Les organismes unicellulaires photosynthétiques formant le phytoplancton sont la base de la production primaire marine. Ne pouvant pas réguler leur température ce facteur physique contraint fortement leur croissance. L'étude de son impact est d'une actualité brûlante dans un contexte de changement climatique. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes efforcés de comprendre comment le phytoplancton s'acclimate à la température. En analysant la réponse du taux de croissance à la température de centaines d'espèces nous avons mis en évidence les liens existant entre températures cardinales ainsi que leurs fondements thermodynamiques grâce au modèle mécaniste de Hinshelwood. Nous avons testé l'hypothèse de Eppley plus chaud implique plus rapide pour 5 groupes phylogénétiques de phytoplancton et défini leurs limites évolutives intrinsèques. Nous avons examiné les mécanismes d'adaptation induits à long terme par des variations de température et construit un modèle évolutif en utilisant la théorie de la dynamique adaptative afin de prévoir l'issue évolutive de l'adaptation d’une espèce à un cycle de température simple. Nos résultats ont été confrontés à une expérience de sélection réalisée en laboratoire sur Tisochrysis lutea. Notre méthode a été étendue pour prédire l'adaptation d'une souche soumise à un profil de température périodique et étudier l'adaptation thermique du phytoplancton à l'échelle de l'océan mondial. Des données in situ de température de surface de l'océan ont permis de forcer le modèle et de montrer qu'une augmentation de température sera critique pour certains groupes dans les zones où l’amplitude thermique annuelle est grande, comme par exemple la mer Méditerranée. / Unicellular photosynthetic organisms forming the phytoplankton are the basis of primary production. Because these organisms cannot regulate their inner temperature, the medium temperature strongly constrains their growth. Understanding the impact of this factor is topical in a global change context. In this PhD thesis we have investigated how phytoplankton adapts to temperature. By analyzing the growth rate as a function of temperature for hundreds of species we highlighted the characteristics that can be accurately described by a mathematical model. We have identied the links between the cardinal temperatures as well as their thermodynamical fundament using the mechanistic Hinshelwood model. We then challenged the Eppley hypothesis `hotter is faster' for 5 phylogenetic phytoplankton groups and determined the evolutionary limits for each of them. We have also studied the adaptation mechanisms associated to long term temperature variations by developing an evolutionary model using the adaptive dynamics theory allowing to predict the evolutionary outcome of species adaptation to a simple temperature cycle. Our results have been compared to a selection experiment carried out in a controlled device on Tisochrysis lutea. Our method has been extended to predict the adaptation of a strain to periodic temperature profiles and study phytoplankton adaptation at the global ocean scale. In situ data of sea surface temperature have been used as a forcing variable and have permitted to show that the elevation of temperature will be critical for several species in particular for those living in areas where the annual temperature fluctuation is high such as the Mediterranean Sea.

<p>Cell Broadcast (CB) is a possible technical realisation of a global emergency alert system. It is a technique used for sending short text messages to all mobile stations (MSs) in a defined geographical area. An potential effect of using CB is the increase in battery consumption of the MS due to the fact that an extra channel has to be used to make the service available even when the network is otherwise congested. Another part of the service which leads to a potential problem is making CB messages available in different languages. Investigating these problems is the objective of this thesis and the studies it includes. During the first part of the thesis, we measured the battery consumption of MSs in different modes of operation in order to analyse how CB affects the amount of current drained. The tests showed that battery consumption increased only slightly when CB messages were being received at the MS. Although some of the results can be, and are, discussed, we believe that CB would have a small effect on the power consumption of an MS, particularly in a context where it would be used for emergency warning messages only. This mentioned, it would however be wishful to confirm the conclusions further through the realisation of long-term testing. The second part of the thesis deals with the investigation of the MSs’ support for CB messages with different coding schemes. Based on the investigation’s result, we have come to the conclusion that in the long term the usage of different coding schemes on the same channel is preferred. However, the usage of one, global, emergency channel is hard to realise since that requires a standardisation between all countries. In our opinion this may be achieved first in the long run and until then, the usage of separate channels seems to be necessary.</p>

Cell Broadcast (CB) is a possible technical realisation of a global emergency alert system. It is a technique used for sending short text messages to all mobile stations (MSs) in a defined geographical area. An potential effect of using CB is the increase in battery consumption of the MS due to the fact that an extra channel has to be used to make the service available even when the network is otherwise congested. Another part of the service which leads to a potential problem is making CB messages available in different languages. Investigating these problems is the objective of this thesis and the studies it includes. During the first part of the thesis, we measured the battery consumption of MSs in different modes of operation in order to analyse how CB affects the amount of current drained. The tests showed that battery consumption increased only slightly when CB messages were being received at the MS. Although some of the results can be, and are, discussed, we believe that CB would have a small effect on the power consumption of an MS, particularly in a context where it would be used for emergency warning messages only. This mentioned, it would however be wishful to confirm the conclusions further through the realisation of long-term testing. The second part of the thesis deals with the investigation of the MSs’ support for CB messages with different coding schemes. Based on the investigation’s result, we have come to the conclusion that in the long term the usage of different coding schemes on the same channel is preferred. However, the usage of one, global, emergency channel is hard to realise since that requires a standardisation between all countries. In our opinion this may be achieved first in the long run and until then, the usage of separate channels seems to be necessary.

