CSR har kommit att bli centralt i många företags strategier. Vissa akademiker hävdar att företag söker sig till intresseorganisationer som arbetar med CSR för att förbättra sitt CSR-arbete medan andra påstår att det endast är ett sätt att framhäva sitt företag i ett positivt ljus. Till skillnad från de många artiklar som skrivits om vad företag kan vinna på medlemskap i intresseorganisationer fokuserar denna uppsats istället likt Knudsen (2011) på vilka företag som har något att vinna på engagemang i intresseorganisationen The Global Compact. Undersökningen utgår från Knudsens påståenden och prövar om dessa stämmer för svenska företag, via intervjuer med fyra företag av varierande storlek. Våra resultat pekar mot att påståendena i huvudsak stämmer men att de bakomliggande orsakerna varierar när man jämför vår geografiska begränsning mot Knudsens mer globala fokus. I våra slutsatser väcker vi även frågan om vilket roll The Global Compact spelar på den svenska marknaden och om företag som är aktiva inom Sverige faktiskt har något att vinna på att engagera sig i initiativet.

Theories of empire and imperialism have a long history in both the International Relations (IR) and International Political Economy (IPE) literature. Yet both literatures have significant theoretical and methodological problems. IR scholars assume the American empire has a progressive role in the global system, promoting peace, security and prosperity. They divorce the ideals of America from its history of violence and exploitation. Alternatively, the IPE literature recognizes that capitalism is a driving force behind imperialism, but tends to ignore other determinants of American foreign policy. This dissertation aims to use an interpretation of Karl Marx’s method of historical materialism to reconceptualize imperialism in the 20th and early 21st century. Building upon theories offered in the IPE literature, it argues there are three interrelated types of imperialisms at work: geopolitical, geocapital and capital imperialism. Geopolitical imperialism is when geopolitics is the main determinant behind foreign policy. This process is driven by international security concerns or domestic politics and often has few direct economic motivations. Geocapital imperialism is when the needs of capital accumulation coincide with the policies of the government. The third type is “capital imperialism.” This process conditions countries and institutions through transnational corporations and international finance, such as bond markets, the repo markets, currency speculation and investment flows. The recent financialization of the international system has made this process of imperialism a much more rapid and disruptive international process. This thesis will place an emphasis on relations, context and history in order to provide a thorough understanding of the forces of imperialism with a particular focus on the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. / Thesis (Ph.D, Political Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-11-28 16:52:37.364

El ciclo diurno de la convección sobre la tierra es de gran importancia en los estudios del clima, debido a su fuerte influencia sobre el balance térmico de la atmósfera. Los objetivos de la presente tesis son simular el ciclo diurno de la precipitación y los calentamientos latente y radiativo usando el Modelo de Circulación General Atmosférico (MCGA), comparar la precipitación modelada con la nubosidad convectiva observada a partir de imágenes de satélite y analizar la distribución vertical del calentamiento total modelada. Se ha usado el MCGA para simular el ciclo diurno de la precipitación y los calentamientos radiativo y latente con muestras cada dos horas de modo que, permita estudiar variaciones de por lo menos cuatro horas en el ciclo diurno. El periodo de estudio abarca los quince primeros días del mes de enero del 2002 y el área de estudio está comprendida entre las longitudes 58 a 68o Oeste y las latitudes 4 a 10o Sur (Amazonía central). Entre los resultados más importantes obtenidos se tiene: El MCGA reprodujo la hora de máxima precipitación (2pm) en la Amazonía central que coincide con la máxima precipitación observada en el Large-Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment (LBA). El MCGA reprodujo dos bandas de precipitación (Andes, Amazonía central) durante la tarde, que coinciden con las bandas de frecuencia de nubosidad convectiva obtenida por Garreaud y Wallace [14]. En el balance térmico de la atmósfera según el MCGA, durante el día predomina el calentamiento latente, mientras que durante la noche predomina el enfriamiento por onda larga.

Global wave predictions produced at two U. S. forecasting centers, Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction are evaluated with spectral buoy measurements. In this study, the fidelity of frequency-directional spectra predicted by WAM and WAVEWATCH III at the operational centers is examined with data from 3-meter discus and 6-meter nomad buoys operated by the National Data Buoy Center in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and Datawell Directional Waverider buoys deployed along the California coast by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Coastal Data Information Program. Only buoys located in deep water are used in the comparisons. Model nowcasts of frequency spectra and mean wave directions are compared to buoy measurements over a six-month period from 1 October 2000 to 31 March 2001. At the Pacific buoy locations, individual swell events were identified in the spectra from the three models and the buoy data. Predicted and observed swell frequencies and arrival directions are compared as well as the total energy transported past the buoy over the duration of each individual event. At all buoy locations, predicted and observed wave energy fluxes integrated over fixed frequency ranges are compared. All three models yield reliable nowcasts of swell arrivals at the buoy locations. In most cases, the models under-predict the energy measured by the buoys. WAVEWATCH III better resolves low-frequency swells than WAM, possibly owing to a superior numerical scheme. Swell predictions at NCEP forced with AVN winds are more accurate than those at FNMOC forced with NOGAPS winds. / US Navy (USN) author

