Dissent is a common feature of intragroup relations. The consequences of dissent, positive or negative, depend largely on group reactions to dissenters. The current study examined whether geographical distance as well as social dominance orientation (SDO) influence group responses toward a dissenter. I hypothesized that geographical distance would exacerbate negative reactions toward a group member who dissent from—rather than conform to—group norms. Further, I predicted levels of social dominance orientation would moderate group reactions. Findings were not consistent with our predictions; however, the current results did elucidate several interesting lines of future research. Specifically, the findings from the current study reveal that people were more likely to attribute blame to and perceive more harm done to the ingroup by a distal group member, regardless of whether he dissented or not. Further, those high in SDO, relative to low in SDO, were more likely to reprimand and perceive more harm done to the ingroup by a non-dissenting member when he was faraway compared to nearby. These results suggest that geographical distance, as well as individual differences, such as SDO, is important, albeit complex, factors in group reactions to dissenters. / text

The budget is used in many organizations to estimate and control costs. The budgeting process requires extensive knowledge and information exchange between the budget setters in the organization. It is therefore critical for budget setters, often finance and line managers, to communicate and exchange knowledge to reach a budget for the upcoming period.   The aim of this thesis is to highlight both budgeting and internal communication findings from past research, and develop a model for how internal communication is affected by different factors during the budgeting process. Specifically, we develop an unprecedented model based on previous research and test it through qualitative semi-structured interviews. We then improve and develop the model to provide a theoretical framework for future research on factors affecting internal communication during the budgeting process.   Our empirical study of communication between line managers and finance managers in GE Healthcare in their budgeting process indicates that the factors are intertwined, and that the various factors can affect internal communication during the budgeting process directly and indirectly.  The factors we find to directly affect internal communication are geographical distance, interpersonal relationship, communication method, organizational distance and characteristics of the budgeting process. The indirect factors are characteristics of the participant and time constraint. The study also finds a series of interconnected relationships of both the direct and indirect factors with each other.

Diese Arbeit ist eine Sammlung von Studien, welche sowohl die makro-, als auch die mikroökonomischen Aspekte und Charakteristika von Rücküberweisungen pakistanischer Migranten in ihr Heimatland analysieren, sowie deren ökonomische Auswirkungen auf das Konsumverhalten und die Vermögensbildung der Empfängerhaushalte. Es zeigt sich, dass internationale Überweisungen im Vergleich zu anderen finanziellen Mittelflüssen eine stabile und stabilisierende Quelle für Devisen darstellen. Des Weiteren weisen sie mit Blick auf die heimische Wirtschaft ein antizyklisches Verhalten auf, während ihr Verhalten mit Blick auf die Wirtschaft des Gastlandes als azyklisch beschrieben werden kann.  Die Überweisungsströme werden maßgeblich von ihren Transaktionskosten beeinflusst, so dass Migranten in Zeiten hoher Transaktionskosten Rücküberweisungen ins Heimatland entweder einstellen oder informelle Kanäle zum Überweisen nutzen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie stellt sich außerdem heraus, dass Rücküberweisungen als hauptsächlich kurzfristige Einnahmequelle betrachtet werden. Aufgrund dessen werden die Zuflüsse oftmals in die Förderung von Humankapital investiert, wobei dieser Effekt stark abhängig vom Einkommensniveau des Empfängeraushalts ist.  Ferner führen internationale Überweisungen zu einem erheblichen Anstieg des Haushaltsvermögens, wohingegen Inlandsübweisungen keine signifikanten Vermögensänderungen mit sich bringen. Überdies ermöglichen internationale Rücküberweisungen den Empfängerhaushalten das Aufstocken vorsorglicher Ersparnisse.

Studien syftar till att visualisera jämförelsen av effektiviteten hos Monitor ERP före och efter deras geografiska flytt till Malaysia. Studien fokuserar på att identifiera hur arbetsflöden och teamdynamik påverkas av geografiska och kulturella skillnader. Målet är att visualisera arbetsbelastningen och förstå hur dessa faktorer influerar användningen av agila metoder i en distribuerad arbetsmiljö.För att uppnå dessa mål tillämpades en blandning av kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder. Kvantitativa data samlades in genom att hämta data från Monitor ERP:s planeringsverktyg, medan kvalitativa data inhämtades genom intervjuer och observationer med teammedlemmar. Dessa data kombinerades med visualiseringstekniker för att tydligt illustrera mönster och trender över tiden. Resultaten av datanalysen validerades genom datatriangulering för att öka studiens trovärdighet och reliabilitet.Resultaten från studien indikerar skillnader i användningen före och efter företagets flytt. Det framkom att kulturella och tidsmässiga skillnader kan påverka teamens prestanda och samarbetsdynamik. Visualiseringarna tyder på att arbetsprocessen blev mer effektiv efter flytten, då det illustrerar en ökning av arbetsmängden och produktiviteten.Slutsatsen av studien är att geografisk spridning och kulturella skillnader har en påverkan på implementeringen av agila metoder. Det rekommenderas att företag som Monitor ERP anpassar sina agila strategier för att hantera dessa utmaningar effektivt. / The study aims to visualize the comparison of the effectiveness of Monitor ERP be-fore and after their geographical relocation to Malaysia. The study focuses on identi-fying how workflows and team dynamics are affected by geographical and cultural differences. The goal is to visualize the workload and understand how these factors influence the use of agile methods in a distributed work environment.To achieve these objectives, a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was applied. Quantitative data was collected by retrieving data from Moni-tor ERP's planning tools, while qualitative data was obtained through interviews and observations with team members. These data were combined with visualization techniques to clearly illustrate patterns and trends over time. The results of the data analysis were validated through data triangulation to increase the credibility and reli-ability of the study.The results of the study indicate differences in usage before and after the company's move. It was found that cultural and temporal differences can affect team perfor-mance and collaboration dynamics. The visualizations suggest that the work process became more efficient after the move, as it shows an increase in workload and productivity.The conclusion of the research is that geographic dispersion and cultural differences have an impact on the implementation of agile methods. It is recommended that companies like Monitor ERP adapt their agile strategies to effectively manage these challenges.

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