On appelle biominéraux l’ensemble des minéraux fabriqués par le vivant. Ce sont des matériaux essentiels, présents dans la quasi-totalitédes espèces vivantes. Néanmoins les caractéristiques structurales, chimiques ainsi que les mécanismes de formation, et l’évolution de cesmatériaux sont encore fortement débattus. Cela s’explique notamment par les difficultés à étudier expérimentalement des espèces chimiquesévoluant en milieux biologiques.Bien que tout aussi complexe, une approche théorique, à l’échelle moléculaire, peut aider à la caractérisation de ces matériaux biologiqueset notamment la caractérisation de leurs interfaces formées avec les milieux biologiques environnants. Cela étant essentiel pour une meilleurecompréhension de la formation et de l’évolution de ces minéraux.Les oxalates de calcium constituent une famille de biominéraux très importante dans le monde du vivant. Ils constituent notamment les principales espèces cristallinesrencontrées dans les calculs rénaux où ils peuvent exister sous trois phases possédant différents degrés d'hydratation. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons effectuéles simulations des propriétés spectroscopique IR et RMN des ces trois phases, ce qui permet d'obtenir une signature propre à chacune d'entre elle, aidant ainsi àl'identification de ces phases à partir des spectres obtenus expérimentalement.Les phosphates de calcium font aussi partie des biominéraux. Ils composent la majeure partie du minéral osseux des mammifères. Ce minéral se trouvesous la forme de nanoparticules décrites comme possédant un cœur cristallin d’hydroxyapatite substituées entourée d'une couche hydratée et désordonnée en surface.Durant ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à ces deux composantes. Concernant le cœur cristallin des particules, nous avons étudié en particulierle cas des substitutions par des carbonates car il s'agit de la substitution prédominante dans les apatites biologiques. En couplant ce travail à des expériencesde RMN solide nous pouvons proposé une localisation précise de ces substituants au sein de la maille d’hydroxyapatite.La couche désordonnée de surface est encore très mal comprise à l'heure actuelle et de nombreux modèles structuraux sont proposés dans la littérature pour la décrire. Nous avonsconsidéré un certain nombre d'entre eux pour lesquels nous avons modélisé les propriétés RMN, qui confrontées à celle issues de l'expérience nous ontpermis d'identifier les points forts et faibles des différentes hypothèses. / Biominerals are all the minerals produced by living organisms. They are essential materials, present in almost all living species. Nevertheless,the structural, chemical properties and, formation mechanisms and the evolution of these materials are still heavily debated. This is due in particular to thedifficulties of experimentally studying chemical species evolving in biologicalenvironments. Although, equally complex, a theoretical approach at the molecular level can help in the characterization of these biological materialsand in particular the characterization of their interfaces formed with the surrounding biological media. This is essential for a better understandingof the formation and evolution of these minerals.Calcium oxalates are essential biominerals that are very common in the living world. They constitute the main crystalline speciesencountered in kidney stones where they can exist in three phases possessing different degrees of hydration. In this, thesis we carried outsimulations to predict the IR and NMR spectroscopic properties of these three phases. Thsi enabled us to obtain specificsignature of each polyhydrate, and thus makes it possible to obtain a signature specific to each of them, thus helpingthe identification of these phases from the experimentally spectra obtained.Calcium phosphates are part of the bio/biological minerals. They make up the major part of the bone mineral of mammals. This mineral is in the form of nanoparticles havinga crystalline core of hydroxyapatite and a hydrated and disordered surface layer.During this thesis we were interested in these two components. Concerning the crystalline core of the particles, we studied in particularthe case of carbonate substitutions because of its predominant substitution in biological apatites. By combining this work with solid state NMR experimentswe can propose a precise localization of these substituents within the hydroxyapatite crystalline cell.The disordered surface layer is still very poorly understood and many structural models are proposed in the literature to describe it. We haveconsidered a number of them for which we have modeled the NMR properties which were then confronted with experimental results. The comparaisonmade it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the various hypotheses.