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / El metano es un gas que tiene un potencial efecto sobre el calentamiento global 23 veces mayor que el CO2. El metano se genera en fuentes como: pantanos, arrozales y rumiantes, este último constituye uno de los principales aportadores al ambiente, ya que emiten entre un 15-20% de la emisión mundial de metano, el que proviene del proceso de fermentación ruminal. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo cuantificar el efecto de incluir cantidades crecientes de tres fitoaditivos, sobre la concentración de metano en incubaciones “in vitro”. Se realizaron 3 estudios, uno para cada fitoaditivo (romero, ají de color y boldo). Cada estudio tiene 5 tratamientos, disponiéndose de 5 tubos de repetición por tratamiento. El tratamiento testigo fue común para todos los tratamientos. Los tratamientos fueron: T0 (testigo):0,5 gr de afrecho de soya, 0,5 gr de heno de alfalfa, 50 ml de solución buffer y 15 ml de licor ruminal, T1: T0 + 0,125 gr fitoaditivo (F), T2: T0+ 0,250 gr (F), T3: 0,500 gr (F), T4: 0,750 gr (F). El día anterior a la extracción de licor ruminal se dejaron preparados los tubos con los distintos tratamientos, con la excepción del licor ruminal y el buffer, los que fueron agregados a la mañana siguiente. El periodo de fermentación que se utilizó fue de seis horas, realizándose el muestreo cada hora, donde se midió el metano en la fase aérea. Se concluye que la adición de romero, ají de color o boldo como fitoaditivos individuales generan una significativa reducción de metano, siendo su efecto mayor en la medida que se incrementa la dosis del fitoaditivo. De los tres fitoaditivos utilizados, para las diferentes inclusiones, es el boldo el que provoca los mayores efectos.

This research report provides the reader with an overview of the current state of Earth as far as global warming and climate change is concerned. I describe how global warming is largely a consequence of humanoid behaviour from our past to our present behaviour focusing on self-centred materialism and consumerism. In the current economic paradigm, selfishness has become a prized commercial resource as humans continue to plunder, dominate and use earth’s resources with impunity. I explain ways in which the traditionally conceived views humans had concerning nature, including support by some religions, are changing, albeit slowly. This is accomplished by looking at changes in some concepts in two of the world’s major religions: Christianity and Islam. I describe the current physical state of the environment as the resource for human life. Because of its current state, I look at the importance of an ethical view of the environment. My major focus though is on the ways in which the emergence of the concept of international environmental law and its principles such as equitable utilization and apportionment have relevance and may prove to be the best deterrent in the attempt to stem global warming. I conclude this overview by making suggestions and recommendations concerning the Kyoto protocol - and how global warming can be tackled through an effective legal regimen.

