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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1942. / Lithoprinted. Bibliography: p. 91-95.

The tobacco trade formed the basis of the Chesapeake economy during the Eighteenth Century. Tobacco was shipped to Britain during the -colonial period, in accordance with the Navigation Acts, and then sold in European markets. The French market increased rapidly during the first half of the century, and the Glasgow tobacco companies took the lead in supplying the French monopoly administered by the Farmers General. The Scots gained the advantage over other British merchants by setting up networks of stores to facilitate the collection of tobacco and the sale of goods, and by devising an extensive credit system to cater for the needs of the smaller planters in the Piedmont. The Scottish merchants were in fierce competition with each other, and with English merchants. This competition ensured that the planters were not, to any significant degree, exploited by the merchants. In many cases, the planters were able to combine in order to extract very favourable prices and credit facilities. The Scots were a closely-knit community, and although many left the Glasgow companies to become independent traders they were seen as outsiders. Radical propagandists encouraged this feeling in order to arouse anti-British sentiment. The allegations levelled against the Scots, however, were largely groundless. When war broke out a large proportion of the Scots left the Chesapeake, and the assets of the Glasgow companies were seized. Nevertheless, the Scots set up a system of agents in New York and the West Indies, both to supply the rebelling colonies with goods in exchange for tobacco wherever this was practicable, and to have channels available for a speedy return to the Chesapeake whenever peace was declared. After the war significant numbers of Scots returned to the Chesapeake, in order to collect debts and to trade in goods and tobacco. Many planters returned to their pre-war Scots companies, and trade once again fell into the colonial pattern. Britain dominated the carrying trade, the only major difference being that it was now not necessary to call at a British port before proceeding to Europe, other than to collect orders. The readiness of planters to return to the old pattern of trade suggests that it was advantageous to the Americans, and not a mere product of the Navigation Acts. The Scots were not successful in using trade after the war as a means of recovering debt; and with the outbreak of war in Europe, most companies closed their stores and relied on the assistance of the British government to recovery debts. Yet many of the Scots factors remained in the Chesapeake, and continued to trade and benefit the area.

