Orientador: Eunice Oba / Banca: Júlio Lopes Sequeira / Banca: Luiz Sérgio Merlini / Resumo: As perdas econômicas relacionadas aos distúrbios de fertilidade em reprodutoras suínas ainda é um dos principais desafios enfrentados pelos atuais sistemas de produção da suinocultura industrial. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona, cortisol e estradiol, morfometria e ocorrências de alterações do aparelho reprodutor feminino. Foram colhidos sangue de 114 fêmeas suínas durante a sangria e retirados o aparelho genital feminino para o estudo. A Progesterona, Estradiol e Cortisol influenciaram nas faixas etárias de animais entre 6 a 12 meses e 37 a 60 meses para a concentração plasmáticas de Progesterona e, em animais de 24 a 36 meses nas concentrações plasmáticas de Cortisol. Em relação ao cortisol, as correlações mais significativas foram negativas (quanto maior a concentração de cortisol, menor as dimensões do trato reprodutivo) podendo estar relacionado ao manejo e estresse pré-abate. Alterações como Salpingite, Agenesia de Corno Uterino, Metrite Eosinofílica, Cistos endoteliais, Áreas focais de fibrose também foram identificadas. Uma das alterações mais presentes nos ovários das suínas foram os cistos ovarianos. Os achados do presente estudo revelaram que a incidência de cistos em tuba uterina e infundíbulo (38,6%) foram maiores do que o aparecimento de cistos ovarianos / Abstract: Economic losses related to fertility disorders in breeding sows is still one of the main challenges faced by today's production systems of industrial pig farming. The present study aimed to evaluate plasma concentrations of progesterone, estradiol and cortisol, morphology changes and occurrences of the female reproductive system. Were collected from 114 sows during bleeding the blood and genital tract in slaughterhouse. The figures relate plasma concentrations of progesterone, estradiol and cortisol influence in the age of animals between 6 to 12 months and 37 to 60 months for serum progesterone and animals 24 to 36 months in serum cortisol. Regarding cortisol, the most significant correlations were negative (the higher the concentration of cortisol, lower the dimensions of the reproductive tract) may be related to stress management and pre-slaughter. Changes like Salpingitis, agenesis of Uterine Horn, Metritis eosinophilic, endothelial cysts, focal areas of fibrosis were also identified. One of the changes made in the ovaries of these sows were ovarian cysts. The findings of this study revealed that incidence of cysts and uterine tube infundibulum (38.6%) were higher than the onset of ovarian cysts / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bicca.pdf: 636249 bytes, checksum: 0209e0422a9004599d5a2a8bf4706dea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-04-25 / BACKGROUND: Genital warts are the commonest sexually transmitted infection, affecting mainly younger people, and usually caused by the human papilloma virus genotypes 6 and 11. A very wide range of local treatments are currently available. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and acceptability of Imiquimod in different concentrations for the treatment of genital warts. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the several electronic databases, including Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (July 2002), the Skin Group trials register (July 2002), MEDLINE (1966 to July 2002), EMBASE (1980 to July 2002), LILACS (July 2002), STD Group trials register (July 2002), conferences abstracts and pharmaceutical industry. In addition the references of all identified trials and key review articles were searched looking for further studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials of Imiquimod treatment for genital warts in immunocompetent human hosts were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Study selection and assessment of methodological quality were carried out by two independent reviewers. Data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of dichotomous data were calculated with the random model. Publication bias was not assessed using funnel plots and the number needed to treat (NNT) and the number needed to harm (NNH) with confidence interval values were only calculated when the relative risk was considered to be statistically significant. MAIN RESULTS: Eight trials which fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in this review were identified, all of them with quality scores 2 or 3 (out of 5). Imiquimod 5% and 2% were effective comparing to placebo regarding the complete clearance of warts (RR 0.57; 95% confidence interval 0.50 to 0.64 and RR 0.26; 95% confidence interval 0.13 to 0.19, respectively). Imiquimod 1% was not effective in the complete clearance of warts when compared to placebo (RR 0.94; 95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.06). There was a clear concentration-response, relationship with 5% Imiquimod consistently achieving higher clearance rates and lowers NNTs than 1%. The frequency of local application of Imiquimod 5% was assessed and no differences rates of cure were found. (RR 0.89 95% confidence interval 0.62 to 1.29). However, the 3 times/week regimen was better tolerated with lower incidence of local skin reactions. Local adverse events reported were generally inflammatory reactions. In the majority of patients local skin reactions were of mild to moderate severity. The more frequently symptom related by patients