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 aryrodriguesferreirajunior.pdf: 3094807 bytes, checksum: 6847722cf7c001b55fb374bb7d01b63a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-28 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A alumina, Al2O3, é um material largamente utilizado na indústria. A fase   é o α produto mais estável da calcinação de hidróxidos e oxi­hidróxidos como a boehmita,  γ AlO(OH), a bayerita,  ­Al(OH) α 3, e a gibbsita  ­Al(OH) γ 3, acima de 1.000°C. Em temperaturas intermediárias, diferentes fases da alumina podem ser observadas, as quais são denominadas aluminas de transição ( ,  ,  ,  ,   e  ). A fase   deste óxido é reconhecida como um material η γ χ δ κ θ γ extremamente   importante   em   vários   processos   industriais   atuando   como   adsorvente, catalisador ou suporte. Esta alumina de transição é muito utilizada na indústria petroquímica como suporte para catalisadores a base de sulfetos de metais de transição Co(Ni)MoS no processo de hidrotratamento (HDT). O polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS) é um polímero de fórmula geral [(CH3)2SiO]n, empregado como fluído de perfuração na indústria do petróleo, porém a sua aplicação como agente antiespumante em processos de transformação e tratamento nas refinarias merece maior atenção, devido ao problema da contaminação de catalisadores utilizados no processo de HDT. A sua degradação pode ocorrer a temperaturas superiores a 400°C alcançadas nos processos térmicos não catalíticos. Logo, as frações do petróleo que seguem para o processo de HDT, como a nafta leve e pesada ou o óleo diesel, já podem estar carregando para o reator oligômeros em concentrações suficientes para a desativação do catalisador. Neste trabalho, a Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT)   foi utilizada na modelagem das superfícies (100) e (110) da  ­alumina e também da fase ativa do catalisador γ MoS/ ­Al γ 2O3. Foi possível realizar a simulação de propriedades como os parâmetros espectrais de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Estado Sólido de 27Al e 29Si bem como as frequências vibracionais dos modos normais associados aos grupos hidroxila superficiais. Este conjunto de simulações permitiu que uma série de trabalhos experimentais relevantes relacionados à caracterização das superfícies do óxido e do catalisador envenenado fossem revisitados. Com a termodinâmica estatística foi possível discutir a presença de sítios ácidos de Lewis tricoordenados AlIII em amostras do suporte submetidas a tratamento térmico. Uma análise de energias livres dos primeiros estágios do envenenamento do catalisador sugeriu que os sítios ácidos de Brønsted do suporte são consumidos preferencialmente. / Alumina, Al2O3, is a material widely used in the industry. The   phase is the most α stable product in the calcination of boehmite,  ­ AlO(OH), bayerite  ­Al(OH) γ α 3, and gibbsite ­Al(OH)γ 3, at temperatures above 1.000°C. At intermediate temperatures, different phases of alumina can be observed, which are termed transition aluminas ( ,  ,  ,  ,   e  ). The   phase η γ χ δ κ θ γ of this oxide is known as an extremely important material in a number of industrial processes acting as an adsorbent, a catalyst or a catalyst support. This transition alumina is extensively used in petroleum and petrochemical industries as a support for transition­metal sulfides Co(Ni)MoS in hydrotreatment (HDT) process. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a polymer with chemical formula [(CH3)2SiO]n applied in the oil industry as a drilling fluid, but its application as an anti­foaming agent in oil refineries deserves attention, because of the problem associated with catalyst deactivation in the HDT process. Its degradation can occur at temperatures exceeding 400°C in non­catalytic thermal processes. So, some oil fractions which follows to the HDT process, as naphtha or diesel, may already be carrying to the reactor some oligomers like siloxanes, silanes, and silanols, in very low concentrations, but enough for catalyst deactivation due to the accumulation of silicon over the surfaces.  In the present work, the Densidty Functional Theory (DFT) was used for the modeling of the (100) and (110) surfaces of  ­alumina as well as of the active phase of MoS/ ­Al γ γ 2O3 catalyst. With the structural models it was possible to perform simulations of properties like the 27Al and 29Si Solid­State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectral parameters as well as the vibrational frequencies of the normal modes associated with the surfaces hydroxyl groups. With this set of simulated data, it was possible to reassess a number of experimental works related to the characterization of the oxide surfaces and the catalyst poisoning. From statistical thermodynamics, the presence of tri­coordinated Lewis acid sites AlIII in samples subjected to thermal treatment was discussed and a free energy analysis considering the first steps of the catlyst poisoning process suggested that the Brønsted acid sites of the support are consumed preferentially.

