As this essay goes we have come to believe that an explanation for the Iraq war cannot be found in either the rhetoric or the claim that it was a legally internationally sanctioned war under international law. This is a theory-testing study where we use a theoretical perspective in political science from the international relations studies; Realism is examined, we want to see if it can better explain why the United States invaded Iraq. The main problem in the essay is to identify the reasons why the Iraqi invasion became a fact. In the C-thesis, we go through the perspectives content in a detailed way and briefly describe its views. We have collected material both about the Iraqi invasion and about the theory we want to test. Based on our pre-understanding of the theories, we interpret the developments in Iraq and try to explain them. We have come to the conclusion that realism is very much relevant to our subject and argues for it well. In realism it is the state that is the main actor and concepts like anarchy, self-help, survival and balance of power can best explain USA:s actions. This essay focuses on the means it took (the bush-doctrine) to legitimize such an act, but the mainspring of this essay is how we can understand the reasoning USA must have had behind the decision to invade Iraq. We believe that a realistic approach is the best way to explain what led the US to invade Iraq and through this perspective we can across chosen concepts from Realism, categorize different events that might have had played a vital role in this matter that are relevant with our theoretic perspective.

This thesis examines how local knowledge is identified and implemented in disaster responseand recovery programmes conducted by international aid organizations. The case that isexamined in the analysis is the International Federation of Red Cross and Red CrescentSocieties response and recovery operations conducted in the aftermath of the Nepalearthquake 2015-2019. Using the method of content analysis, the final report of the Nepaloperation is analyzed using categorizations of local knowledge and informed by previousresearch on local knowledge in disaster operations, along with international aid organizations'engagement with local knowledge.The main findings of this study shows that the implementation of activities that utilize orseeks to identify local knowledge is heavily concentrated to the recovery phase of theoperation, with no activities informed by local knowledge found in the response phase. Allcategories of local knowledge are found throughout the operation, with socio-culturalknowledge being the most prominently utilized, whilst environmental knowledge andorganizational knowledge remains underrepresented. Activities that were not informed bylocal knowledge, or utilized local knowledge to some degree created unintendedconsequences, suggesting that for a productive utilization of local knowledge, it has to beconsidered in all steps of the operational planning.

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There is an increased public pressure on clothing brands to consider environmental and social issues when sourcing from suppliers in developing countries, and to ensure that their supply chain partners do the same. However, social, and environmental issues within the clothing industry are complex with many actors involved. Avoidance of compliance with social and environmental requirements are not uncommon and contributes to the continuing exploitation of humans and environment in the country of production, thus hindering the possibility of social change. This study investigates the perceived challenges with sustainability initiatives in supply chains within the global clothing industry and takes on a qualitative research approach with an interpretive basis. This study investigates the barriers to achieve social and environmental compliance through a content analysis of four global clothing brands supply chain governance strategies, and by interviews with two NGOs. The empirical findings shows that suppliers face increase compliance requirements with additional costs on their side, but with no financial support from clothing brands. Consequently, the perceived injustice between input costs and gains contribute to that suppliers avoid compliance to balance their additional costs.

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2001 publicerades Säkerhet i en ny tid SOU 2001:41 från 2001, även kallad Sårbarhets- och säkerhetsutredningen. Utredningen ledde till införandet av tre grundprinciper som idag styr ansvarskedjorna i det svenska krishanteringssystemet; ansvars-, närhets- och likhetsprincipen. Denna studie undersöker om grundprinciperna som legat till grund för svenskt krishanteringssystem de senaste 20 åren leder till sårbarheter längre ner i systemets led. Studien förklarar hur formuleringen av de tre grundprinciperna påverkar ansvarskedjor i systemet genom att undersöka metodmaterial och applicera det på Sveriges hantering av Covid-19. Detta utförs för att bidra till ytterligare lärdomar om grundprinciperna genom att svara på frågan hur institutionella sårbarheter i svenskt krisberedskapssystem och dess ansvarskedjor kan förstås med hjälp av sårbarhetsparadigmen. Studien landar i en förklaring till hur problematik på operativ nivå härstammar från grundprinciper som producerar systembundna sårbarheter inom krishanteringssystemet.

This thesis aims to attain a deeper understanding of individual resilience as shaped by interpretations of individual responsibility in Stockholm. The research questions that will guide this effort are which interpretations of responsibility for crisis preparedness are there among Stockholm citizens? And, how do understandings of responsibility influence individual resilience? To answer those questions, seven semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted and analysed through a thematic analysis, using resilience as a theoretical framework. The theoretical contribution of the thesis is therefore a better understanding of what shapes individual resilience. The findings show that while individual responsibility is conceptualised in the similar ways by the participants, the descriptive empirical accounts of individual responsibility and how they are influenced also present a struggle to adapt to uncertainty and complexity.

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka de bakomliggande faktorerna till konflikten mellan folkgruppen rohingya och majoritetsbefolkningen i Myanmar. Vidare har syftet även varit att undersöka maktrelationerna i landet och hur de har påverkat den så kallade decimeringen mot rohingya. Undersökningen har tillämpat realismen och konstruktivismen till situationen för att utreda händelserna som föregått det senaste decenniet, genom att applicera följande frågeställningar.  Vad är det för maktutövning som utövas mot rohingyerna i Myanma?  Vilka maktförhållanden på den internationella arenan påverkar rohingyernas situation? Undersökningen har visat att den obalanserade makten mellan rohingyerna och militären har resulterat i diskriminering och våld mot minoritetsgruppen. Detta sker genom att militären och makthavarna använder sig av både indirekt och direkt maktutövning för att bibehålla sin makt lika väl som rohingyernas rättigheter fortsatt begränsas. Undersökningen har också framkommit att detta sker genom stiftandet av lagar och regler som endast gynnar den burmesisk-buddhistiska folkgruppen i syfte att bibehålla obalansen.  Vidare har många år av diskriminering resulterat i att rohingyerna ligger i underläge och utanförskap då de nekas tillträde till publika sfärer, såsom skola, utbildning och sjukvård. Dem saknar även nationstillhörighet och medborgerliga rättigheter. De buddhistiska, nationalistiska och fascistiska normerna och värderingarna i landet har bidragit till denna underlåtna syn på folkgruppen trots att Myanmars regeringen har försökt demokratisera landet de senaste åren. Dock erkänner regeringen inte diskrimineringen eller etniska rensningen som pågår gentemot rohingyerna. I och med det har dem obalanserade maktrelationerna upprätthållits och därav resulterat i att rohingyerna inte kan påverka sin situation

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