was erythema. In the 5% group when compared to placebo the NNH found was 1.82 (95% confidence interval 1.56 to 2.13). REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: Imiquimod is effective in the self-treatment of genital warts at home, when used in both 5% and 2% concentrations. Adverse effects were associated with enhanced inflammatory reactions. There is a considerable lack of evidence that Imiquimod prevents recurrence of genital warts. More trials are needed in order to assess the value of Imiquimod when compared to other active treatments. / Introdução: A condilomatose genital externa é um importante problema de saúde pública, consistindo-se em uma doença sexualmente transmissível que afeta principalmente os jovens sendo causada principalmente pelo Papilomavírus Humano tipos seis e onze. Diversas terapêuticas são utilizadas no tratamento da condilomatose genital, a maioria apresentando a característica de destruição da lesão condilomatosa, não apresentando atividade antiviral direta. Imiquimod é uma droga cuja ação consiste em modificar a resposta imune possibilitando o tratamento da condilomatose através da ativação do sistema imune individual. Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia e tolerabilidade do uso tópico de imiquimod em diferentes concentrações e posologias no tratamento da condilomatose genital externa. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura e meta-análise de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR). Foi realizada uma ampla busca por estudos relevantes em bases de dados eletrônicas (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS) através da verificação manual de referencias e do contato com autores. Os resultados foram analisados em intenção de tratar, sendo que para dados dicotômicos o risco relativo (RR) com 95% de intervalo de confiança foi calculado usando-se o modelo randômico. Para resultados estatisticamente significativos foram calculados o número necessário para tratar (NNT) e o número necessário para causar dano (NNH). Resultados: Oito ECR foram incluídos, num total de 1040 indivíduos. Os resultados demonstraram que as concentrações de Imiquimod 5% e 2% foram eficazes quando comparadas com placebo no clareamento total da condilomatose (RR 0.57; 95% IC 0.50 - 0.64 e RR 0.26; 95% IC 0.13 - 0.19, respectivamente). Já Imiquimod 1% não apresentou eficácia na comparação ao placebo neste desfecho (RR 0.94; 95% IC 0.83 -1.06). A maior freqüência de aplicação de imiquimod 5% (3x dia) não apresentou diferenças significantes no clareamento completo da condilomatose quando comparada com a posologia usual (3x semana) (RR 0.89 95% IC 0.62 - 1.29), porém apresentou uma maior freqüência de reações adversas locais. Efeitos adversos sistêmicos são raros e geralmente autolimitados, já as reações adversas locais são geralmente de caráter inflamatório, sendo na maior parte leves a moderadas. O principal sinal relatado pelas pacientes foi o de eritema. O número necessário para causar este sintoma NNH foi 1.82 (95% IC 1.56 - 2.13). Conclusões: Imiquimod é efetivo no tratamento tópico da condilomatose genital externa quando utilizado nas concentrações de 5% e 2%. A posologia de três aplicações semanais demonstrou-se como a mais segura. Os Efeitos são geralmente locais e associados com reação inflamatória. Não foi encontrada evidência de que o uso de imiquimod diminua a chance de recidiva da condilomatose genital. Uma maior quantidade de estudos são necessários para avaliar o uso de imiquimod em comparação as outras terapêuticas para condilomatose genital externa.

Orientador: Antonio Sergio Ferraudo / Banca: Luiz Carlos Rêgo Oliveira / Banca: Daniel Côrtes Beretta / Banca: Tiago Luís Eilers Treichel / banca: Lindsay Unno Gimenes / Resumo: Os objetivos do presente estudo foram determinar as características de partos submetidos à intervenção manual e avaliar os efeitos dessa intervenção na taxa de remoção e no desempenho reprodutivo subsequente. Dados de 5.257 partos foram divididos em grupo Controle (n=1.433) e Intervenção (n=3.824). O critério para a intervenção manual nas fêmeas de ordem de parto 1 (OP1) foi determinado pela distocia, enquanto nas demais ordens de parto (OP), somente quando o intervalo entre o nascimento dos leitões foi maior que 10 minutos. Nas fêmeas de OP1, o percentual de partos submetidos à intervenção manual foi de 7,6%. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na ocorrência de intervenções de acordo com as classes de tamanho de leitegada (<12, 12-15 e >15 leitões). A proporção de intervenção manual foi maior (P<0,05) no 2º trimestre e menor (P<0,05) no 4º trimestre. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no 1º e 3º trimestres. A proporção de OP1 do grupo intervenção foi maior para partos com ao menos 1 natimorto (P<0,001), na taxa de natimortos (P<0,001) e na taxa de mumificados (P<0,05). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para nascidos totais (NT) e nascidos vivos (NV). A taxa de remoção foi maior (P<0,001) para o grupo intervenção. A remoção não reprodutiva foi maior (P<0,05) para o grupo intervenção; enquanto a remoção reprodutiva, para o grupo controle (P<0,05). No desempenho reprodutivo subsequente, não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os grupos para o intervalo desmame-estro (IDE), taxa de retorno ao estro (T... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study were to determine the characteristics of farrowing submitted to manual intervention and evaluate the effects of this intervention on the removal rate and the subsequent reproductive performance. Data from 5,257 farrowing were divided into control group (n=1,433) and intervention group (n=3,824). The criterion for manual intervention in sows on the parity order 1 (PO1) was determined by dystocia while in the other parity orders, (PO) when the interval between the birth of the piglets was higher than 10 minutes. In sows of PO1, the percentage of farrowing submitted to manual intervention was 7.6%. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the event of interventions according to litter size classes (<12, 12-15 and >15 piglets). The proportion of manual intervention was higher (P<0.05) in 2nd quarter and lower (P<0.05) in 4th quarter. There was no difference (P>0.05) on the 1st and 3rd quarters. The proportion of PO1 in the intervention group was higher for farrowing to at least one stillborn (P<0.001), stillborns rate (P<0.001) and mummified rate (P<0.05). There was no difference (P>0.05) for total born (TB) and born alive (BA). The removal rate was higher (P<0.001) for the intervention group. The non-reproductive removal rate was higher (P<0.05) in the intervention group while reproductive removal rate, for the control group (P<0.05). In the subsequent reproductive performance, there was no difference (P>0.05) between groups for weaning to estrus interval (WEI),... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Sarcomas of the female genital tract are rare tumors and account for less than 5% of gynecologic malignancies. Traditionally, gynecologic sarcomas have been divided into different tumor types according to their histopathological features. The most common are leiomyosarcoma (LMS), malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMT), endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) and (Müllerian) adenosarcoma. The different tumor types are highly aggressive with early lymphatic and/or hematogenous spread. Treatment is difficult and it is believed that sarcomas have a low radio-and chemosensitivity, and the mainstay in treatment is surgical removal of the tumor. The most important prognostic feature has been tumor stage. Nevertheless, there are some early-stage tumors that run a biological course different from that expected and additional prognostic factors indicating high-risk tumors are desirable. The study cohort consists of 49 uterine LMS, 44 uterine MMMTs, 17 uterine ESS, 11 uterine adenosarcomas and 26 ovarian MMMTs. The tumors were analyzed in a retrospective manner for DNA ploidy, S-phase fraction (SPF), p53 and mdm-2 expression, as well as traditional clinical and pathological prognostic factors, such as tumor stage. grade, atypia and mitotic index. Of the 49 LMS, 36 (86%) were non-diploid and 13 (27%) were p53-positive. Among the 44 uterine MMMTs, 30 (68%) were non-diploid and 27 (61%) had an SPF&gt;10%. Twenty-seven (61%) overexpressed p53 and 11 (25%) were mdm-2 positive. Furthermore, 40 (91%) of the uterine MMMTs had a high mitotic count and 42 (95%) had high grade cytologic atypia. All low-grade ESS were DNA diploid and had a low SPF. Among the four high-grade ESS, three (75%) were DNA aneuploid and three (75%) were p53-positive. Among 1 1 adenosarcomas, eight (73%) were non-diploid. All ovarian MMMTs were non-diploid and all but two had an SPF&gt;10%. 19 (73%) ovarian MMMTs were p53positive. The 5-year survival rate was 33% for LMS, 38% for uterine MMMT, 57% for ESS, 69% for adenosarcoma and 30% for ovarian MMMT. Thirty-five (71%) patients with LMS died of disease and two of intercurrent disease. Stage was found to be the most important factor for survival (p=0.007); in addition DNA ploidy (p=0.045) and SPF (p=0.041) had prognostic significance. Twenty-seven (61%) patients with uterine MMMT died of disease and six (14%) died of intercurrent disease. Stage was the only prognostic factor for survival. Nine (53%) patients with ESS died of disease. There was a significant correlation of survival to tumor grade (p=0.007), DNA ploidy (p=0.026), SPF (p=0.048) and stage (p=0.026). Of the 11 patients with adenosarcoma, four (36%) patients died of disease and three (27%) patients died of intercurrent disease. There were no variables that correlated with survival. Eighteen (69%) patients with ovarian MMMT died of disease and two (8%) patients died of intercurrent disease. In a multivariate analysis, only stage reached independent prognostic significance for survival (p=0.023). In summary, stage represents the most important prognostic factor for survival for uterine and ovarian sarcomas. DNA flow cytometry is useful in gaining additional prognostic information for LMS and ESS. P53-and mdm-2 overexpression had no prognostic value for survival rate. Most of the MMMT overexpressed p53 and were non-diploid. Treatment of sarcomatous neoplasms is difficult and the mainstay remains surgical removal of the tumor. For patients with early stage sarcoma there was a high recurrence rate, which suggests that a large proportion of patients may have systemic micrometastasic disease at the time of diagnosis. Recurrent and metastatic uterine sarcoma remains an incurable disease, and treatment must be considered palliative. / On the day of the public defence the status of the articles III and IV was: Accepted for publication. ; Bild/Image 1=p53/mdm-2 interaction ; Bild/Image 2=Leiomysarcoma stage I ; Bild/Image 3=Survival in uterine sarcoma.