This thesis uses first principles techniques, mainly the ab initio random structure searching method (AIRSS), to study anode materials for lithium- and sodium- ion batteries (LIBs and NIBs, respectively). Initial work relates to a theoretical structure prediction study of the lithium and sodium phosphide systems in the context of phosphorus anodes as candidates for LIBs and NIBs. The work reveals new Li-P and Na-P phases, some of which can be used to better interpret previous experimental results. By combining AIRSS searches with a high-throughput screening search from structures in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD), regions in the phase diagram are correlated to different ionic motifs and NMR chemical shielding is predicted from first principles. An electronic structure analysis of the Li-P and Na-P compounds is performed and its implication on the anode performance is discussed. The study is concluded by exploring the addition of aluminium dopants to the Li-P compounds to improve the electronic conductivity of the system. The following work deals with a study of tin anodes for NIBs. The structure prediction study yields a variety of new phases; of particular interest is a new NaSn$_2$ phase predicted by AIRSS. This phase plays a crucial role in understanding the alloying mechanism of high-capacity tin anodes, work which was done in collaboration with experimental colleagues. Our predicted theoretical voltages give excellent agreement with the experimental electrochemical cycling curve. First principles molecular dynamics is used to propose an amorphous Na$_1$Sn$_1$ model which, in addition to the newly derived NaSn$_2$ phase, provides help in revealing the electrochemical processes. In the subsequent work, we study Li-Sn and Li-Sb intermetallics in the context of alloy anodes for LIBs. A rich phase diagram of Li-Sn is present, exhibiting a variety of new phases. The calculated voltages show excellent agreement with previously reported cycling measurements and a consistent structural evolution of Li-Sn phases as Li concentration increases is revealed. The study concluded by calculating NMR parameters on the hexagonal- and cubic-Li$_3$Sb phases which shed light on the interpretation of reported experimental data. We conclude with a structure prediction study of the pseudobinary Li-FeS$_2$ system, where FeS$_2$ is considered as a potential high-capacity electrochemical energy storage system. Our first principles calculations of intermediate structures help to elucidate the mechanism of charge storage observed by our experimental collaborators via $\textit{in operando}$ studies.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude structurale de fluorures et d'oxyfluorures, en combinant la RMN du solide, la diffraction des rayons X et les calculs PAW/GIPAW des paramètres RMN. La première partie est consacrée à l’étude des cinq composés du binaire KF-YF3. Des corrélations linéaires entre valeurs expérimentales de déplacements chimiques isotropes et de constantes d’écran isotropes calculées ont été établies pour 19F, 89Y et 39K, à partir des attributions des raies RMN aux sites cristallographiques. Ces corrélations conduisent à des accords satisfaisants. Dans le cas de 19F et 89Y, le lien entre paramètres RMN et environnement a été établie. Les paramètres RMN calculés de 39K permettent des reconstructions satisfaisantes des spectres complexes.La deuxième partie est dédiée à l’étude des deux phases ordonnées de LaOF. Les optimisations et les calculs de valence de liaison montrant que les positions atomiques de F et O devaient être inversées dans ces deux phases, leurs structures ont été réaffinées. L’accord entre paramètres RMN expérimentaux et calculés de 19F et 139La valide nos modèles structuraux. Enfin les composés MO2F (M = Nb, Ta), isotypes et désordonnés vu que les atomes de O et F occupent le même site anionique, ont été étudiés. Il est montré que la synthèse en milieu aqueux conduit à des composés hydroxylés lacunaires dont les compositions ont été déterminées en combinant RMN 19F, DRX sur poudre et ATG. La synthèse en phase solide permet d’obtenir ces composés purs. Les calculs DFT ont été réalisés sur des supermailles 3 × 3 × 3 en respectant l'ordre -M-O-M-O-M-F-. Le bon accord entre paramètres RMN de 19F expérimentaux et calculés valide les modèles proposé. / This thesis focuses on the structural study of fluorides and oxyfluorides by combining solid state NMR, X-ray diffraction and PAW/GIPAW calculations of NMR parameters. The first part is devoted to the study of compounds of the KF-YF3 binary system. Linear correlation between experimental isotropic chemical shift (delta iso) and calculated isotropic shielding (sigma iso) values have been established, for 19F, 89Y and 39K, from assignments of NMR lines to crystallographic sites. These correlations lead to satisfactory agreements. In the case of 19F and 89Y, the link between NMR parameters and environment has been established. The calculated 39K NMR parameters allow satisfying reconstructions of the experimental complex spectra. The second part is dedicated to the study of the two ordered phases of LaOF. The optimizations and bond valence calculations showing that the atomic positions of F and O should be interchanged in both the phases, their structures have been refined. The agreement between experimental and calculated NMR parameters of 19F and 139La validates our structural models. Finally, the isotypic and disordered MO2F (M = Nb, Ta) compounds, since the O and F atoms occupy the same anionic site, have been studied. It is shown that the aqueous solution synthesis leads to hydroxylated and lacunary compounds, whose formulations have been determined by combining 19F NMR, XRD and TGA. The solid state synthesis enables to obtain pure compounds. DFT calculations were carried out on optimized 3 × 3 × 3 supercells that respect the partial order -M-O-M-O-M-F-. The good agreement between experimental and calculated NMR parameters of 19F validates the proposed model.