FGB -455G>A and -148C>T), thrombomodulin (THBD 1418C>T), factor V (F5 1691G>A), prothrombin (F2 20210 G>A), PAI-1 (SERPINE1 4G/5G) and TAFI (CPB2 c.505G>A)) and recurrent pregnant losses (primary and secondary). The specific aims of this study were: 1 - to evaluate the association between the seven polymorphisms and the period in which the fetal losses occurred (early or late) and the number of recurrent losses; 2 - to determine if the haplotypes of polymorphisms FGB -455G>A and FGB -148C>T present association with primary and secondary pregnant losses. We included 256 women with a RPL history, from the Ambulatory of Obstetrics from Clinical Hospital of the Medical School of USP and 264 healthy women without losses history that have had at least two normal pregnancies (control group), matched according to age. Blood samples were obtained to perform the genotyping of polymorphisms by real-time PCR (FGB -148C>T, FGB -455G>A, THBD 1418C>T and CBP2 c.505G>A), and PCR-RFLP (SERPINE1 4G/5G, F5 1691G>A and F2 20210G>A). The frequencies of genotypes and alleles for the seven genetic polymorphisms were similar in 3 groups. However, when it was performed a model of multivariate logistic regression, which included the independent variables: F5 1691G>A (GG vs GA reference), F2 20210G>A (GG vs GA reference), CBP2 c.505G>A (GG + GA reference vs AA), THBD 1418C>T (reference CC + CT vs TT), SERPINE1 4G/5G (reference 5G/5G + 4G/5G vs 4G/4G), FGB -455G>A (GG reference vs GA vs AA) and FGB - 148C>T (reference CC vs CT vs TT), only the polymorphism FGB 148C>T polymorphism was associated with a higher risk of having primary losses (OR: 2.91, 95% CI 1.02 to 8.29, p = 0.045). When the haplotypes for the polymorphisms FGB -455G>A and FGB -148C>T were considered, had a higher frequency of the haplotype 455G/148T in women with primary RPL (3.4%) than in the control group (1.1%) (p = 0.030); but this effect was not observed in secondary RPL. Regarding the number of successive pregnant losses, there was a trend (p = 0.060) to higher frequency of the TT genotype for FGB -148C>T polymorphism in the group with primary RPL up to three losses when compared with women of the same group, but with loss number higher than three. In conclusion, when the seven genetic polymorphisms were evaluated separately, they do not show association with RPL, however, in multivariate logistic regression analysis, the TT genotype of the FGB -148C>T polymorphism was associated with increased risk for primary RPL. Furthermore, it was found higher frequency of the haplotype 455G/148T for the FGB -455G>A and FGB -148 C>T polymorphisms in women with primary RPL.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_liziane_pereira_da_silva.pdf: 573482 bytes, checksum: c057ff271e09c08ae99425d3f04b49da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms are related to low activity of the enzyme increasing homocysteine (Hcy) plasma levels. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for several pathological processes including atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and behavioral factors on Hcy levels in 3831 biological samples from 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort individuals. The Hcy levels were measured in serum samples using chemiluminescence immunoassay. The genotyping was performed by allelic discrimination technique using pre-designed TaqMan® assays in the ABI7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System. The mean levels of Hcy were higher (p<0.001) in homozygous TT variant of MTHFR C677T than in CT and CC genotypes independently of sex, alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity during leisure time. However it was demonstrated a higher MTHFR 677TT effect in smokers compared to non-smokers, as well as, in alcohol consumers than in non-consumers and in active individuals than in less active ones (p for interaction <0.001, respectively). For the MTHFR A1298C, the Hcy levels were higher in AA genotype than AC and CC genotypes, independently of behavioral factors. Men genotyped as MTHFR 1298AA showed 14% increasing on Hcy levels compared to 4% increase observed in women (p for interaction <0.001). No interactions were demonstrated between this polymorphism and the other behavioral factors analyzed. In conclusion, in young adult from 1982 cohort it was observed an interaction effect between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and lifestyle on Hcy levels, contributing to an increased risk for cardiovascular chronic diseases in the future. / Os polimorfismos do gene Metilenotetrahidrofolato Redutase (MTHFR) estão relacionados com a baixa atividade da enzima e aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína (Hcy). A hiper-homocisteinemia (HHcy) é um fator de risco para vários processos patológicos incluindo a aterosclerose. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do MTHFR C677T e A1298C e fatores comportamentais sobre os níveis de homocisteína em 3.831 amostras biológicas coletadas de indivíduos pertencentes à coorte de nascidos em Pelotas no ano de 1982. Os níveis de homocisteína foram medidos no soro por imunoensaio quimioluminescente. A genotipagem foi realizada pela técnica de discriminação alélica através do uso de sondas pré-desenhadas TaqMan® no equipamento ABI7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System. Os níveis médios de Hcy foram maiores (p <0,001) em indivíduos apresentando a variante MTHFR 677T em homozigose do que em indivíduos com genótipos CT e CC, independentemente de sexo, consumo de álcool, tabagismo e atividade física no lazer. No entanto, foi demonstrado um efeito maior em MTHFR 677TT fumantes em comparação aos não-fumantes, bem como, em consumidores de álcool do que em não-consumidores, e em indivíduos ativos do que em outros menos ativos (p de interação <0,001, respectivamente). Para MTHFR A1298C, os níveis de homocisteína foram maiores no genótipo AA do que nos genótipos AC e CC independente de fatores comportamentais. Homens genotipados como MTHFR 1298AA apresentaram aumento de 14% sobre os níveis de homocisteína em relação ao aumento de 4% observado em mulheres (p de interação <0,001). Não houve interação demonstrada entre este polimorfismo e os outros fatores comportamentais analisados. Em conclusão, em adultos jovens da coorte de 1982 foi observado um efeito de interação entre o polimorfismo MTHFR C677T com estilo de vida na determinação dos níveis de Hcy, contribuindo para um aumento do risco de doenças crônicas cardiovasculares no futuro.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Cytokines mediate crucial functions in innate and adaptive immunity. They play valuable roles in immune cell growth and lineage specification, and are associated with various disease pathologies. A large number of low, medium and high throughput studies have implicated association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine genes with diseases. A preponderance of such experiments have not shown any causality of an identified SNP to the associated disease. Instead, they have identified statistically significant SNP-disease associations; hence, it is likely that some of these cytokine gene variants may directly or indirectly cause the disease phenotype(s). To fill this knowledge gap and derive study parameters for cytokine SNP-disease causality relationships, we have designed and developed the Disease Associated Cytokine SNP Database (DACS-DB). DACS-DB has data on 456 cytokine genes, approximately 61,000 SNPs, and 891 SNP-associated diseases. In DACS-DB, among other attributes, we present functional annotation, and heterozygosity allele frequency for the SNPs, and literature-validated SNP association for diseases. Users of the DB can run queries such as the ones to find disease-associated SNPs in a cytokine gene, and all the SNPs involved in a disease. We have developed a web front end (available at http://www.iupui.edu/~cytosnp) to disseminate this information for immunologists, biomedical researchers, and other interested biological researchers. Since there is no such comprehensive collection of disease associated cytokine SNPs, this DB will be vital to understanding the role of cytokine SNPs as markers in disease, and, more importantly, in causality to disease thus helping to identify drug targets for common inflammatory diseases. Due to the presence of rich annotations, the DACS-DB can be a good source for building a tool for the prediction of the "disease association potential (DAP)" of a given SNP. In a preliminary effort to devise such a methodology for DAP prediction, we have applied a support vector machine (SVM) to classify SNPs. Employing the SNP attributes of function class, heterozygosity value, and heterozygosity standard error, 864 SNPs were classified into two classes, "disease" and "non-disease". The SVM returned a classification of these SNPs into the disease and non-disease classes with an accuracy of 74%. By modifying various SNP and disease attributes in the training data sets, such a predictive algorithm can be extrapolated to identify potential disease associated SNPs among newly sequenced cytokine variations. In the long run, this approach can provide a means for future gene variation based therapeutic regimens.