When professionals meet people from other cultures, there are some problematic issues that may appear, especially when considering human rights. Every individual has the right to live as they choose, and have the right to their own culture and traditions even if they have immigrated to another country. Female genital mutilation is a tradition that violates human rights. In this study we will look at what conflicts of values that professionals can have while meeting clients who have been mutilated. We have made qualitative interviews with four professionals working in a small town in Sweden in an area where many immigrants live. Professionals who meet people that have been genital mutilated have to balance respect for the individual with official restrictions and law. Knowledge about other countries and cultures can be important in the meeting between the professional and the client. Many conflicts of values appear and in this study we lift some of these conflicts.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) affects at least half of all sexually active people, especially those aged 20-24 years. Gynecological exams are instrumental in cervical cancer prevention due to the early detection of abnormal cervical cells often caused by HPV. Despite the many benefits of gynecological exams, they continue to be underused. Women are often unaware of exam guidelines, procedures, and costs. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used to predict and explain exam behaviors. A woman’s decision to seek gynecological care may be influenced by numerous factors, including: genital self-image, body image and sexual behaviors. The purpose of this study was to: 1) determine if the TPB explains and predicts exam behaviors, 2) assess if genital self-image, body image and sexual behaviors predict exam behaviors, and 3) evaluate the reliability and validity of data collected on the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) among a sample of female college students. The study included a convenience sample of 450 women enrolled in health-related courses at a large Southern university in the US. SEM analyses revealed gynecological exam intention was a successful predictor of exam behaviors: Χ2 (81, N = 450) = 258.49, p <> <> <> .001, RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.96 and NFI = 0.95. The addition of genital self-image to the TPB model yielded similar fit indices; however, the TPB alone appears to be more predictive of exam behaviors. Predictive discriminant analysis (PDA) was used to indicate the predictor, or group of predictors, best suited to predict gynecological exam behavior. PDA results indicate the number of vaginal intercourse partners during the past 3-months was most predictive (hit rate = 68.2%). A CFA yielded a two-factor FGSIS model: Χ2 (12, N = 450) = 49.77, p <> .001, RMSEA = 0.08, CFI = 0.98 and NFI = 0.97. Reliability assessments indicated very good internal consistency for the entire scale (α = 0.89), for factor one (α = 0.86) and factor two (α = 0.82). Results have implications for the development of sexual health and women’s health programs targeting factors influencing gynecological exam behaviors. Specifically, scores on the FGSIS can establish relationships between genital self-image and exam behaviors of college women.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de los estadíos de desarrollo folicular: crecimiento, estático y regresión del folículo dominante al momento de la cópula, sobre la ovulación y sobrevivencia embrionaria en alpacas. Se utilizaron 116 alpacas con descanso post parto ³ 15 días, a las que se realizó evaluaciones con un ecógrafo Aloka SSD 500 y transductor lineal 7.5 MHz, para distribuirlas al azar a uno de los 4 grupos siguientes: G1 (folículo dominante en estadío de crecimiento, diámetro 6 mm), G2 (folículo dominante en estadío de crecimiento, diámetro ³ 7 £ 12 mm), G3 (folículo dominante en estadío estático, diámetro ³ 7 mm) y G4 (folículo dominante en estadío de regresión, diámetro ³7 mm). Posteriormente, fueron sometidas a empadre controlado dirigido, a excepción de 5 alpacas del grupo G1 que rechazaron al macho. El día del empadre fue considerado el día 0 y las evaluaciones ecográficas posteriores se realizaron en los días 2 (ocurrencia de ovulación), 9 (presencia y tamaño del cuerpo lúteo), 20, 25, 30 y 35 (presencia de vesícula embrionaria y/o embrión). En los días 0 y 15 post cópula se realizó la prueba de receptividad sexual. El 97,3% de los alpacas que fueron empadradas (n=111) presentaron ovulación al día 2 post cópula, sin diferencia significativa (p<0.05) entre los 4 grupos (G1=95.45%, G2=96.67%, G3=100% y G4=96.56%). La tasa de sobrevivencia embrionaria no presentó diferencia significativa entre grupos, pero hubo una tendencia a una mayor tasa de sobrevivencia para el grupo G2 (65,52%) en comparación con los grupos G1(52,38 %), G3(53,33 %) y G4(42,86 %) al día 35 post cópula. En el día 9 post cópula, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el tamaño promedio del cuerpo lúteo entre los grupos (G1= 10.28 ± 1.74mm, G 2 =11.72 ± 1.73mm, G3= 11.07 ± 1.96mm, G4 = 11.11 ± 2.23mm). Estos resultados indicarían que el estadío del desarrollo folicular al momento de la monta no tendría efecto significativo sobre la tasa de ovulación y sobrevivencia embrionaria en alpacas. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of growth, static and regression stages of the dominant follicle during mating, on the ovulation and the embryonic survival in alpacas. 116 female alpacas with a post-partum resting period ³ 15 days were used. The alpacas were evaluated with an ultrasound scanner Aloka SSD 500 with a 7.5 MHz transrectal transducer in order to distribute them randomly in one of the following 4 groups: G1 (dominant follicle in growth stage, diameter of 6 mm), G2 (dominant follicle in growth stage, diameter ³ 7 £ 12 mm), G3 (dominant follicle in static stage, diameter ³ 7 mm) and G4 (dominant follicle in regression stage, diameter ³ 7 mm). Subsequently, all the alpacas were mated with a male, except 5 alpacas of group G1 that rejected the male. The mating day was considered day 0, thus the subsequent ultrasound evaluations were carried out on days 2 (ocurrence of ovulation), 9 (presence and size of the corpus luteum); 20, 25, 30 and 35 (presence of the embryonic vesicle and/or the embryo). On days 0 and 15, the sexual receptiveness test was performed. 97.3% of alpacas that were mated (n=111) presented ovulation, but no significant differences (p<0.05) among the study groups (G1=95.45%, G2=96.67%, G3=100% and G4=96.56%) were observed. The embryonic survival rate was also not significantly different among the groups, but there was a tendency to a greater rate of survival for the group G2 (65.52%) in comparison with groups G1 (52.38%), G3 (53.33%) and G4 (42.86%) on day 35 after mating. On day 9, no significant difference in the average size of the corpus luteum was observed among the groups (G1 = 10.28 ± 1.74mm, G 2 =11.72 ± 1.73mm, G3 = 11.07 ± 1.96mm, G4 = 11.11 ± 2.23mm). These results suggest that the stage of the follicular development during mating does not have a significant effect on the rate of ovulation and embryonic survival in alpacas.

Female genital mutilation is an important human rights and health issue in both Canada and Africa. The Canadian government has made efforts towards eradicating this practice by making it a criminal offense, a “remedy” popularly used in Africa as well. Despite the efforts made by governments, law enforcement, along with international human rights organizations, female genital mutilation persists among African immigrants living in Canada and is still practiced by some in Africa. Using international and government laws and policies, documents, case study reports and articles, this thesis questions why the criminalization of female genital mutilation has not reduced this practice among Africans and immigrants living in Canada. Using qualitative case study research methodology as well as the theories of cultural relativism and feminist human rights, this thesis suggests that cultural practices are resistant to change, even among families who move to societies where the practices are legally criminalized and socially rejected. As such, the strategy of eradicating this cultural practice through criminalization has been largely unsuccessful because of strong social forces as exemplified in myths, cultural reasons and the medicalization of female genital mutilation. This thesis concludes by proposing the need to address the status of females among groups who perpetuate this practice and adopting other measures to supplement the laws which are already in place. / February 2016

No description available.

1.The prevalence of sow reproductive organ disease was ascertained in the Lithuania’s Republic’s large hog complexes; 2.The dominating microflora in sow reproductive organs and its influence in post-weaning fertilisation were established; 3.The influence of prophylactic use of recommended feed supplements Spectinomix 110 and Lincosint 100 on reproductive organ microflora and piglet to weaning health was evaluated; 4.The prophylactic and treatment efficacy of veterinary preparations 2.5% sol. Cobactan®, Metricure®, Clamoxyl ® Metritis was established in sows with post-partum uterine inflammations.