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à la rationalisation de verres de tellure, au fort potentiel applicatif. Les résultats ont été obtenus en utilisant la dynamique moléculaire ab initio et le calcul de paramètres RMN sur différents noyaux. Pour valider nos modèles de verres, les résultats théoriques sont comparés aux données expérimentales disponibles, comme les facteurs de structure neutroniques ou des rayons X, ainsi que les spectres RMN du solide. La première partie décrit les méthodes théoriques employées, tandis que les deux chapitres qui suivent se concentrent sur l’utilisation du formalisme GIPAW pour le calcul des paramètres RMN du 73Ge et du 125Te sur des systèmes cristallins et/ou moléculaires. Dans le cas du 125Te, nous avons calibré une fonction linéaire qui relie l’écrantage isotrope calculé au déplacement chimique isotrope. Pour le 73Ge, nous avons pris en compte des effets thermiques pour obtenir des paramètres RMN moyens, en considérant plusieurs configurations extraites d’une dynamique moléculaire à 300 K. La partie suivante est une étude structurale du verre GeTe4, où l’impact de la taille des cellules modélisées et de la fonctionnelle utilisée, ont été analysés. Une confrontation des facteurs de structure théoriques avec ceux obtenus expérimentalement, permet la description de la première sphère de coordination des tellures et des germaniums. La comparaison des spectres RMN expérimentaux et théoriques du 125Te ne vient pas infirmer ces résultats. Les cinquième et sixième chapitres portent sur l’étude des systèmes ternaires Ge-Te-Se et Ge-Ga-Te. La validation de nos modèles par la RMN des 77Se, 125Te, 69Ga et 71Ga, et par les facteurs de structure, nous a permis de caractériser le rôle du sélénium ou du gallium sur la structuration de ces verres. Le dernier chapitre est consacré à l’étude de verre de chalcohalogénures du système binaire Te-Cl. La RMN du solide, les méthodes de diffractions de neutrons et des rayons X, combinées à des calculs ab initio ont permis de faire évoluer les précédents modèles structuraux proposés. / This thesis is devoted to the rationalisation of telluride glasses, with a high applicative potential. Results have been obtained using ab initio molecular dynamics and NMR parameters calculations on different nuclei. In order to validate our glasses models, theoretical results have been compared to available experimental data, as neutron or X-rays scattering structure factors or NMR spectra. The first part describes theoretical methods employed, whereas the two next chapters focus on the use of GIPAW formalism to obtain NMR parameters of 73Ge and 125Te, on crystalline and/or molecular systems. In the case of 125Te, we calibrated a linear function that relates calculated isotropic shielding and isotropic chemical shift. For the 73Ge, we took into account thermal effect to get averaged NMR parameters, by considering several configurations taken from a 300 K molecular dynamics. The next part is a structural study of amorphous GeTe4, where the impact of the size of simulated cells and the functional used, has been analysed. A comparison of theoretical and experimental structure factors, allowed a description of germanium and tellurium first coordination sphere. The comparison of experimental and theoretical 125Te NMR spectra did not disprove these results. Fifth and sixth parts deal with glasses of ternary systems Ge-Se-Te and Ge-Ga-Te. The validation of our models with 77Se, 125Te, 69Ga and 71Ga NMR and structure factors, permitted us to characterize the role of selenium or gallium on glasses structures. Last chapter is dedicated to chalcohalide glasses from the binary system Te-Cl. Solid state NMR, X-rays and neutron diffraction, combined with ab initio calculations, let us make changes in previews suggested structural models.

Chlorine solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) is an ideal site specific probe of chloride-containing solids as SSNMR tensor properties are sensitive to the local chlorine environment. In this thesis, the development and use of chlorine SSNMR as a method to characterize a wide variety of chemical environments was explored. Ultrahigh field, and multi-field studies were essential to overcome the difficulties associated with the collection of chlorine SSNMR spectra. Benchmark chemical shift (CS) and electric field gradient (EFG) tensor data were collected for organic chloride systems, including several amino acid hydrochlorides. These experiments demonstrated the sensitivity of chlorine SSNMR to slight changes in chemical environment. Quantum chemical calculations were used to complement experimental data, with the gauge-including projector augmented wave DFT (GIPAW-DFT) method shown to yield better agreement than B3LYP or RHF methods. The GIPAW-DFT method was found to slightly, but systematically, overestimate the chlorine quadrupolar coupling constant and the CS tensor span. Other organic chlorides examined by chlorine SSMR included a known ion receptor, meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole. This compound was found to have a very small quadrupole interaction (QI), but significant chemical shift anisotropy (CSA). GIPAW-DFT calculations were also utilized and, in combination with the experimental results, used to identify the solvate structure of the material analyzed by NMR. Chlorine SSNMR was further used to study different solvate structures and polymorphism. The technique was an effective means to distinguish different room temperature polymorphs of benzidine hydrochloride, despite the similarities of the chloride environments. In the case of magnesium chloride, chlorine SSNMR was sensitive to the level of hydration and through the use of GIPAW-DFT calculations, the identity of an unknown hydrate was determined. An analysis of several group thirteen chlorides demonstrated that chlorine SSNMR was also capable of characterizing the chlorine environment in cases where the QI is large, despite the resulting broad line widths. In these systems GIPAW-DFT calculations also yielded excellent agreement with experimental values. Throughout this research, chlorine SSNMR has been shown to be a useful and effective means to study both organic and inorganic chlorides, with computational methods proving to be an important complement to experimental data.