Orientador: Irenilza de Alencar Naas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T04:44:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Salgado_DouglasD'Alessandro_D.pdf: 3167854 bytes, checksum: 2a149c44af5c26b803e75f1f15eb8ca3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O agronegócio e responsável por 33% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), 42% das exportações totais e 37% dos empregos brasileiros. O Brasil e hoje o segundo maior produtor e maior exportador de carne de frango do mundo, com exportações de 2,4 milhões de toneladas por ano e receitas cambiais de US$ 2,6 bilhões. Devido a importância que o setor agrícola tem para a economia nacional, torna-se fundamental a analise de todo e qualquer fator que possa afetar seu desempenho de maneira efetiva nas próximas décadas. O clima, como um dos principais fatores limitantes e determinantes da produção agrícola, enquadra-se nesse cenário e, como tal, deve ser cada vez mais estudado e conhecido, tendo em vista a tendência de sua alteração em um futuro próximo. As perdas de desempenho na produção avícola, decorrentes de situações extremas de tempo estão associadas a maior incidência de patologias, condenação de carcaças, morte pré-abate e ao menor tempo de vida de prateleira dos produtos alimentícios de origem animal. Entre tais situações extremas, pode ser destacada a onda de calor, definida como sendo um evento relativamente raro, em que as temperaturas diárias alcançam patamares muito acima dos padrões da região afetada, podendo permanecer por um período mínimo de três dias consecutivos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para estimar o risco de ocorrências de fenômenos meteorológicos de alta temperatura (temperatura diária extrema e onda de calor) em diferentes municípios do estado de São Paulo, com base em dados meteorológicos diários e, através de uma analise exploratória, fornecer a distribuição de risco desses fenômenos, gerando subsídios para o produtor avícola prevenir perdas decorrentes desses fenômenos. Os dados históricos meteorológicos fornecidos pelo CEPAGRI-UNICAMP foram adaptados as analises estatísticas, sendo realizadas as analises descritivas e exploratórias com as temperaturas. Os dados de temperaturas diárias foram categorizados em forma binária, estimando-se probabilidades condicionais (riscos), através das freqüências relativas obtidas em tabelas de contingência. Usando o software Minitab15® e de um programa elaborado em linguagem Delphi® foram realizadas as analises de risco, a partir das quais foram confeccionados os mapas com o auxilio do software ArcGis 9.2 - ESRI.® A pesquisa apresentou uma metodologia para quantificar os riscos de fenômenos meteorológicos de alta temperatura, identificou os fatores climáticos e sua influencia sobre os riscos. Esse trabalho apontou que os municípios da região oeste do estado de São Paulo são os mais suscetíveis a apresentarem perda na produção avícola devido as temperaturas ambiente, sendo recomendado maior cuidado com o excesso de calor nos alojamentos nas granjas, por parte do produtor. Também foi constatado que os valores médios e medianos das temperaturas mínimas sao bons preditores do risco, devido a alta associação entre o risco e essas variáveis. / Abstract: The agribusiness is responsible for 33% of Brazilian Gross National Product (GNP), 42% of the total export and 37% of Brazilian job offers. Nowadays, Brazil is the second largest producer of poultry meat and the largest export, exporting as much as 2,4 million tons per year . Due to the sector's importance, it becomes essential to analyze each and every issue that may effectively affect its performance in the next decades. Climate, as one of the determinant factors of the agricultural production, fits to this scenario and should be studied, considering the changes that are possibly taking place in a near future. Performance losses in poultry production due to extreme weather conditions are related to higher incidence of pathologies, carcass condemnation, pre-slaughter death and shorter shelf-time for animal origin food products. Among such extreme situations, it is possible to highlight the heat wave, which is defined as a quite rare event, when the daily temperatures are higher than the affected region's pattern and which may last at least 3 days. The present work aimed at developing a methodology to estimate the risk of high temperatures (extreme daily temperatures and heat waves) in different cities in the state of Sao Paulo, based on meteorological data. Also, through an exploratory analysis, this work aimed at offering these phenomena's risk distribution and providing bird producers with subsidies that will allow prevention of losses due to the occurrence of these phenomena. The meteorological data, collected throughout history, were provided by CEPAGRI-UNICAMP and were adapted to the statistical descriptive and exploratory analysis. The daily temperature data were binarily categorized and the conditional probabilities (risk) were estimated through the