O tema em estudo é a resolubilidade global de campos vetoriais em \'T POT. 2 IND. (x,t)\' da forma L = \'\\partial IND. t\' +a(x) \'\\PARTIAL IND. x\', onde a \'PERTENCE\' \'C POT. INFINITO\' (\'T POT. 1\' ) é uma função real. Consideraremos o caso em que o operador L age no espaço de funções e o caso em que L age no espaço de distribuições. Utilizando teoria de distribuições, forneceremos condições necessárias e sufiientes para que a imagem de L seja um subespaço fechado, ou seja, para que L seja globalmente resolúvel. O caso mais interessante ocorre quando a função a se anula em algum ponto mas não é identicamente nula; neste caso, L será globalmente resolúvel se, e somente se, \'a POT. -1\' (0) contiver apenas zeros de ordem finita. Faremos também o estudo da resolubilidade global de operadores da forma P = \'\\PARTIAL IND. t\' + \\PARTIAL IND. x\' (\'a AST .\'), os quais são perturbações por um termo de ordem zero dos campos da forma L. Os operadores da forma P surgem quando consideramos o transposto de um operador da forma L / The topic under study is the global solvability of vector fields of the form L = \'\\PARTIAL IND. t\'+a(x)\'\\PARTIAL IND.x\' on the 2-torus \'T POT. 2 IND. (x;t)\' ; where a \'IT BELONGS\' \'C POT. INFINITY\' (\'T POT. 1\') is a real valued function. We consider the operator L acting on both spaces of functions and distributions. Using distribution theory we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the closedness of the range of L, ie, for L to be globally solvable. The most interesting case occurs when a vanishes somewhere but not everywhere; in this case, we show that a necessary and sufficient condition for L to be globally solvable is that each zero of a is of finite order. We also study the global solvability of operators of the form P = \'\\ PARTIAL IND. t\'+\'\\ PARTIAL IND. x(\'a AST .\' which are perturbations of L by a term of zero order. The operators P appear when we consider the transpose operator of L

Seja L = ∂ /∂t + (a(x) + ib(x))∂/∂x, b ≢ 0, um campo vetorial complexo definido em A∊ = (-∊ , ∊) × S1, ∊ > 0, sendo a, b ∈ C∞((-∊ , ∊);ℝ) e (x, t) ∈ (-∊ ∊) × S1. Assuma que b-1(0) = {0}. Este trabalho trata da resolubilidade perto do conjunto característico {0} × S1; da equação Lu = pu + f, p, f ∈ C∞ (A∊). A relação entre as ordens de anulamento das funções a e b em x = 0 e certas médias da função p tem influência na resolubilidade. / Let L = ∂ /∂t + (a(x) + ib(x))∂/∂x, b ≢ 0, be a complex vector field defined in A∊ = (-∊ , ∊) × S1, ∊ > 0, where a, b ∈ C∞((-∊ , ∊);ℝ) and (x, t) ∈ (-∊ ∊) × S1. Assume that b-1(0) = {0}. This work deals with the volvability near the characteristic set {0} × S1; of equation. Lu = pu + f, p, f ∈ C∞ (A∊). The interplay between the orders of vanishing of the functions a and b at x = 0 and certain averages of the function p has influence in the solvability.

Considere a variedade Tn x S1 com coordenadas (t;x) e considere uma 1-forma diferencial fechada e real a(t) em Tn. Neste trabalho consideramos o operador Lpa = dt +a(t) Λ ∂x de D\'p em D\'p+1, onde D\'p é o espaço das p-correntes da forma u = ∑ Ι I Ι = puI (t, x)dtI. O operador acima define um complexo de cocadeia formado pelos espaços vetoriais D\'p e pelos homomorfismos lineares Lpa : D\'p → D\'p+1. Definiremos o que significa resolubilidade global no complexo acima e caracterizaremos para quais 1-formas a o complexo é globalmente resolúvel. Faremos o mesmo com respeito a hipoeliticidade global no primeiro nível do complexo. / Consider the manifold Tn x S1 with coordinates (t;x) and let a(t) be a real and closed differential 1-form on Tn. In this work we consider the operator Lpsub>a = dt +a(t) Λ ∂x de D\'p from D\'p to D\'p+1, where D\'p is the space of all p-currents u = ∑ Ι I Ι = puI (t, x)dtI . The above operator defines a cochain complex consisting of the vector spaces D\'p and of the linear maps Lpa : D\'p → D\'p+1. We define what global solvability means for the above complex and characterize for which 1-forms a the complex is globally solvable. We will do the same with respect to global hypoellipticity on the first level of the complex.