The utility of hypervariable DNA polymorphisms as a general population genetics method was studied in three fish species by the use of multilocus DNA fingerprinting. Laboratory lines and field caught specimens from Belize and Florida of the clonal species <i>Rivulus marmoratus</i> were examined to determine the relative contributions of mutation and migration to genetic variation in the species. Specimens of <i>Poecilia latipinna</i>, the sailfin molly, from Florida and Georgia were used to explore the properties of hypervariable markers in the context of an outbred and abundant species that exhibits typical levels of genetic variability at nuclear loci. The results were compared to those of a previous allozyme survey of the same populations. Samples of <i>Morone saxatilis</i> from the Chesapeake Bay system were used to investigate the utility of hypervariable markers in the description of genetic variation of an outbred species depauperate in other measures of genetic variation. The results of this study indicate that variation observed among among <i>R. marmoratus</i> clones characterized by hypervariable loci may be the result of natural selection; based on the analyses of mutation rates and population structure. Results from the work with <i>P.latipinna</i> showed that hypervariable loci could have general utility as a method for studying population structure. This utility was demonstrated in the examination of Chesapeake Bay populations of <i>M. saxatilis</i>. Large degrees of interindividual variation at hypervariable loci permitted the characterization of population structure within Chesapeake Bay populations of this species. / Ph. D.

Nous avons investigué la relation entre les polymorphismes de nucléotides simples (SNPs) chez trois gènes/loci candidats : DARC, CXCL2 et le loci ORMDL3-GSDMA-CSF3 situés sur le chromosome 17q21 et les complications neutropéniques et infectieuses qui en résultent durant la chimiothérapie chez les patients atteints de la leucémie lymphoblastique aigue. Ces loci codent pour certaines composantes du système immunitaire altérant la concentration de chémokines et leur distribution (DARC), stimulant le relâchement et la migration des neutophiles de la moelle épinière (CXCL2) et régulant la prolifération et la survie des granulocytes (G-CSF). Il est possible que des polymorphismes dans ces loci lorsqu’associés à de la chimiothérapie puissent mettre des individus suceptibles à un risque plus élevé de complication reliées à la chimiothérapie. Une sélection des marqueurs SNPs dans ces gènes ont été génotypés chez des enfants traités au CHU Ste-Justine pour une ALL entre 1989 et 2005. Après correction pour tests multiples, un polymorphisme DARC rs3027012 situé dans le 5’UTR a été associé à un compte phagocytaire peu élevé (APC<500 et <1000 cellules/µL, p=0.001 and p=0.0005, respectivement) ainsi qu’une hospitalisation due à une neutropénie (p=0.007) ou due à une infection et/ou neutropénie (p=0.007). Un effet protecteur a été identifié pour la mutation non sense Gly42Asp variant rs12075 (p=0.006). Des polymorphismes sur le chromosome 17q2 étaient associés à une hospitalisation due à une infection (rs3859192, p= 0.004) et à une neutropénie (rs17609240, p=0.006) L’infection était aussi modulée par CXCL2 (rs16850408, p=0.008) Cette étude identifie pour la première fois que les loci modulant le décompte des leucocytes et des neutrophiles pourraient jouer un rôle dans de déclenchement de complications dues à la chimiothérapie et pourraient ainsi servir de marqueurs pour un ajustement et un suivi du traitement. / We investigated the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 3 candidate genes/chromosomal loci: DARC, CXCL2 and ORMDL3-GSDMA-CSF3 locus on chromosome 17q21, and neutropenic and infectious complications during chemotherapy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. These loci encode the components of immune system altering chemokine concentration and distribution (DARC), stimulating neutrophil release from bone marrow and migration (CXCL2) and regulating granulocyte proliferation and survival (G-CSF). It is possible that polymorphisms of these loci when associated with chemotherapy may put susceptible individuals at higher risk of