Orientador: Sebastião Araujo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T06:47:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_RosmariAparecidaRosaAlmeidade_M.pdf: 1318500 bytes, checksum: 0af28eeaf42f3dd68b1c5e4d5b913c78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: Introdução. O traumatismo craniencefálico (TCE) tem aumentado na população civil numa relação direta com o desenvolvimento tecnológico, especialmente devido à grande circulação de veículos automotores, e, mais recentemente, devido ao aumento da violência nos grandes centros urbanos. Atinge principalmente a população jovem, na fase mais produtiva da vida, gerando seqüelas físicas, econômicas e psicossociais de grandes proporções. A escala de resultados de Glasgow (ERG) é utilizada mundialmente para acompanhar a evolução desses pacientes. Objetivos. Avaliar se a gravidade da lesão, estimada pela escala de coma de Glasgow (ECG) na entrada, e se a ERG na alta hospitalar (ERGALTA) podem ser utilizadas como índices prognósticos e quais são os principais fatores que interferem na evolução final a longo prazo (t ³ 1 ano) após TCE grave (ECG £ 8). Metodologia. Esta pesquisa foi realizada junto ao HC-UNICAMP, em duas fases: a primeira foi retrospectiva, com coleta de dados de prontuários relativos ao período de internação hospitalar dos pacientes; a segunda foi prospectiva, onde os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avaliação neurológica clínica e fisioterápica após um tempo ³ 1 ano do TCE para verificar suas evoluções. A ERG foi aplicada em dois momentos: na alta hospitalar (ERGALTA) e após um tempo ³ 1 ano de evolução (ERGTARDIA). Resultados. Foram incluídos na análise 45 pacientes vítimas de TCE grave (36M, 9F), com idade média de 24,6 ± 10,4 anos. A causa mais freqüente do TCE foi o acidente automobilístico (46,7%). A pontuação da ERGALTA foi: 2 = 2 (4,4%); 3 = 27 (60%); 4 = 15 (33,3%) e 5 = 1 (2,2%). A pontuação da ERG tardia foi: 1 = 5 (11,1%); 2 = 1 (2,2%); 3 = 7 (15,6%); 4 = 9 (20%) e 5 = 23 (51,1%). As seguintes variáveis mostraram-se estatisticamente significativas como índices prognósticos de longo prazo: ERGALTA (p = 0,03), a necessidade de neurocirurgia (p = 0,008) e o tipo de lesão (difusa vs focal; p = 0,009). Nas associações isoladas, a presença de pneumonia e a idade mais avançada mostraram-se também fatores de pior prognóstico (p < 0,05). Outros achados importantes foram: alterações de comportamento (97,7% dos casos) e queda da produtividade profissional prévia em 35% (p = 0,001). A fisioterapia mostrou-se como uma parte importante da reabilitação dos pacientes, relatada em 67% dos casos, porém não esteve associada ao prognóstico dos mesmos, mas apenas ao seus graus de dependência segundo a ERGTARDIA (p = 0,007). Conclusões. Nestes pacientes com TCE grave (ECG £ 8), a ECG de entrada não se mostrou útil como índice prognóstico a longo prazo, mas a ERGALTA sim. Os principais fatores que estiveram associados a uma pior evolução tardia (ERGTARDIA) dos pacientes após o TCE foram: o tipo de lesão (difusa vs focal), a presença de pneumonia, a necessidade de neurocirurgia e a idade mais avançada dos pacientes / Abstract: Introduction. Severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) has been increasing in civilian life in a direct relationship to technological development, especially do to traffic accidents and escalating urban violence. Young people, who are in their most productive phase of life, are more vulnerable to SBTI, leading to enormous medical, psychological, economical and social sequels. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) has been largely used for long term evaluation of SBTI patients. Objectives. To evaluate if initial injury severity, estimated by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and if GOS at hospital discharge (GOS-HD) can be used as prognostic indexes, and which are the main factors that affect long term (t ³ 1 year) SBTI (GCS £ 8) patients outcome. Methodology. This was an observational study and had been conducted in a teaching hospital (HC-UNICAMP), in two phases: the first one was retrospective, with data acquisition from patient¿s hospital staying medical records; and the second one was prospective, when patients with a pasting time ³ 1 year since SBTI were submitted to neurological and physiotherapeutic evaluation. The GOS was estimated at two moments: at hospital discharge (GOS-HD) and after a an evolution time ³ 1 year after head trauma (GOS-LATE). Results. Forty five SBTI patients (36 M; 9 F), age 24.6 ± 10.4 years, were included in this study. The most frequent SBTI cause was car accident (46.7%). GOS-HD evaluation has shown: 2 = 2 (4.4%); 3 = 27 (60%); 4 = 15 (33.3%); and 5 = 1 (2.2%). GOS-LATE has shown: 1 = 5 (11.1%); 2 = 1 (2.2%); 3 = 7 (15.6%); 4 = 9 (20%) e 5 = 23 (51.1%). The following variables has been established as significantly long term prognostic indexes: GOS-HD (p = 0.03), the need of neurosurgical interventions (p = 0.008) and the type of lesion (diffuse vs focal; p = 0.009). The presence of pneumonia and more advanced age were also associated with poorest prognosis (p < 0.05). Additional important findings were: behavioural alterations (97.7%) and a 35% decline in previous professional productivity (p = 0.001). Physiotherapeutic interventions had been shown to be an important tool in patients¿ rehabilitation, reported by 67% of them, but it was not associated with long term prognosis, only reflecting their physical dependence grade according to GOS-LATE (p = 0.007). Conclusions. In these SBTI patients (GCS £ 8), GCS has not been shown as an useful long term prognostic index, but GOS-HD has did. The main factors that had been associated with poor long term outcome (GOS-LATE) were: the type of lesion (diffuse vs focal), the presence of pneumonia, the need of neurosurgical interventions and more advanced age / Mestrado / Pesquisa Experimental / Mestre em Cirurgia

OBJECTIVES: The S100B protein subgroup is a thermolabile acidic calcium-binding protein. S100B protein was first described in the central nervous system. Destruction of the nerve tissue results in S100B protein release from astrocytic glial cells and elevation of its levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. If the blood-brain barrier is also damaged, S100B gets into the systemic circulation and elevated blood levels of S100B are detected. Higher S100B serum levels in patients with head injury are predictive of possible development of secondary brain injury and the extent of permanent injury to the CNS. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: The authors present their results obtained in the group of 39 children aged 0 (newborns) to 17 years with isolated craniocerebral injury. RESULTS: Our group included 39 children aged 0-17 years. Excellent results (GOS - Glasgow outcome scale 4-5) were observed in 33 patients already at the time of transfer from our ICU to the neurological department. There was no death and the poor outcome group included only 6 children. Second GOS evaluation was performed 6 months later, when 36 children were in the GOS 4-5 group and only 3 children in the GOS 2-3 group. CONCLUSIONS: Due to high variability in S100B protein serum levels in children depending on age and gender, no correlation between...