Chlorine solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) is an ideal site specific probe of chloride-containing solids as SSNMR tensor properties are sensitive to the local chlorine environment. In this thesis, the development and use of chlorine SSNMR as a method to characterize a wide variety of chemical environments was explored. Ultrahigh field, and multi-field studies were essential to overcome the difficulties associated with the collection of chlorine SSNMR spectra. Benchmark chemical shift (CS) and electric field gradient (EFG) tensor data were collected for organic chloride systems, including several amino acid hydrochlorides. These experiments demonstrated the sensitivity of chlorine SSNMR to slight changes in chemical environment. Quantum chemical calculations were used to complement experimental data, with the gauge-including projector augmented wave DFT (GIPAW-DFT) method shown to yield better agreement than B3LYP or RHF methods. The GIPAW-DFT method was found to slightly, but systematically, overestimate the chlorine quadrupolar coupling constant and the CS tensor span. Other organic chlorides examined by chlorine SSMR included a known ion receptor, meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole. This compound was found to have a very small quadrupole interaction (QI), but significant chemical shift anisotropy (CSA). GIPAW-DFT calculations were also utilized and, in combination with the experimental results, used to identify the solvate structure of the material analyzed by NMR. Chlorine SSNMR was further used to study different solvate structures and polymorphism. The technique was an effective means to distinguish different room temperature polymorphs of benzidine hydrochloride, despite the similarities of the chloride environments. In the case of magnesium chloride, chlorine SSNMR was sensitive to the level of hydration and through the use of GIPAW-DFT calculations, the identity of an unknown hydrate was determined. An analysis of several group thirteen chlorides demonstrated that chlorine SSNMR was also capable of characterizing the chlorine environment in cases where the QI is large, despite the resulting broad line widths. In these systems GIPAW-DFT calculations also yielded excellent agreement with experimental values. Throughout this research, chlorine SSNMR has been shown to be a useful and effective means to study both organic and inorganic chlorides, with computational methods proving to be an important complement to experimental data.

Chlorine solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) is an ideal site specific probe of chloride-containing solids as SSNMR tensor properties are sensitive to the local chlorine environment. In this thesis, the development and use of chlorine SSNMR as a method to characterize a wide variety of chemical environments was explored. Ultrahigh field, and multi-field studies were essential to overcome the difficulties associated with the collection of chlorine SSNMR spectra. Benchmark chemical shift (CS) and electric field gradient (EFG) tensor data were collected for organic chloride systems, including several amino acid hydrochlorides. These experiments demonstrated the sensitivity of chlorine SSNMR to slight changes in chemical environment. Quantum chemical calculations were used to complement experimental data, with the gauge-including projector augmented wave DFT (GIPAW-DFT) method shown to yield better agreement than B3LYP or RHF methods. The GIPAW-DFT method was found to slightly, but systematically, overestimate the chlorine quadrupolar coupling constant and the CS tensor span. Other organic chlorides examined by chlorine SSMR included a known ion receptor, meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole. This compound was found to have a very small quadrupole interaction (QI), but significant chemical shift anisotropy (CSA). GIPAW-DFT calculations were also utilized and, in combination with the experimental results, used to identify the solvate structure of the material analyzed by NMR. Chlorine SSNMR was further used to study different solvate structures and polymorphism. The technique was an effective means to distinguish different room temperature polymorphs of benzidine hydrochloride, despite the similarities of the chloride environments. In the case of magnesium chloride, chlorine SSNMR was sensitive to the level of hydration and through the use of GIPAW-DFT calculations, the identity of an unknown hydrate was determined. An analysis of several group thirteen chlorides demonstrated that chlorine SSNMR was also capable of characterizing the chlorine environment in cases where the QI is large, despite the resulting broad line widths. In these systems GIPAW-DFT calculations also yielded excellent agreement with experimental values. Throughout this research, chlorine SSNMR has been shown to be a useful and effective means to study both organic and inorganic chlorides, with computational methods proving to be an important complement to experimental data.