chemotherapy complications. Selected tag SNPs in these genes are genotyped in children treated at the CHU Sainte-Justine for (ALL) between 1989 and 2005. After correction for multiple testing, DARC polymorphism rs3027012 in 5’UTR was associated with low absolute phagocyte count (APC<500 and <1000 cells/µL, p=0.001 and p=0.0005, respectively) and hospitalisation due to febrile neutropenia (p=0.007) or due to infection and/or febrile neutropenia (p=0.007). A protective effect was instead noted for missense Gly42Asp variant rs12075 (p=0.006). The polymorphisms on chromosome 17q2 were associated with hospitalisation due to infection (rs3859192, p= 0.004) and neutropenia (rs17609240, p=0.006). Infection was also modulated by CXCL2 (rs16850408, p=0.008) This study identifies for the first time that the loci modulating white blood cell and neutrophil count may play a role in the onset of chemotherapy complications and may thus serve as markers for adjustment or follow-up of the treatment.

La glycosylation est un processus enzymatique permettant l'ajout de sucres à des composés (sucres, lipides ou protides), modifiant ainsi leurs propriétés. La glycosylation est impliquée dans la détoxification des xénobiotiques et des variations d'activité des enzymes responsables ont été identifiées comme facteur de risque de cancer en particulier dans les organes exposés aux xénobiotiques. Dans la première partie de notre travail nous étudions l'impact des polymorphismes génétiques de certaines enzymes responsables de la détoxification (UGT1A7, GST et XRCC1) sur le risque de carcinome hépatocellulaire. Nous montrons que la combinaison de certains polymorphismes génétiques peut entraîner une augmentation du risque de CHC. Des modifications d'expression des glycoprotéines de surface ont été observées dans les cellules cancéreuses jouant un rôle dans leurs interactions avec le microenvironnement. Dans la seconde partie, nous étudions l'effet de l'inhibition des interactions des cellules de CHC/cellules endothéliales par le blocage du couple sialyl Lewis x/E-sélectine sur la croissance tumorale. Ce blocage est obtenu, d'une part par transfert du gène de la Fucosyl-transferase I, inhibant l'expression de sLex à la surface des cellules de CHC, et d'autre part, par utilisation de cimétidine ou d'amiloride permettant une inhibition de l'expression de la E-sélectine par les cellules endothéliales. Nous obtenons une inhibition de la croissance tumorale in vivo par blocage de la néoangiogénèse. Ces travaux permettent donc d'identifier des facteurs de risque génétiques de CHC et d'envisager une autre voie de traitement du CHC. / Glycosylation is an enzymatic process that consists of the addition of glycosyl groups to compounds (sugars, lipids or proteins), thus modifying their properties. Glycosylation is involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and variations in activity of enzymes responsible have been identified as a potential risk factor for cancer in particular in organs in contact with the external environment. In the first part of our work we study the impact of polymorphisms of detoxification enzyme (UGT1A7, GST and XRCC1) on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. We show that the combination of genetic polymorphisms of such enzymes may increase the risk of HCC. Modifications in the expression of surface glycoproteins have been observed in cancer cells and play a role in their interactions with the tumoral microenvironment. In the second part, we study the effect of inhibition of interactions of HCC cells / endothelial cells on tumor growth by blocking the interaction between sialyl Lewis x and E-selectin. First, we achieved the inhibition of the expression of sLex on the surface of HCC cells by introducing fucosyl transferase- I gene in HCC cells. In a second part of our work we used cimetidine and amiloride to inhibit the expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells. This approach resulted in inhibition of HCC cells / endothelial cells interaction and thereby tumor growth inhibition in vivo. This effect is mediated by an inhibition of tumor neoangiogenesis. This work therefore identifies genetic risk factors for HCC and allows considering another way of treatment of HCC.

