O estudo do potencial biológico do ecossistema florestal torna-se essencial quando o objetivo é o seu manejo racional, visando a maximização da produtividade, e evitando-se a exaustão dos recursos do sítio florestal. Na área florestal é comum a aplicação de modelos que projetam o futuro do povoamento, pois desta forma pode-se tomar as decisões apropriadas a cerca do manejo a ser seguido. Dentre outros modelos, o 3-PG foi testado para inúmeras espécies florestais e em diversas condições edafoclimáticas, e tem sido reportado, por unanimidade, como uma poderosa ferramenta para auxiliar o manejo de povoamentos florestais. O objetivo desse estudo foi: calibrar, validar e simular a produtividade de plantações clonais de Eucalyptus com o uso do modelo 3-PG integrado a um sistema de informações geográficas. Foram selecionadas 20 parcelas de inventário que continham o material genético C219H (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla) plantados no mesmo espaçamento de 3 x 3m e de mesma idade, com data de plantio no ano 2000, na região de Capão Bonito, sul do estado de São Paulo. Em cada parcela foram realizadas avaliações edáficas, dendrométricas e nutricionais em três árvores médias. A incorporação das características do relevo apresentou diferença no mapeamento da radiação global, principalmente no inverno, onde os efeitos do relevo foram elevados, apresentando diferenças de até 147%, em relação ao relevo plano. O número de geadas mensais foi determinado pela temperatura média mínima mensal, aprensentando uma relação linear negativa. A maioria das variáveis de solos analisadas aproximou-se da distribuição lognormal de freqüências. Na análise geoestatística, as variáveis relacionadas à fertilidade do solo apresentaram maiores alcances de dependência espacial no horizonte A, indicando que há maior homogeneidade na distribuição dos nutrientes na camada superficial do solo. A CTCefetiva apresentou relação exponencial positiva com o volume de madeira. Paralela a essa curva, foi proposta uma equação relacionando o índice de fertilidade do modelo 3-PGIS e esse atributo do solo. O teor de argila exerceu forte influência sobre os teores de água na capacidade de campo e no ponto de murcha permanente, por conseguinte, na disponibilidade de água dos solos. A máxima biomassa de fuste, encontrada nos povoamentos florestais manejados com elevado padrão tecnológico, relacionou-se diretamente com o teor argila+silte. Essa mesma propriedade do solo, exerceu influência na densidade da madeira. Sítios de maiores produtividades, por conseguinte, de maior teor de argila+silte, resultaram em árvores de menor densidade básica. Os teores foliares de N, Mg, Cu e Zn, aumentaram exponencialmente com o teor de argila, da mesma forma que o DAP e a biomassa de folhas. Por outro lado, os teores foliares de P, K, Ca, S, B, Fe e Mn apresentaram relação oposta, decresceram exponencialmente nos solos mais argilosos. Foi obtida a calibração, a validação e aplicação do modelo 3-PGIS nas condições edafoclimáticas de Capão Bonito em povoamentos clonais do material genético C219H. No geral, o modelo 3-PGIS, apresentou bom desempenho, principalmente nas estimativas do volume de lenho com casca e da biomassa de fuste. As simulações do DAP e do IMA foram mais dispersas. / The study of the biological potential of forest ecosystems become essential when the objective is rational management, aiming productivity maximization, and avoiding resource exhaustion of the forest site. Forest sector usually apply models to simulate the future of the stand, aiming make appropriated decisions regarding the management to be followed. Among other models, 3-PG was tested for several forest species across different edaphoclimatic conditions, and has been reported unanimously, as a powerful tool to help on forest stands management. The objective of this study was: calibrate, validate and simulate productivity of clonal Eucalyptus plantations using 3-PG model integrated with a geographical information system. Twenty inventory plots were selected containing genetic material C219H (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla) planted on spacing 3 x 3m, even aged, with planting date at 2000, Capão Bonito region, south of São Paulo state. On each plot were evaluated edaphic, dendrometric and nutritional variables on three average trees. Incorporation of relief characteristics resulted in differences on global radiation mapping, mainly during winter, where the effects of relief were elevated, showing up to 147% comparing to flat relief. Number of frosts per month was determined by monthly mean minimum temperature, with a negative linear relation. Most of soil variables evaluated showed a log-normal frequency distribution. At geostatistical analysis, variables related to soil fertility presented higher reaches of spatial dependency at A horizon, indicating higher homogeneity on nutrient distribution at superficial soil layer. The effective CEC showed positive exponential relation with wood volume. Parallel to that curve, we proposed an equation relating the fertility index of 3-PGIS and that soil attribute. Clay content showed strong influence on water levels at field capacity and wilting point, and as consequence, on soil water availability. Stem maximum biomass, observed on forest stands, managed with high technological standards, related directly with clay+silt contents. Same soil property affected wood density. High productivity sites, as consequence, with higher clay+silt contents, resulted in trees with lower wood density. Leaf level of N, Mg, Cu and Zn increased exponentially with clay content, like DBH and foliage biomass. Otherwise, leaf level of P, K, Ca, S, B, Fe and Mn showed opposite relation, decreasing exponentially on clayey soils. Calibration, validation and application of 3-PGIS were obtained for Capão Bonito edaphoclimatic conditions, on clonal stands of the genetic material C219H. Overall, 3- PGIS model showed good performance, mainly on estimative of stem plus bark volume and stem biomass. Simulations of DBH and MAI were dispersing.