Chlorine solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) is an ideal site specific probe of chloride-containing solids as SSNMR tensor properties are sensitive to the local chlorine environment. In this thesis, the development and use of chlorine SSNMR as a method to characterize a wide variety of chemical environments was explored. Ultrahigh field, and multi-field studies were essential to overcome the difficulties associated with the collection of chlorine SSNMR spectra. Benchmark chemical shift (CS) and electric field gradient (EFG) tensor data were collected for organic chloride systems, including several amino acid hydrochlorides. These experiments demonstrated the sensitivity of chlorine SSNMR to slight changes in chemical environment. Quantum chemical calculations were used to complement experimental data, with the gauge-including projector augmented wave DFT (GIPAW-DFT) method shown to yield better agreement than B3LYP or RHF methods. The GIPAW-DFT method was found to slightly, but systematically, overestimate the chlorine quadrupolar coupling constant and the CS tensor span. Other organic chlorides examined by chlorine SSMR included a known ion receptor, meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole. This compound was found to have a very small quadrupole interaction (QI), but significant chemical shift anisotropy (CSA). GIPAW-DFT calculations were also utilized and, in combination with the experimental results, used to identify the solvate structure of the material analyzed by NMR. Chlorine SSNMR was further used to study different solvate structures and polymorphism. The technique was an effective means to distinguish different room temperature polymorphs of benzidine hydrochloride, despite the similarities of the chloride environments. In the case of magnesium chloride, chlorine SSNMR was sensitive to the level of hydration and through the use of GIPAW-DFT calculations, the identity of an unknown hydrate was determined. An analysis of several group thirteen chlorides demonstrated that chlorine SSNMR was also capable of characterizing the chlorine environment in cases where the QI is large, despite the resulting broad line widths. In these systems GIPAW-DFT calculations also yielded excellent agreement with experimental values. Throughout this research, chlorine SSNMR has been shown to be a useful and effective means to study both organic and inorganic chlorides, with computational methods proving to be an important complement to experimental data.

[ES] En este trabajo estudiamos dos reacciones catalíticas relevantes para la industria y la localización del anión fluoruro en la zeolita RTH, sintetizada en medio fluoruro. El capítulo 3 es el primer capítulo de resultados, donde se estudia la reducción quimioselectiva del nitroestireno en las superficies Ni(111), Co(111), Cu(111) y Pd(111). El mecanismo generalmente aceptado de esta reacción está basado en el esquema propuesto por Haber en 1898, en el que la reacción puede transcurrir por dos rutas, la directa y la de condensación. En este capítulo exploramos ambas rutas, y observamos que la ruptura de los enlaces N-O y la consecuente formación de enlaces metal-O está más favorecida que la formación de enlaces N-H en las superficies Ni(111) y Co(111), debido al carácter oxofílico de ambos metales. Las etapas más lentas involucran la formación de enlaces N-H. En las superficies de metales nobles como Pt(111) y Pd(111) se observa el comportamiento contrario. La superficie Cu(111) es un caso intermedio comparado con los metales nobles y no nobles. Además, el nitroestireno interactúa con los átomos de Cu de la superficie solo a través de grupo nitro, con lo cual es un candidato ideal para alcanzar selectividades cerca del 100%. Sin embargo, la superficie Cu(111) no es capaz de activar la molécula de H2. En este sentido, proponemos un catalizador bimetálico basado en Cu, dopado con otro metal capaz de activar al H2, tales como el Pd o el Ni. En los capítulos 4 y 5 se ha estudiado la reducción catalítica selectiva de los óxidos de nitrógeno (SCR, en inglés) con amoníaco. Usando métodos de DFT, hemos encontrado rutas para la oxidación de NO a NO2, nitritos y nitratos con energías de activación relativamente bajas. También, hemos encontrado que la reducción de Cu2+ a Cu+ requiere la participación simultánea de NO y NH3. Posteriormente, hemos estudiado la influencia del NH3 en este sistema con métodos de dinámica molecular. El NH3 interacciona fuertemente con el Cu+ de forma que dos moléculas de este gas son suficientes para romper la coordinación del catión Cu+ con los oxígenos del anillo 6r, y formar el complejo lineal [Cu(NH3)2]+. Además, los cationes Cu2+ pueden ser