Há décadas a exposição ao mercúrio é alvo de estudos toxicológicos devido ao alto potencial de danos a saúde humana. Na região amazônica os primeiros estudos reportavam a exposição ocupacional pelo uso nos garimpos de ouro, entretanto recentemente destacam-se os estudos relacionados a exposição ambiental que ocorre na região decorrente do consumo de peixes contaminados com mercúrio. Muitos estudos se concentram em populações ribeirinhas residentes na região do rio Tapajós, onde o consumo de peixes é frequente e o metil-mercúrio (MeHg) contido nos peixes é o responsável pela exposição dessas pessoas ao metal. O MeHg apresenta efeitos tóxicos relevantes sobre o sistema cardiovascular, e muitos grupos de pesquisa buscam elucidar os mecanismos que expliquem tais efeitos. Alguns estudos apontam uma diminuição significativa na disponibilidade do óxido nítrico (NO) após exposição ao organometal, o que poderia contribuir para uma alteração da fisiologia cardiovascular uma vez que o NO é um modulados desse sistema. O NO é sintetizado pela óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS) e sua atividade pode ser alterada por vários fatores, dentre eles, os polimorfismos nos genes que codificam essa proteína, são eles: T-786C na região promotora, 27-pb VNTR no intron 4 e Glu298Asp no exon 7. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos polimorfismos da eNOS sobre a síntese de NO entre os indivíduos expostos a metilmercúrio. Foram analisadas amostras de sangue de 214 voluntários com idade entre 15 e 84 anos, dos quais 103 homens e 111 mulheres. A concentração de mercúrio no sangue (Hg sangue) total variou de 1,7 a 179,3 µg/L e a concentração plasmática de nitrito variou entre 85,7 e 695,8 M. Foram determinados os valores de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), índice de massa corporal (IMC) e freqüência cardíaca (FC) de todos os voluntários. A PAS média foi de 119,8 mmHg e a média da PAD foi 71,8 mmHg. O IMC médio foi de 24,5 Kg/m2 e a FC média foi 70,4 batimentos por minuto (bpm). Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos, segundo genótipos dos três polimorfismos, quanto às características dos voluntários: idade, PAS, PAD, IMC, FC, Hg sangue e as concentrações plasmáticas de nitrito. Quando os polimorfismos foram estudados isoladamente foi observado que o alelo C na região promotora, o alelo 4b no intron 4 e o alelo Glu no exon 7 apresentaram-se associados a concentrações reduzidas e nitrito plasmático. Quando a população foi estratificada com base na concentração de Hg essa associação desapareceu, provavelmente mascarada pelas altas concentrações do metal. Entretanto quando foram estudados os haplótipos pode ser observada novamente a associação desses mesmos alelos com a diminuição da concentração do nitrito, confirmando os achados iniciais. O haplótipo mais frequente na população combina os alelos selvagens para todos os polimorfismos (T, 4b e G) e o haplótipo menos freqüente combina os alelos variantes. O haplótipo associado à menor concentração plasmática de nitrito combina os alelos selvagens (C, 4b e G), confirmando os primeiros resultados. Essa abordagem haplotípica é muito útil na observação de efeitos mais discretos uma vez que é possível observar os efeitos dos três polimorfismos agindo simultaneamente sobre uma variável, nesse caso o óxido nítrico. O presente estudo sugere que os fatores genéticos exercem grande influência sobre a produção e biodisponibilidade de NO e que esses fatores combinados com a exposição ambiental ao Hg podem agir de maneira sinérgica, aumentando a suscetibilidade aos efeitos cardiotóxicos do metal através da modulação da atividade da eNOS. / The mercury (Hg) exposure has been target of toxicological studies due the high potential of damage to human health. In the Amazon region the first studies reported the occupational exposure due the use in gold mining, however, recently become relevant the studies about the environment exposure due the fish intake in the riparian population. Several studies have been concentrated in the riparian community in the Tapajós river region, where the fish consumption is frequent and the methylmercury content in fish is responsible to exposure of this people. The MeHg presents toxic effects in the cardiovascular