Afin d’améliorer la précision des systèmes de navigation ainsi que de garantir la sécurité et la continuité du service, il est essentiel de connaitre la position et l’orientation du véhicule en tout temps. La localisation absolue utilisant des systèmes satellitaires tels que le GPS est souvent utilisée `a cette fin. Cependant, en environnement urbain, la localisation `a l’aide d’un récepteur GPS peut s’avérer peu précise voire même indisponible `a cause des phénomènes de réflexion des signaux, de multi-trajet ou de la faible visibilité satellitaire. Afin d’assurer une estimation précise et robuste du positionnement, d’autres capteurs et méthodes doivent compléter la mesure. Dans cette thèse, des méthodes de localisation de véhicules sont proposées afin d’améliorer l’estimation de la pose en prenant en compte la redondance et la complémentarité des informations du système multi-capteurs utilisé. Tout d’abord, les mesures GPS sont fusionnées avec des estimations de la localisation relative du véhicule obtenues `a l’aide d’un capteur proprioceptif (gyromètre), d’un système stéréoscopique(Odométrie visuelle) et d’un télémètre laser (recalage de scans télémétriques). Une étape de sélection des capteurs est intégrée pour valider la cohérence des observations provenant des différents capteurs. Seules les informations validées sont combinées dans un formalisme de couplage lâche avec un filtre informationnel. Si l’information GPS est indisponible pendant une longue période, la trajectoire estimée par uniquement les approches relatives tend `a diverger, en raison de l’accumulation de l’erreur. Pour ces raisons, les informations d’une carte numérique (route + bâtiment) ont été intégrées et couplées aux mesures télémétriques de deux télémètres laser montés sur le toit du véhicule (l’un horizontalement, l’autre verticalement). Les façades des immeubles détectées par les télémètres laser sont associées avec les informations_ bâtiment _ de la carte afin de corriger la position du véhicule.Les approches proposées sont testées et évaluées sur des données réelles. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus montrent que la fusion du système stéréoscopique et du télémètre laser avec le GPS permet d’assurer le service de localisation lors des courtes absences de mesures GPS et de corriger les erreurs GPS de type saut. Par ailleurs, la prise en compte des informations de la carte numérique routière permet d’obtenir une approximation de la position du véhicule en projetant la position du véhicule sur le tronc¸on de route correspondant et enfin l’intégration de la carte numérique des bâtiments couplée aux données télémétriques permet d’affiner cette estimation, en particulier la position latérale. / In some dense urban environments (e.g., a street with tall buildings around), vehicle localization result provided by Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver might not be accurate or even unavailable due to signal reflection (multi-path) or poor satellite visibility. In order to improve the accuracy and robustness of assisted navigation systems so as to guarantee driving security and service continuity on road, a vehicle localization approach is presented in this thesis by taking use of the redundancy and complementarities of multiple sensors. At first, GPS localization method is complemented by onboard dead-reckoning (DR) method (inertial measurement unit, odometer, gyroscope), stereovision based visual odometry method, horizontal laser range finder (LRF) based scan alignment method, and a 2D GIS road network map based map-matching method to provide a coarse vehicle pose estimation. A sensor selection step is applied to validate the coherence of the observations from multiple sensors, only information provided by the validated sensors are combined under a loosely coupled probabilistic framework with an information filter. Then, if GPS receivers encounter long term outages, the accumulated localization error of DR-only method is proposed to be bounded by adding a GIS building map layer. Two onboard LRF systems (a horizontal LRF and a vertical LRF) are mounted on the roof of the vehicle and used to detect building facades in urban environment. The detected building facades are projected onto the 2D ground plane and associated with the GIS building map layer to correct the vehicle pose error, especially for the lateral error. The extracted facade landmarks from the vertical LRF scan are stored in a new GIS map layer. The proposed approach is tested and evaluated with real data sequences. Experimental results with real data show that fusion of the stereoscopic system and LRF can continue to localize the vehicle during GPS outages in short period and to correct the GPS positioning error such as GPS jumps; the road map can help to obtain an approximate estimation of the vehicle position by projecting the vehicle position on the corresponding road segment; and the integration of the building information can help to refine the initial pose estimation when GPS signals are lost for long time.