estabilizados fuera de la red mediante la formación del complejo tetraamincobre(II). Debido a la presencia de los cationes Cu+ y Cu2+ coordinados a la red de la zeolita, aparecen bandas en la región entre 800-1000 cm-1 del espectro infrarrojo. El análisis de las frecuencias IR de varios modelos con Cu+ y Cu2+ coordinados al anillo 6r, o formando complejos con amoniaco indica que cuando los cationes Cu+ y Cu2+ están coordinados a los oxígenos del anillo 6r aparecen vibraciones entre 830 y 960 cm-1. Frecuencias en esta zona también se obtienen en los casos en que NO, NO2, O2 y combinaciones de dos de ellos están adsorbidos en Cu+ y Cu2+. Sin embargo, cuando los cationes Cu+ y Cu2+ están fuera del anillo (no hay enlaces entre los cationes de cobre y los oxígenos del anillo 6r) no se obtienen vibraciones de IR en esta región del espectro. Estos resultados indican que con el seguimiento del espectro IR durante la reacción SCR es posible determinar si los cationes Cu+ y Cu2+ están coordinados o no al anillo de 6r en las etapas de oxidación y reducción. Por último, hemos simulado el desplazamiento químico de 19F, δiso,, en la zeolita sintetizada RTH. El análisis del δiso de los distintos modelos utilizados nos ha permitido reconocer la simetría del material sintetizado, el cual pertenece al grupo espacial P1 y la nueva celda unidad ha sido confirmada experimentalmente por difracción de rayos X. Finalmente, hemos asignado la señal experimental que aparece en el espectro de 19F a -67.2_ppm, al F- localizado en un sitio T2, el cual es a su vez la posición más estable. Además, la señal a -71.8 ppm se ha asignado al anión F- localizado en un sitio T4. / [CA] En aquest treball estudiem dues reaccions catalítiques rellevants per a la indústria i la localització de l'anió fluorur en la zeolita RTH, sintetitzada al mig fluorur. El capítol 3 és el primer capítol de resultats, on s'estudia la reducció quimioselectiva del nitroestireno en les superfícies Ni(111), Co(111), Cu(111) i Pd(111). El mecanisme generalment acceptat d'aquesta reacció està basat en l'esquema proposat per Haver-hi en 1898, en el qual la reacció pot transcórrer per dues rutes, la directa i la de condensació. En aquest capítol explorem totes dues rutes, i observem que la ruptura dels enllaços N-O i la conseqüent formació d'enllaços metall-O està més afavorida que la formació d'enllaços N-H en les superfícies Ni(111) i Co(111), a causa del caràcter oxofílico de tots dos metalls. Les etapes més lentes involucren la formació d'enllaços N-H. En les superfícies de metalls nobles com Pt(111) i Pd(111) s'observa el comportament contrari. La superfície Cu(111) és un cas intermedi comparat amb els metalls nobles i no nobles. A més, el nitroestireno interactua amb els àtoms de Cu de la superfície sol a través de grup nitre, amb la qual cosa és un candidat ideal per a aconseguir selectivitats prop del 100%. No obstant això, la superfície Cu(111) no és capaç d'activar la molècula d'H2. En aquest sentit, proposem un catalitzador bimetàl·lic basat en Cu, dopat amb un altre metall capaç d'activar a l'H2, com ara el Pd o el Ni. En els capítols 4 i 5 hem estudiat la reducció catalítica selectiva dels òxids de nitrogen (SCR, en anglés) amb amoníac. Usant mètodes de DFT, hem trobat rutes per a l'oxidació de NO a NO2, nitrits i nitrats amb energies d'activació relativament baixes. També, hem trobat que la reducció de Cu2+ a Cu+ requereix la participació simultània de NO i NH3. Posteriorment, hem estudiat la influència del NH3 en aquest sistema amb mètodes de dinàmica molecular. El NH3 interacciona fortament amb el Cu+ de manera que dues molècules d'aquest gas són suficients per a trencar la coordinació del catió Cu+ amb els oxígens de l'anell 6r, i formar el complex lineal [Cu(NH3)2]+. A més, els cations Cu2+ poden ser estabilitzats fora de la xarxa mitjançant la formació del complex tetraamincobre(II). A causa de la presència dels cations Cu+ i Cu2+ coordinats a la xarxa de la zeolita, apareixen bandes a la regió entre 800-1000 cm-1 de l'espectre infraroig. L'anàlisi de les freqüències IR de diversos models amb Cu+ i Cu2+ coordinats a l'anell 6r, o formant complexos amb amoníac indica que quan els cations Cu+ i Cu2+ estan coordinats als oxígens de l'anell 6r apareixen vibracions entre 830 i 960 cm-1. Freqüències en aquesta zona també s'obtenen en els casos en què NO, NO2, O2 i combinacions de dues d'ells estan adsorbidos en Cu+ i Cu2+. No obstant això, quan els cations Cu+ i Cu2+ estan fora de l'anell (no hi ha enllaços entre els cations de coure i els oxígens de l'anell 6r) no s'obtenen vibracions d'IR en aquesta regió de l'espectre. Aquests resultats indiquen que amb el seguiment de l'espectre IR durant la reacció SCR és