system and many researches groups try to elucidate the mechanisms that explain this effects. Some studies report a significant reducing in nitric oxide (NO) production after the Hg exposure, which could contribute to an altered physiology of the cardiovascular system, once the NO is a modulating factor of this system. The NO is produced by the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and its activity can be altered by many factors like polymorphisms in gene that codify this protein, among this: : T-786C in the promoter region, 27-pb VNTR in intron 4 and Glu298Asp in exon 7. In this regard, the present study mean to evaluate the effects of the eNOS polymorphisms over the NO synthesis among the Hg exposed subjects. In this work, the whole blood samples of 214 volunteers were analyzed for determination of Hg concentration, nitrite plasma concentration and genotyping. The age of the volunteers varied between 15 and 84 years old, including 103 men and 111 women. The blood mercury concentration varied between 1.7 and 179.3 µg/L and the nitrite plasma concentration varied between 85.7 and 695.8 M. Was determinate the systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), body mass index (BMI) and heart rate (HR). The SAP mean was 119.8 mmHg and the DAP mean was 71.8 mmHg. The BMI mean was 24.5 Kg/m2 and the HR mean was 70.4 beats per minute. There was no difference among the groups of the three polymorphisms according the volunteers characteristics: age, DAP, SAP, BMI, HR, blood Hg concentration and nitrite plasma concentration. When the polymorphisms were observed separately the reduced nitrite plasma concentration was associated with the presence of the alleles: C in promoter region, 4b in intron 4 and G in exon 7, however there is lack of association when the volunteers were grouped according the blood Hg concentration, probably due a mask effect of the high Hg concentration. When these three polymorphisms were observed simultaneously, in analysis of the haplotypes, the association between the same alleles and the nitrite plasma concentration was observed again, confirming the initial findings. The commonest haplotype in the volunteers combine the alleles of the three polymorphisms (T, 4b and G) and the less frequent haplotype combine the three variants alleles. There was an association between the haplotype C, 4b and G and reduced nitrite plasma concentration, according the result of the polymorphisms separately. The haplotype analysis is too interesting to observe discrete effects, once is possible to analyze the effects of the three polymorphisms acting simultaneously above one variable, in this case, nitric oxide production. The present study suggest that genetic factors could exert a relevant influence above the NO production and bioavailability and that this factors combined with environmental Hg exposure can acting synergic, increasing the susceptibility to Hg cardiovascular effects, through the modulation of the eNOS activity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:38:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VINICIUS MONTENEGRO TORRES.pdf: 1768646 bytes, checksum: 07597e8ad4cdc3a2b202a13efcd25a60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13 / Cerebral Palsy is the most common motor disorder in childhood. Its prevalence in Brazil is estimated at around 30,000 to 40,000 new cases a year. The advancement in diagnostic methods in recent years has changed the profile of the PC and etiological genetic causes are considered to be an important etiology. The objective of the present study was to conduct a literature review on the latest advances in the knowledge of the genetic changes associated with the etiology of the PC. The terms Cerebral Palsy, coagulation factors, cytokines, genetic mutations, genetic polymorphisms and pediatric stroke were searched in electronic databases in order to select important publications on the subject (Medline, Scielo, PubMed, OVID, Web of Science, Elsevier Science Direct and CAPES Journals). Direct searches in the collections of the libraries of the PUC-Goiás and Federal University of Goiás also were held. Searches in databases identified 1,731 articles with potential for inclusion in the study and, after reading the summaries, 