近年來由於政府實施無紙化及金融業者推行電子帳單的成效卓越，使得國內郵件的收寄量逐年下滑，郵局如何與民營業者競爭國內物流市場並達成盈餘目標，成為營運中不可忽視之因素。 傳統的郵局設點多依據公司規定與配合政府政策需求，甚少採用涉及複雜因素之區位分析進行選址。因此，如何有效且公正地評選郵局新設據點以提高收益，成為亟待解決之問題。 本研究目的在於提供高收益之郵局設點建議，我們提出一種評估中華郵政公司設點效益的方法，以國內郵局實際設點位置與相關空間資料來建置實驗模型。研究結果顯示，以本研究方法建立之預測模型可成功的提供中華郵政公司建議於何處新增據點可收最大功效。 我們首先蒐集中華郵政公司設點之鄰近區域資料，如競爭者設點數、人口因素、重要交通路口、郵件收寄量等。其次導入資料探勘技術分析影響郵件收寄量之因素，建立中華郵政公司設點收寄量預測模型。然後依照建立預測模型時所得到之區辨力分數，判斷採用何種資料探勘技術建立預測模型較適當。最後將所選定的預測模型套用於台北縣市各村里建物重心，透過環域資料分析以計算預估之收寄量，再整合各資料探勘技術之預測結果後推論出最佳設點建議。 實作中，以台北縣市資料來測試我們的方法。實驗數據顯示，我們的方法成功地找出十一個建議設點的村里，可提供給中華郵政公司作為高收益的設點建議。 / The amount of postal mail declines in recent years due to the efforts of paper-reduce policies implemented by the government, the industries, and the general publics. It becomes one of the important issues of the Chunghwa Post Company, to compete with other companies in domestic freight and mail services and to achieve the desired profits. Traditionally, the location of post offices were decided according to the government policies as well as the company regulations. The issues involved in the site selection analysis were seldom considered. Hence, developing an effective and fair mechanism to find the new post office locations that could improve the company’s surplus becomes an important problem to be solved. The purpose of this thesis is to provide recommendations to the post office site selection which will yield high profit to the company. We proposed a method to evaluate the effective profits that could be produced by a particular post office through the data mining techniques and the related GIS information. We first collect various data, such as neighborhood population, traffic flow, postal mail received at particular post office, competitor’s information, etc., and analyze these data using data mining techniques in order to establish prediction models. The most appropriate model was chosen to find the new post office sites. The Metropolitan Taipei area was chosen to illustrate our idea. The best sites for new post offices were selected through the buffering analysis as well as the data mining techniques. The experimental results show that our method can successfully find eleven locations which could generate most profit to Chunghwa Post Company if the new post offices were located in these places.