relative frequencies obtained from contingency tables. Risk analysis was performed using the software Minitab 15® and a software elaborated in Delphi® language. Based on this analysis, it was possible to elaborate maps using the software ArcGis 9.2 - ESRI® The research provided a methodology to quantify the risks of high temperatures phenomena and identified the climatic factors and their influence over those risks. This work showed that the cities in the west of the state of Sao Paulo are highly exposed to performance losses in poultry production due to high ambient temperatures and it is strongly recommended that measures are taken to ease the excessive heat inside the livestock in poultry houses. It was also clear that the average and median values of the minimum temperatures are good means of predicting the risk due to its association to those variables. / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Engenharia Agricola

Prédire les réponses de la biodiversité aux changements climatiques anthropiques est devenu un champ de recherche avec des enjeux scientifiques et sociétaux majeurs. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à évaluer les impacts du réchauffement climatique sur un parasitoïde de drosophiles, Leptopilina boulardi, à une petite échelle géographique, le sud-est de la France. L'objectif était non seulement d'examiner l'évolution de la distribution du parasitoïde en réponse à une hausse des températures qu'il fallait préciser à cette échelle géographique, mais aussi d'appréhender les adaptations mises en place dans la zone de progression de l'espèce. Dans un premier temps, l'analyse de données d'échantillonnages et de données météorologiques m'ont permis de mettre en évidence une rapide expansion de l'aire de répartition du parasitoïde vers le nord, à un taux moyen de 90km/décennie, simultanément à une augmentation moyenne de la température de 1,57°C ces 30 dernières années, dans l'aire d'étude. Après avoir identifié les principaux facteurs environnementaux, structurant la répartition spatiale de L. boulardi, j'ai modélisé sa distribution potentielle dans le sud-est de la France, sous conditions climatiques actuelles et pour 2050, pour deux scénarios d'émission de CO2. En 2050, la distribution géographique de L. boulardi devrait considérablement s'étendre vers le nord sous l'effet des changements climatiques. Ensuite, en mesurant plusieurs traits d'histoire de vie selon 4 régimes thermiques fluctuants, j'ai montré que les populations de L. boulardi situées en limite d'aire de répartition sont génétiquement différenciées de celles situées dans l'aire centrale de répartition. Le fait que les populations marginales aient une valeur sélective plus importante à faible température suggère une adaptation locale des parasitoïdes dans la zone de progression de l'aire de répartition. La dernière partie de ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre le processus de colonisation de L. boulardi. Pour cela, j'ai entrepris le développement de marqueurs RAD-sequencing sur 15 populations de cette espèce, distribuées le long d'un cline de latitude dans le sud-est de la France. Les nombreuses données issues du séquençage Illumina me permettront de connaître la structuration génétique de ces populations. L'ensemble de ces résultats obtenus au cours de ma thèse révèlent la force avec laquelle les changements climatiques peuvent impacter les espèces, principalement celles de haut niveau trophique, en provoquant des changements très rapide de distribution et des modifications génotypiques et phénotypiques permettant une meilleure adaptation locale / Predicting biodiversity responses to anthropogenic climate change has become a field of research with major scientific and societal issues. The main goal of my thesis was to evaluate the impacts of global warming on a Drosophila parasitoid, Leptopilina boulardi, at a small geographical scale, the South-East of France. The aim was not only to examine the change in the distribution of the parasitoid in response to rising temperatures, but also to understand the adaptations associated with this change. First, the analysis of insect sampling and meteorological data allowed me to demonstrate a rapid expansion of the parasitoid range to the north with an average rate of 90km/decade as well as a simultaneous temperature increase of 1.57°C on average over the past 30 years in the studied area. Following the identification of the main environmental factors structuring the spatial distribution of L. boulardi, I fitted a model predicting its potential distribution in the south-east of France, under the current climate and in 2050, for two CO2 emission scenarios. In 2050, the geographical distribution of L. boulardi should significantly extend northward as a result of climate change. Then, by measuring several life history traits under four fluctuating temperature regimes, I have shown that populations of L. boulardi located on the border of the range are genetically differentiated from those in the central range. The fact that