Measures routinely used to assess the severity and outcome of closed head injury, that is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), are of limited use in the case of mild closed head injury (MCHI). The present study investigated the sensitivity of a proposed alternative measure, the Glasgow Coma Scale-Extended (GCS-E), which is a combination of GCS and PTA measures. Twenty subjects who sustai1ed MCHI were assessed with a brief battery of neuropsychological tesrs, six months after the injury. Correlations between the neuropsych1 logical measures and GCS, duration of PTA and the GCS-E were not significant, possibly because of methodological limitations. Although statistical methods do not support the notion that the GCS-E is mere sensitive than currently used measures in detecting the consequem es of MCHI, some support is obtained from qualitative observations. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

This thesis is an analysis of the integration of dispersed asylum seekers in Glasgow. It is a qualitative case study that uses data from participant observation with community groups, interviews with asylum seekers and those involved in service provision and policy, and documentary analysis. It examines the impact of policy within a local context, and the difficulties of defining and promoting integration for asylum seekers. The research makes both an empirical and theoretical contribution, building on the knowledge of the impact of dispersal and asylum policy, with a Scottish perspective analysing the issues when implementing reserved asylum policy within a devolved context. The research contributes to debates on integration with an analysis of the conceptual and practical difficulties of promoting integration for asylum seekers. The research findings are structured around three key analytic themes, the impact of policy on asylum seekers and other stakeholders, defining and promoting integration, and challenges. The research indicates tensions between devolved and reserved responsibilities in relation to asylum. The different approaches to integration create difficulties for those working within devolved services, but implementing a reserved policy. Promoting integration for asylum seekers is seen as beneficial for both asylum seekers and host communities in Scotland, but there are both conceptual and practical challenges. There are difficulties of how far and in what ways temporary integration can be measured, which are analysed in relation to existing frameworks for integration. Practice related debates have formed the basis of a shift to a more strategic platform for integration work. Contexts and procedures continue to change, however, bringing fresh challenges. The concept of social capital has been influential in the structures that have been set up to facilitate the processes of integration and dispersal within Glasgow. Yet there are difficulties with the usage of a social capital based framework. Whilst social capital is a useful concept, there is a risk that its usage may mask issues of inequality and exclusion, and the fundamental difficulties of the asylum process remain.

This thesis explores the experiences of applicants for Refugee Status in the United Kingdom who had, at the time of the research, waited for between two and nine years for the conclusion of the asylum process. Despite extensive lamentation of the delays endured by asylum applicants in having their claims assessed, little social scientific scholarship has substantively and critically engaged with this phenomenon, or even with waiting as a universal condition. The present study fills this gap in knowledge, conceptualising waiting as an informative, consequential phase in the quest for protection, hope and security. The study is based on twelve months of participant observation among asylum seekers living in Glasgow under the dispersal regime. Narratives and tacit aspects of everyday life are presented to both draw a multi-dimensional ethnographic picture and acknowledge the asylum seekers’ agency. Their waiting entails a focus on negative and positive, concrete and symbolic objects, which are located in the future. However, their inability to affect or predict the arrival of these objects produces uncertainty and passivity. Asylum seekers narrate overwhelmingly negative experiences of asylum policies, such as dishonouring encounters with immigration authorities; social dislocation; enforced poverty; interrupted life cycles; and an inability to settle and belong in the UK. Yet despite the mutually reinforcing effects of UK policy and of waiting, asylum seekers have benefited from formal support structures provided under Scottish policy. Individuals have been able to re-construct social ties; pursue educational opportunities; enhance personal security; gain greater control over their ‘cases’; and undertake selective socio-cultural adaptation. They have also utilised a discourse of ‘integration’ circulating in Scotland to garner public support for their struggles for recognition and the right to remain. The thesis concludes by reflecting on changes occurring after a form of Leave to Remain was granted, and assesses the extent to which people were able to realise the ‘normal lives’ for which they had been waiting.