possible determinar si els cations Cu+ i Cu2+ estan coordinats o no a l'anell de 6r en les etapes d'oxidació i reducció. Finalment, hem simulat el desplaçament químic de 19F, δiso, en la zeolita sintetitzada RTH. L'anàlisi del δiso dels diferents models utilitzats ens ha permés reconéixer la simetria del material sintetitzat, el qual pertany al grup espacial P1 i la nova cel·la unitat ha sigut confirmada experimentalment per difracció de raigs X. Finalment, hem assignat el senyal experimental que apareix en l'espectre de 19F a -67.2 ppm, al F- localitzat en un lloc T2, el qual és al seu torn la posició més estable. A més, el senyal a -71.8 ppm s'ha assignat a l'anió F- localitzat en un lloc T4. / [EN] In this work, we have studied two heterogeneous catalytic reactions and the localization of the fluoride anion in the as-made RTH framework, synthesized in fluoride medium. The first results, included in chapter 3, correspond to the chemoselective reduction of nitrostyrene on different metal surfaces, i.e, Ni(111), Co(111), Cu(111) and Pd(111). Until very recently, the reduction of the nitro group was explained on the basis of the general mechanism proposed by Haber in 1898 where the reaction can follow two routes, the direct and condensation route. We have explored the relevant elementary steps of both routes and found that because of the oxophilic nature of Ni and Co, the steps involving the dissociation of N-O bonds and formation of metal-O bonds are significantly favored compared with the other steps on both metal surfaces. In addition, the most demanding steps in terms of energy involve the formation of N-H bonds. These findings are in contrast to those of noble metals such as Pt and Pd, where the opposite behavior is observed. The behavior of Cu(111) lies in between the aforementioned cases, and also no chemical bonds between the carbon atoms of the aromatic ring of nitrostyrene and the Cu(111) surface is formed. For this reason, it might be an ideal candidate to achieve nearly 100 % selectivity. However, the Cu(111) surface does not seem to activate the H2 molecule. In this regard, we propose a bimetallic Cu-based catalyst whose surface is doped with atoms of a H2-activating metal, such as Ni or Pd. On another matter, we have also investigated the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (SCR-NOx) and the main results are presented in the following two chapters, 4 and 5. By using static DFT methods, we found pathways for the oxidation of NO to NO2, nitrites and nitrates with relatively low activation energies. We also found, in agreement with experimental reports, that the reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ requires the simultaneous participation of NO and NH3. Later, molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to assess the influence of NH3. The strong interaction of NH3 with the Cu+ cation is evidenced by its ability to detach Cu+ from the zeolite framework and form the mobile linear complex [Cu(NH3)2]+. Cu+ is no longer coordinated to the zeolite framework in the presence of two NH3 molecules. This observation and the fact that the T-O-T vibrations of the framework produce bands in the 800-1000 cm-1 region of the IR spectrum when perturbed by the coordination of Cu+ and Cu2+ cations, indicate that bands in the 800-1000 cm-1 regions should be observed when both copper cations are bonded to the framework oxygens. Finally, we have also studied NMR properties of the as-made pure silica RTH framework, aiming at locating the compensating fluoride anion. The calculation of the 19F chemical shift in different T sites and comparison with the experimental NMR spectra shows that the as-made RTH belongs to the P-1 space group with 16 Si, 32 O atoms, one fluoride anion and one OSDA cation. These results have been confirmed experimentally by XRD. In addition, we have assigned the experimental signal of 19F at -67.2 ppm to the fluoride anion in a T2 site, which in turn is the most stable location found, and the signal of -71.8 ppm to a fluoride anion sitting in a T4 site. / My acknowledgements to “La Caixa foundation” for the financial support through “La Caixa−Severo Ochoa” International PhD Fellowships (call 2015), to the Spanish Supercomputing Network (RES), to the Centre de Càlcul de la Universitat de València, to the Flemish Supercomputer Center (VSC) of Ghent University for the computational resources and technical support, and to the Spanish Government through the MAT2017-82288-C2-1-P programme / Millan Cabrera, R. (2021). Computational study of heterogeneous catalytic systems. Kinetic and structural insights from Density Functional Theory [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/161934 / TESIS