Orientador: João Francisco Galera Monico / Coorientador: Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes / Banca: Cláudia Pereira Krueger / Banca: Leonardo Castro de Oliveira / Banca: Luiz Fernando Sapucci / Banca: Milton Hirokazu Shimabukuru / Resumo: O uso de múltiplas estações de referência, ao invés do método que utiliza uma única linha de base, tem recebido significante atenção da comunidade científica e usuária que utiliza o GPS. Utilizando múltiplas estações de referência pode-se obter posicionamento de alta acurácia em uma ampla área de cobertura, além do ganho em confiabilidade, disponibilidade e integridade do serviço. Além disso, usando este conceito é possível modelar os efeitos atmosféricos (refração troposférica e efeito ionosférico). Outra questão importante diz respeito às formas de transmissão das correções geradas pela rede para o usuário. Existem algumas possibilidades para esse fim. Dentre elas, o uso do conceito de Virtual Reference Station (VRS) tem se mostrado muito eficiente. No conceito de VRS, uma estação base é gerada nas proximidades do receptor móvel (usuário). Assim, o usuário tem a possibilidade de utilizar um receptor de simples freqüência para realizar o posicionamento com uma linha de base curta. Para testar esse método de posicionamento, um sistema foi desenvolvido nessa pesquisa. Nesse sistema existem algumas possibilidades para a geração da VRS: com e sem solução das ambigüidades. No que concerne a VRS gerada sem solução das ambigüidades, o sistema tem algumas opções disponíveis. Em relação à troposfera, é possível utilizar o modelo padrão de Hopfield ou o modelo dinâmico, onde as predições do atraso zenital troposférico (Zenithal Troposferic Delay - ZTD) são obtidas de um modelo de Previsão Numérica do Tempo (PNT). No modelo dinâmico o procedimento utilizado para calcular os valores do ZTD, através do modelo de PNT, foi desenvolvido por pesquisadores da UNESP e CPTEC-INPE (Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), e está disponível online para todo o território sul americano... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of multiple reference stations instead of the standard single baseline approach has been receiving significant attention from the scientific and user GPS community. Using multiple reference stations one can obtain higher positioning accuracy in a larger coverage area, in addition to the gain in reliability, availability and integrity of the service. Besides, using this concept it is possible to model the atmospheric effects (troposphere refraction and ionosphere effect). Another important question concerning this topic is related to the transmission of the network corrections to the users. There are some possibilities for this and an efficient one is the Virtual Reference Station (VRS) concept. In this concept, a base station is generated near the rover receiver (user). This provides a short baseline and the user has the possibility of using a single frequency receiver to accomplish the positioning. In order to test this method of positioning, a system was developed in this research. In this system there are some possibilities to generate the VRS: with and without the ambiguity resolution. Concerning the generated VRS without fixing the ambiguities, the system has some available options. In relation to the troposphere it is possible to use the Hopfield standard model or a dynamic one, where the zenithal tropospheric delay (ZTD) predictions are obtained from a model of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP). In the last one the procedure used to compute ZTD values from NWP was jointly developed by UNESP and CPTEC-INPE (Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies - National Institute for Space Research), and it is available online for all South America territory. In both cases the Niell mapping function was used. Concerning the ionospheric effects, the Mod_Ion_FK model, developed at UNESP, has been used. Mod_Ion_FK uses the network station data to generate ionospheric parameters... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

A primeira parte deste trabalho é dedicada ao estudo de sistemas dinâmicos contínuos e discretos bidimensionais com um único ponto de equillíbrio que é do tipo sela hiperbólica. No caso contínuo, obtemos condições sufiientes para que um campo vetorial planar seja topologicamente equivalente à sela linear L(x; y) = (-x; y). No caso em que o campo vetorial é um difeomorfismo local, a injetividade do campo jogará um papel fundamental na obtenção de tal equivalência topológica. Além disto, apresentamos uma descrição das folheações do plano associadas a campos de vetores com uma única singularidade do tipo sela hiperbólica. No âmbito dos sistemas discretos, apresentamos condições para que um difeomorfismo, possuindo uma sela hiperbólica como único ponto fixo, satisfaça as propriedades básicas de um sistema linear com um ponto fixo que é do tipo sela hiperbólica: as quatro separatrizes do ponto fixo se acumulam só no infinito e os iterados dos pontos que não estão nas variedades invariantes deste ponto fixo se acumulam no infinito tanto no passado quanto no futuro. A segunda parte deste texto, se dedica a problemas de injetividade de difeomorfismos locais em \'R POT. n\'. Mais especificamente, obtemos versões fracas da Conjetura Jacobiana Real de Jelonek e de uma Conjetura apresentada por Nollet e Xavier. Ambos problemas estão intimamente ligados à famosa Conjetura Jacobiana, que foi considerada por Smale em 1998 como um dos dezoito problemas matemáticos mais relevantes ainda em aberto / The first part of this work is dedicated to the study of continuous and discrete twodimensional dynamical systems with a unique equilibrium point which is a hyperbolic saddle. In the continuous case, we obtain sufficient conditions for a planar vector field be topologically equivalent to the linear saddle L(x; y) = (-x; y). In the case where the vector field is a local diffeomorphism, the injectivity of the field will play a key role in obtaining such a topological equivalence. Furthermore, we provide a description of foliations of the plane vector fields associated with a unique singularity of hyperbolic saddle type. In the context of discrete systems, we present conditions for a diffeomorphism, possessing a hyperbolic saddle as the single fixed point, to satisfy the basic properties of a linear system with a fixed point of saddle type which is hyperbolic: the four separatrices of the fixed point accumulate only at infinity and iterated the points that are not in invariant manifolds of this fixed point accumulate in infinity in both the past and future. The second part of this text is devoted to problems of injectivity of local diffeomorphisms on \'R POT. n\'. More specifically, we obtain weaker versions of the Jelonek\'s Real Jacobian Conjecture and a Conjecture given by Nollet and Xavier. Both problems are closely linked to the famous Jacobian Conjecture, which was considered by Smale in 1998 as one of eighteen mathematical problems even more important in open