Glasgow, Faulkner, Warren and Caldwell, while probing "the human heart in conflict with itself," portrayed the South in transition. Each of them made substantial contribution to a deeper understanding of the region, its people and problems, and their work was only a part of the vast literary heritage established by their generation.

Coma, estado vegetativo e sedação são desordens da consciência com diferenças clínicas em que ocorrem redução generalizada ou alteração no conteúdo da consciência, somadas a deficiências no despertar. Objetivo: analisar as relações entre as respostas vitais, faciais e de tônus muscular frente ao estímulo música ou mensagem em pacientes em coma, estado vegetativo ou sedado. Método: Ensaio Clínico Controlado Transversal Unicego para o pesquisador. Local da coleta: duas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e uma Enfermaria de um Hospital Público de Ensino e Pesquisa. Procedimento de coleta de dados: pacientes com Escala Coma de Glasgow entre 3 e 8 ou Escala de Sedação de Ramsay de 5 ou 6 foram alocados aleatoriamente em um dos três grupos (experimental música, experimental mensagem ou controle). Os familiares gravaram uma mensagem de voz e escolheram uma música de acordo com a preferência do paciente. Foram coletados os sinais vitais, eletroneurografia e expressão facial dos pacientes nos períodos basal e durante a intervenção. Duas sessões de intervenção foram realizadas no mesmo dia. Após 30-40 dias da intervenção inicial foi aplicada a Escala de Resultado de Glasgow. Resultados: a maioria dos 76 pacientes em coma, 9 estado vegetativo ou sedados eram do sexo masculino, tinham entre 18 e 36 anos e foram internados por trauma. Encontrou-se alterações estatisticamente significantes nas variáveis temperatura, expressão facial, eletroneurografia e Escala de Resultado de Glasgow nas análises realizadas nesse estudo, além de alterações mais freqüentes na sessão 2, nos pacientes em coma e estado vegetativo, no canal 1 da eletroneurografia (músculo frontal) e no grupo experimental mensagem com valores médios e porcentagem maiores do que no grupo experimental música. Conclusões: Os resultados em relação aos sinais vitais são limitados e inconclusivos, o que dificulta qualquer inferência em relação a sua influência nas respostas dos pacientes com desordens de consciência em relação aos estímulos apresentados. A expressão facial e a eletroneurografia parecem ser variáveis mais confiáveis para avaliação das respostas desses pacientes, no entanto, mais estudos são sugeridos. / Coma, vegetative state and sedation are disorders of consciousness with clinical differences where a generalized reduction or alteration occurs in the consciousness content, coupled with deficiencies in waking. Objective: to analyze the relations between the vital signs, facial expressions and muscular tonus to the music or message stimuli in coma, vegetative state or sedated patients. Method: This study was a single-blinded transversal controlled clinical trial. Data collection: two Intensive Care Units and one ward of a Public Hospital of Education and Research. Procedure: patients with Glasgow Coma Scale between 3 and 8 or Ramsay Sedation Scale of 5 or 6 being randomly placed into one of the three groups (experimental music, experimental message or control). Their relatives recorded a voice message and chose a song according to the patients preference. The vital signs, eletroneurography and facial expressions of the patients were collected both in the baseline and also during the intervention. Two intervention sessions were performed on the same day. The Glasgow Outcome Scale was applied 30-40 days after the initial intervention. Results: the majority of the 76 coma, vegetative state or 11 sedated patients were masculine, between the ages of 18 and 36 and had been interned for trauma. Statistically significant alterations were noted in the variables of temperature, facial expression, eletroneurography and Glasgow Outcome Scale in the analyses performed in this study, in addition to more frequent alterations in session 2, in the coma and vegetative state patients, in channel 1 of the eletroneurography (frontal muscle) and in the message experimental group with mean values and higher percentages than in the music experimental group. Conclusions: The results, in relation to the vital signs, are limited and inconclusive, which complicates any inference regarding their influence on the responses of patients with disorders of consciousness in relation to stimuli. Facial expressions and eletroneurography, seem to be the more reliable variables for evaluation of the responses of these patients; however, additional studies are suggested.