marginal populations have a greater fitness at low temperature suggests local adaptation of parasitoids in the area of progression of range. The last part of this thesis aimed to better understand the process of colonization of L. boulardi. For this, I undertook the development of RAD-sequencing markers to genotype 15 populations of this species distributed along a cline of latitude in the southeast of France. Numerous data from Illumina sequencing will allow me to characterize the genetic structure of the populations. All the results obtained in my thesis highlight the force with which climate change may impact species, in particular those of high trophic level, causing rapid changes in distribution along with genotypic and phenotypic changes underlying local adaptation

Durant ces dernières années, les émissions de CO2 liées à l’utilisation des voitures ont atteint des niveaux critiques contribuant au réchauffement climatique et causant des problèmes de santé. Afin de réduire ces émissions, l’industrie automobile française a décidé de réduire la masse des véhicules via l’utilisation de matériaux plus légers tels que les matériaux composites. Cependant, les techniques d'assemblage classiquement utilisées ne sont pas compatibles pour assembler ces nouveaux matériaux à la structure du véhicule (acier et aluminium). Le principal objectif de cette étude a donc été la caractérisation et la modélisation de nouvelles techniques d'assemblages multimatériaux permettant une bonne résistance mécanique.Quatre techniques d’assemblages multi-matériaux (métal/composite) ont été étudiées : (i) le collage par goujon, (ii) la soudure laser, (iii) le rivetage auto-perçant et (iv) le collage. Des essais traditionnels de simple recouvrement et de traction transverse ont été utilisés pour caractériser les deux premières techniques. Ensuite, un nouveau test de caractérisation basé sur un dispositif Arcan modifié a été proposé pour analyser le comportement des assemblages rivetés et le collage. Parmi les quatre techniques testées, le collage a été retenu comme la technique la plus adaptée aux exigences de l'industrie. Par conséquent, des essais Arcan ont été réalisés afin de déterminer le comportement quasi-statique des adhésifs de l’étude (Betamate1822 et Sikapower498). Ces essais ont ensuite été utilisés pour proposer et identifier une nouvelle loi de comportement 3D viscoélastique spectrale non-linéaire. La procédure d'identification des paramètres des adhésifs n'est basée que sur trois essais de fluage multiniveaux, permettant un dimensionnement rapide des structures collées. Enfin, la loi de comportement proposée a été validée grâce à la bonne corrélation entre les prédictions numériques et les courbes expérimentales des essais monotones à différents vitesses de sollicitation et des essais de traction incrémentale.La présente étude a été développée dans le cadre d’un projet automobile. Néanmoins, les conclusions et les perspectives de l'étude peuvent être extrapolées à d'autres domaines tout aussi intéressants. / Nowadays, the emissions of CO2 due to the use of automobiles have reached critical levels causing global warming and health problems. In order to reduce these emissions, the French automotive industry has decided to reduce the car weight by means of the use of lighter materials such as composite materials. However, the classical joining techniques are not adapted to assembly these new materials to the structure of the car (aluminum and steel alloys). Therefore, the characterization and modeling of new joining techniques of dissimilar materials is a problem that has been treated in the current study.Four different joining techniques of dissimilar materials (metal/composite) have been studied: (i) stud bonding, (ii) laser welding, (iii) self-pierce riveting and (iv) adhesive bonding systems. Traditional lap-shear and cross-tension tests were used to characterize the first two joining techniques. Then, a new characterization test based on a modified Arcan device has been proposed to analyze the behavior of self-piercing rivet and adhesive bonding systems. Among all the four tested techniques, adhesive joints have been selected as the most adapted technique according to the requirements of the industry. Therefore, modified Arcan tests have been performed in order to determine the behavior of the adhesives of the study (Betamate1822 and Sikapower498). These tests were then used to propose and identify a new 3D non-linear viscoelastic spectral model. The identification procedure of the material parameters is only based on three multilevel creep tests, which permits the rapid dimensioning of adhesively bonded structures. Finally, the proposed behavior law was validated by the good concordance between the numerical predictions and the experimental curves of monotonic tests at different loading rates and increasing cyclic tests.The current study was developed in the framework of an automotive project. Nevertheless, the conclusions and prospects of the study can be extrapolated to other interesting fields.