Considere a variedade Tn x S1 com coordenadas (t;x) e considere uma 1-forma diferencial fechada e real a(t) em Tn. Neste trabalho consideramos o operador Lpa = dt +a(t) Λ ∂x de D\'p em D\'p+1, onde D\'p é o espaço das p-correntes da forma u = ∑ Ι I Ι = puI (t, x)dtI. O operador acima define um complexo de cocadeia formado pelos espaços vetoriais D\'p e pelos homomorfismos lineares Lpa : D\'p → D\'p+1. Definiremos o que significa resolubilidade global no complexo acima e caracterizaremos para quais 1-formas a o complexo é globalmente resolúvel. Faremos o mesmo com respeito a hipoeliticidade global no primeiro nível do complexo. / Consider the manifold Tn x S1 with coordinates (t;x) and let a(t) be a real and closed differential 1-form on Tn. In this work we consider the operator Lpsub>a = dt +a(t) Λ ∂x de D\'p from D\'p to D\'p+1, where D\'p is the space of all p-currents u = ∑ Ι I Ι = puI (t, x)dtI . The above operator defines a cochain complex consisting of the vector spaces D\'p and of the linear maps Lpa : D\'p → D\'p+1. We define what global solvability means for the above complex and characterize for which 1-forms a the complex is globally solvable. We will do the same with respect to global hypoellipticity on the first level of the complex.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this dissertation we present a proof of a Bernard Malgrange theorem, which establishes a necessary and sufficient condition for the global solvability of a linear operator with constant coefficients. / Nessa disserta¸c ao apresentamos uma demonstra¸c ao do Teorema de Bernard Malgrange, que estabelece condi¸c ao necess´aria e suficiente para que um operador linear com coeficientes constantes seja globalmente resol´uvel.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work we present the proof of a result due to Lars Hörmander which establishes a necessary condition for a linear operator with variable coefficients is globally resolvable. / Nesse trabalho apresentaremos a demonstração de um resultado devido à Lars Hörmander, que estabelece uma condição necessária para que um operador linear com coeficientes variáveis seja globalmente resolúvel.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Differential-algebraischen Gleichungen (DAEs). DAEs spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Modellierung, der Simulation und der Optimierung von Netzwerken und gekoppelten Problemen in vielen Anwendungsgebieten. Es werden in Bezug auf die Modellierung und die numerische Simulation von DAEs bereits bestehende Ergebnisse diskutiert und erweitert. Des Weiteren wird die globale eindeutige Lösbarkeit und die Sensitivität der Lösungen mit Hinsicht auf Störungen der DAEs untersucht. Häufig wird die Modellierung von multiphysikalischen Anwendungen durch die Kopplung mehrerer einzelner DAE Systeme realisiert. Diese Herangehensweise kann hochdimensionale DAEs erzeugen, welche aufgrund von Instabilitäten nicht von klassischen numerischen Methoden, simuliert werden können. Angesichts dieser Herausforderungen werden drei Ziele formuliert: Erstens wird ein globales Lösungstheorem formuliert und bewiesen, welches auf gekoppelte Systeme angewandt werden kann, um deren Kopplungsansatz mathematisch zu rechtfertigen. Zweitens werden numerische Methoden vorgestellt, welche unter wesentlich schwächeren Strukturannahmen stabil sind und sich daher für die Simulation von gekoppelten Systemen eignen. Drittens wird eine Strategie präsentiert, die es ermöglicht, explizite Methoden auf gekoppelte Systeme anzuwenden. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, braucht man ein Entkopplungsverfahren für DAEs, welches die folgenden drei Eigenschaften erfüllt: Die Komplexität des Entkopplungsverfahrens sollte nicht die Komplexität der DAE überschreiten. Das Entkopplungsverfahren sollte Eigenschaften wie Symmetrie, Monotonie und positive Definitheit erhalten. Das Entkopplungsverfahren sollte durch einen Schritt-für-Schritt Ansatz mit unabhängigen Schritten realisiert werden. Sowohl das Konzept des Tractability Index als auch das des Strangeness Index liefert kein solches Entkopplungsverfahren. Daher wird hier ein neues Index Konzept eingeführt, das diesen Anforderungen entspricht. / This thesis addresses differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). They play an important role in the modeling, simulation and optimization of networks and coupled problems in various applications. The main application in this thesis are coupled problems in electric circuit simulation. We discuss and extend existing results regarding the modeling and numerical simulation of DAEs. Furthermore, we investigate the global unique solvability and the sensitivity of solutions with respect to perturbations of DAEs. Nowadays the modeling of multi-physical applications is often realized by coupling systems of DAEs together with the help of additional coupling terms. This approach may yield high dimensional DAEs which cannot be simulated, due to instabilities, by standard numerical methods. Regarding these challenges we formulate three objectives: First we provide a global solvability theorem which can be applied to coupled systems to mathematically justify their coupling approach. Second we introduce numerical methods which are stable without needing any structural assumptions. Third we provide a way to apply explicit methods to coupled systems to be able to handle the size of the coupled systems by parallelizing the algorithms. To achieve these objectives, we need a decoupling procedure which fulfills the following three properties: The complexity of the decoupling procedure has to reflect the complexity of the DAE, i.e. the decoupling procedure should be state-independent if possible. The decoupling procedure should preserve properties like symmetry, monotonicity and positive definiteness. The decoupling procedure should be realized by a step-by-step approach with independent stages. Both the Tractability Index concept and the Strangeness Index concept do not provide such a decoupling procedure. For this reason we introduce a new index concept which provides such a decoupling procedure.