<p>I takt med Försvarsmaktens ökade engagemang internationellt och det faktum att alla insatsförband inom Försvarsmakten ska kunna verka på alla konfliktnivåer och i en urban miljö kommer nya krav och behov på bekämpningsförmågan att uppstå avseende precisionsbekämpning.</p><p>Med hjälp av ett GIS kopplat till EOI:et vid en insats i en urban miljö kan en rad vinster erhållas för att stödja artilleriet vad avser precisionsbekämpning.<em> </em>Exempel på sådana områden är: målverifiering, justering av målkoordinater, lägesuppfattning avseende målets närmiljö, redovisning och presentation av verkansområde inför en insats för dimensionering av verkan.</p> / <p>The Swedish Armed Forces’ increasing engagement in international conflicts and the fact that all units in the Armed Forces should be able to participate and solve tasks in urban environments and in all levels of conflict will put new demands on and needs for the combat ability regard to the precision fire.</p><p>This paper will discuss the use of geographic information system (GIS) together with the forward observation instrument (EOI) and how it can support the artillery concerning precision fire in an urban environment.</p> / ChpT 08-10

In 2002, Colombia had the highest homicide rate of any Latin American country(Berkman, 2007). The origins of this violence, however, are complex and difficult to identify. It would be sensible to argue that it cannot be explained by any one particular factor, but rather an assortment of many factors that wholly represent the social, economic, and political conditions of Colombia. By better understanding the origins of Colombian violence, policy makers can more effectively address and alleviate this prolonged issue. This study examines the geographic nature of municipal homicide rates for Colombia in 2005. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are any discernible patterns in the geographic distribution of homicide rates across Colombia at the municipal level. It also aims to determine what combination of statistically significant predictors, if any, generates acceptable regression models for predicting the distribution of homicide rates. Spatial autocorrelation methods, particularly Global and Local Moran’s I statistics, were used to identify the clusters of high-value homicide rates. Regression models, specifically OLS and GWR, were utilized to examine the relationships between homicide rates and an assortment of geographic factors, including Coca Cultivation Density, Presidential Election Participation Rate, Displaced Persons Rate, Standard of Living Index, Terrain Ruggedness Index, FARC Armed Actions Rate, andPublic Force Armed Actions Rate. The results of this study indicate that clusters of high-value homicide rates were indeed located in the northern, southern, western, and central regions of Colombia. Among the aforementioned geographic factors, Coca Cultivation Density, Displaced Persons Rate, Standard of Living Index, Terrain Ruggedness Index, FARC Armed Actions Rate, and Public Force Armed Actions Rate all exhibited positive correlations. The variable exhibiting a negative correlation was the Presidential Election Participation Rate.

I takt med Försvarsmaktens ökade engagemang internationellt och det faktum att alla insatsförband inom Försvarsmakten ska kunna verka på alla konfliktnivåer och i en urban miljö kommer nya krav och behov på bekämpningsförmågan att uppstå avseende precisionsbekämpning. Med hjälp av ett GIS kopplat till EOI:et vid en insats i en urban miljö kan en rad vinster erhållas för att stödja artilleriet vad avser precisionsbekämpning. Exempel på sådana områden är: målverifiering, justering av målkoordinater, lägesuppfattning avseende målets närmiljö, redovisning och presentation av verkansområde inför en insats för dimensionering av verkan. / The Swedish Armed Forces’ increasing engagement in international conflicts and the fact that all units in the Armed Forces should be able to participate and solve tasks in urban environments and in all levels of conflict will put new demands on and needs for the combat ability regard to the precision fire. This paper will discuss the use of geographic information system (GIS) together with the forward observation instrument (EOI) and how it can support the artillery concerning precision fire in an urban environment. / ChpT 08-10