The purpose of this study was to explore how the Ugandan newspapers, The New Vision and The Daily Monitor frame climate change to become a familiar concept or topic that can be well understood by the public. The term framing in this context does not refer to the ideology of the frame analysis theory but rather defined in simple terms to put a concept into words that convey meaning. The study also examined how journalists present climate change during an interview that was conducted.The study answered the following research questions: (1.) How is the issue of climate change presented in the Ugandan press? (2.) How are the mechanisms of anchoring and objectification used in news reporting of climate change? (3.) How is domestication achieved in the news about climate change? (4.) How do the environment journalists represent the climate issue to become meaningful to the audience? (5.) What challenges do journalists face in reporting climate change?The thesis conducted the theory of social representations to help me understand how news about climate change is constructed in the press and by the journalists. The theory posits two communication mechanisms anchoring and objectification which were shown in the news texts and in the accounts provided by the environment journalists interviewed. The communication mechanisms in this study used representations to turn the abstract and complicated concept of climate change by either placing it in earlier representations or attaching it (climate change) to a concrete or visible object to become familiar. Domestication as a concept in media studies was employed to analyse how the media present climate change news into a local perspective.The study conducted a qualitative analysis in the Uganda elite English newspapers The New Vision and The Daily Monitor which are also confirmed to have the highest readership and the largest circulation.The study employed a methodological approach known as the lexical choices or style one of the linguistic tools of Critical Discourse Analysis to examine the hidden meaning in texts. The method was used together with the theory of social representations in particular anchoring and objectification mechanisms that turn abstract, unfamiliar ideas and concepts familiar.vThe second qualitative method employed in the study were the in-depth interviews that analyzed how the mechanisms of anchoring and objectification were visible in the reasoning provided by the environment journalists in presenting climate change. In other words, how is climate change presented by the journalists to become a meaningful topic or concept for public perception?The media represented climate change in a way which evoked emotions because it is argued that emotions ‘push’ an individual to react towards a situation. Climate change was represented in emotions of fear, threat, anger, helplessness, blame, worry, defiance, grief, compassion, hope and nostalgia, as well as in distinctions, metaphors and objectification through personification focusing in particular on the people facing the risks of climate change.The results of this study have shown that media depiction of climate change in Uganda was linked to the ordinary people facing the risks of climate change, in comparison to the previous studies carried out in the European media, the perception of climate change was linked to the elite and well known people such as celebrities, key political figures that have been used as spokes persons for understanding climate change.Climate change as a global event was presented into a local perspective through local voices of the ordinary people and domestic sources, nationalisation, national interests, the anchoring in distinctions of ‘Us’ (the developing, non industrialised countries) ‘suffering’ the impacts of climate change against the ‘Them’ (the developed and industrialised nations causing global pollution and hesitant to reduce the green house emissions). Anchoring in distinctions of the ‘Us’ against ‘Them’ the media showed that developed countries are largely responsible for the cause of climate change.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero en Recursos Naturales Renovables / El efecto del calentamiento global en Chile se ha evidenciado a través de las tendencias que indican el aumento de la temperatura del aire y el descenso de precipitaciones, lo que podría generar un impacto sobre los sistemas pastoriles de Chile, principalmente de las regiones de Los Ríos y Los Lagos. Estos sistemas podrían estar bajo una condición de vulnerabilidad frente a eventos de sequía que tienen una importante demanda de hídrica. El objetivo de esta memoria es evaluar estimar la Evapotranspiración Real (ETa) en praderas en los sistemas silvopastoriles del sur de Chile. Para esto, se utilizaron datos derivados de teledetección generados por el satélite Landsat (L7 ETM+ y L8-OLI/TIRS), estaciones meteorológicas y mapas de cobertura de la superficie. Para la estimación de ETa se utilizaron cuatro métodos tales como SEBS, SEBAL, METRIC y SSEBop aplicados en toda el área de estudio comprendida entre las regiones de Los Ríos y Los Lagos para el periodo comprendido entre 2014 y 2016. Los resultados muestran que el método SSEBop presenta el menor error en relación a los otros modelos estimado en 24,09%. Así mismo, el RMSE arroja valores de 0,67 mm día-1, menor al de los otros modelos para el área de estudio. SSEBop se puede aplicar para la región del sur de Chile, aunque la disponibilidad de los datos satelitales está en estricta relación con la cobertura nubosa. Si bien es cierto, el aumento de la resolución temporal correspondiente a la información satelital podría mejorar la estimación de ETa minimizando el efecto de la nubosidad, es necesario realizar ajustes entre las resoluciones espaciales como métodos de desagregación. Finalmente, esta memoria contribuye a complementar la información de la huella hídrica de las praderas a través de estimaciones mediante el uso de satélites en los sistemas pastoriles de Chile.