164 articles were selected for inclusion. The dates of the publications were limited from 1993 to 2013. The languages accepted for reading were Portuguese, English, French and Spanish. A large number of numeric and structural chromosomal mutations, affecting different metabolic pathways, was associated with the signs and symptoms of PC. In the studies reviewed, mutations in several genes with different functions, located on several chromosomes and with different inheritance patterns were described, highlighting the complexity of the etiology of PC. Mutations in complex AP4 (adaptor protein Complex 4), which participates in the transmembrane transport of glutamate receptor vesicles, suggest the existence of a complex AP4 syndrome, with characteristic symptoms, representing one of the few mutations with pathophysiology partially elucidated on PC. Studies correlating the PC with mutations in genes involved in the glutamate metabolism were also reviewed, which emphasizes the importance of this neurotransmitter in the PC. In the evaluated period, mutations in genes encoding factors related to the coagulation cascade, leading to hereditary thrombophilia, were the most widely studied, however, the role of these mutations on PC seems to be discreet. PC is a multifactorial and complex manifestation and different cellular mechanisms must be involved in its occurrence, reflecting various types of mutations involved in its etiology. Multicenter studies, with the largest number of individuals evaluated, are necessary in order to elucidate the complex role of genetic changes in the pathophysiology of PC. / A Paralisia Cerebral é a desordem motora mais comum na infância. Sua prevalência no Brasil é estimada em cerca de 30.000 a 40.000 novos casos por ano. O avanço nos métodos de diagnóstico nos últimos anos mudou o perfil etiológico da PC, sendo as causas genéticas consideradas como uma etiologia importante. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os últimos avanços no conhecimento das alterações genéticas associadas ao aparecimento da PC. Os termos acidentes vasculares cerebrais pediátricos, citocinas, fatores da coagulação, mutações genéticas, Paralisia Cerebral e polimorfismos genéticos foram pesquisados nas bases de dados eletrônicas para a busca de publicações sobre o assunto (Medline, PubMed, Scielo, OVID, Web of Science, Elsevier Science Direct e Periódicos CAPES). Pesquisas diretas nos acervos das bibliotecas da PUC-Goiás e Universidade Federal de Goiás também foram realizadas. As pesquisas nas bases de dados identificaram 1.731 artigos com potencial de inclusão no estudo e, após a leitura dos resumos, foram selecionados 164 artigos para inclusão. As datas das publicações foram limitadas de 1993 a 2013. Os idiomas aceitos para leitura foram Português, Inglês, Francês e Espanhol. Um grande número de mutações cromossômicas numéricas e estruturais, que afetam diferentes vias metabólicas, foi associado aos sinais e sintomas da PC. Nos estudos revisados foi observado o envolvimento de mutações em genes localizados em diferentes cromossomos e com padrões de herança distintos, o que evidencia a complexidade da etiologia da PC. As mutações no complexo AP4 (Complexo de proteínas adaptadoras 4), que participa no transporte de transmembranar de vesículas dos receptores de glutamato, indicam a existência de uma síndrome do complexo AP4, com sintomas característicos, representando uma das poucas mutações com fisiopatologia parcialmente elucidada na PC. Estudos correlacionando a PC com mutações em genes envolvidos no metabolismo do glutamato, também foram revisados, o que evidencia a importância deste neurotransmissor na PC. No período avaliado, mutações em genes que codificam fatores relacionados à cascata de coagulação, levando às trombofilias hereditárias, foram os mais amplamente estudados, porém, o papel dessas mutações na PC parece ser discreto e secundário. A PC é uma manifestação multifatorial e complexa e diferentes mecanismos celulares devem estar envolvidos no seu aparecimento, refletindo vários tipos de mutações envolvidas na sua etiologia. Estudos multicêntricos, com maior número de indivíduos avaliados, são necessários para que o papel das alterações genéticas seja melhor elucidado na fisiopatologia da PC.