Turkey has very different geomorphologic, hydrologic and climatic conditions, so the runoff coefficient should be different from one basin to another. But only one constant value, which is 0.37, is being used for all the basins in Turkey. In this thesis, monthly, seasonal and annual runoff coefficients of 48 sub-basins in western and southern part of Anatolia are determined by using synchronous and average rainfall, runoff data of 26 year record period. Their temporal and spatial distributions are investigated. The relationship between the basin parameters and the runoff coefficient are also examined. Some of the basins have unrealistic large runoff coefficients, therefore excluded from the analyses. The basin boundaries and parameters are determined by using Geograhic Information System (GIS), and areal average precipitations are found by a program written in visual basic language that uses ArcObjects. The Box-Cox transformed data are used in regression analysis. There are a number of dams in the region, which affect the natural flow. Such streams are found and their sub-basins are not used in the analyses. The results revealed that there is not a strong the relationship between the basin parameters and annual and seasonal runoff coefficients for the whole region, but there are significant relations between them for some basins.

Mine safety is of paramount concern to the mining industry. The generation of a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) which can administrate relevant spatial data and metadata of underground mining safety efficiently is a very vital issue in this sense. In an effort to achieve a balance of safety and productivity, GIS can contribute to the creation of a safe working environment in underground (U/G) mining. Such a system should serve to a continuous risk analysis and be designed for applications in case of emergency. Concept for safety should require three fundamental components, namely (i) constructive safety / (ii) surveillance and maintenance / and (iii) emergency. The implementation has to be carried out in a Web-Based Geographic Information System. The process comprises first the safety concept as the application domain model and then a conceptual model was generated in terms of Entity- Relationship Diagrams. After the implementation of the logical model a user interface was developed and GIS was tested. Finally, one should deal with the question if it is possible to extend the method of resolution used to a national GIS infrastructure.

This study aims to develop an integrated methodology for finding water leaks in a water distribution network. The integrated methodology is formed from SCADA System, Customer Information System (CIS), and Geographic Information System. The methodology is based on forming district-metered areas (DMA) and sub-DMAs in pressure zones by isolation of the network. Leaking spots in the network are localised by step testing within the DMA. With leak noise loggers leaking spots are localized with an increased accuracy and finally pinpointed by ground microphones. Minimum night flows are observed from the SCADA system before and after the repairs of the leaks to calculate physical water loss percentage in the DMA. Monthly non-revenue water percentage is calculated using the data obtained from SCADA and CIS. With a buffer analysis on the water distribution network data, the benefit of the leak noise loggers is maximized and the working time with the ground microphones are minimized. The methodology is applied in two different DMAs in Antalya water distribution network with different characteristics. In the first DMA, only the developed methodology is applied and a decrease of 19.2% is achieved in physical water losses. In the second DMA, pressure reduction is added to the methodology and a decrease of 4.9% is achieved.

Indigenous cartography is based on a relational epistemology that works within a system where "place" and "ways of knowing" are intimately tied to Native communities' notions of kinship, oral tradition, and traditional ecological knowledge acquired over the millennia. It brings to life a place where mapping and geography cease to be simply Cartesian coordinates on a Euclidean plane and instead become storied landscapes. Indigenous cartography can be described as "radical" because it represents a departure from traditional Western ways of mapping and affirms an Indigenous political, economic and cultural sovereignty. As an intensely political act, Indigenous cartography can be an important tool used by Indigenous people to assert sovereignty in a bottom-up approach to land claims, in the management of cultural resources, and even to claim human remains for repatriation and reburial. If Indigenous groups wish to successfully utilize geospatial technologies as legal strategies, it will first require the development of the necessary infrastructure and training of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) specialists from within. In much the same way that colonial practices of the past worked to achieve hegemony through the making of political and cultural boundaries, Indigenous cartography can work to dismantle these same colonial boundaries. A theory and methodology of Indigenous cartographic praxis is in use among some First Nations in British Columbia. However no "best practices" yet exist for the Indigenous use-and-mapping discipline. Consequently in the United States, Indigenous mapping is still considered an emerging approach. Therefore, can American Indian political and cultural sovereignty be supported by the implementation of Indigenous geospatial technologies? This dissertation will examine the British Columbian model and distill principles that can be successfully implemented by U. S. Native American communities who wish to develop capacity for this emerging geospatial technology based on the success of the First Nations model.