Η πορεία μιας οξείας σπειραματικής νόσου προς τη χρόνια νεφρική ανεπάρκεια χαρακτηρίζεται από φλεγμονώδεις διεργασίες που εντοπίζονται αρχικά στο σπείραμα, εν συνεχεία στον ενδιάμεσο χώρο, στα ουροφόρα σωληνάρια και τέλος στα νεφρικά αγγεία. Το πρωταρχικό αίτιο για την έναρξη των διεργασιών αυτών είναι η εναπόθεση ανοσοσυμπλεγμάτων στην περιοχή του σπειράματος και η ενεργοποίηση αντιδράσεων που οδηγούν τελικά στην εμφάνιση σπειραματικής σκλήρυνσης, ίνωσης του διαμέσου ιστού και ατροφίας των ουροφόρων σωληναρίων. Οι διεργασίες αυτές φαίνεται να πυροδοτούνται από κυτταροκίνες, όπως είναι οι ιντερλευκίνες (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6) και να εξελίσσονται περαιτέρω κάτω από την επίδραση αυξητικών παραγόντων, όπως είναι ο Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β1), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) και Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1). Πέραν των διεργασιών όμως αυτών, σημαντικό ρόλο στην ολοκλήρωση της καταστροφής του νεφρώνα, φαίνεται να διαδραματίζει ο ρυθμός απόπτωσης των κυττάρων των ουροφόρων σωληναρίων. Πράγματι η απόπτωση αποτελεί ένα σημαντικό μηχανισμό αποικοδόμησης των κυττάρων που σε συνεργασία με την αναγέννησή τους συμβάλλει στη σταθερότητα όλων των βιολογικών συστημάτων (ομοιόσταση). Ο ρυθμός της απόπτωσης των κυττάρων βρίσκεται σε μια σταθερή σχέση με τον ρυθμό αναγέννησης, έτσι ώστε κάθε βιολογικό σύστημα να παραμένει δομικά και λειτουργικά σταθερό. Οι πρωτεΐνες bax και bcl-2 έχουν αποδειχθεί αξιόπιστοι δείκτες της αποπτωτικής διαδικασίας. Η παρούσα μελέτη έχει σαν στόχο να εξετάσει ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά τη συμμετοχή των αυξητικών παραγόντων (TGF-β1, EGF, IGF-1) και των δεικτών της κυτταρικής απόπτωσης (πρωτεΐνες bax και bcl-2) σε ασθενείς με σπειραματικές βλάβες, παρουσία ιστολογικών αλλοιώσεων διαφορετικής βαρύτητας και κατ’ επέκταση διαταραχή της λειτουργίας του νεφρού. Συμπεριελήφθησαν 76 ασθενείς (44 άνδρες και 32 γυναίκες) στους οποίους, με βάση τα ιστολογικά ευρήματα στις βιοψίες του νεφρικού ιστού, ετέθησαν οι διαγνώσεις: ιδιοπαθής μεμβρανώδης σπειραματονεφρίτιδα (n=26), IgA νεφροπάθεια (n=15), νόσος ελαχίστων αλλοιώσεων (n=12), ταχέως εξελισσόμενη σπειραματονεφρίτιδα (n=11), εστιακή σπειραματοσκλήρυνση (n=7) και νεφρίτιδα του λύκου (n=5). Η μέση χρονική διάρκεια παρακολούθησης των ασθενών ήταν 4 χρόνια. Το είδος και η βαρύτητα των δομικών αλλοιώσεων του νεφρικού ιστού συσχετίσθηκαν με την πορεία της νεφρικής λειτουργίας, αλλά και με παραμέτρους των φλεγμονωδών διεργασιών που προσδιορίσθηκαν ανοσοϊστοχημικά, όπως είναι οι αυξητικοί παράγοντες TGF-β1, EGF και IGF-1, οι μυοϊνοβλάστες (κύτταρα που συμμετέχουν στη διαδικασία ανάπτυξης της ίνωσης) και οι δείκτες της κυτταρικής απόπτωσης (πρωτεΐνες bax και bcl-2). Διαπιστώθηκε, λοιπόν, ότι σε ασθενείς με σπειραματική βλάβη η παρουσία των αυξητικών παραγόντων, των μυοϊνοβλαστών και των δεικτών κυτταρικής απόπτωσης στα σπειράματα, στο διάμεσο χώρο και στα ουροφόρα σωληνάρια είναι έντονη. Μάλιστα αυτή του αυξητικού παράγοντα TGF-β1 των μυοϊνοβλαστών και των πρωτεϊνών bax και bcl-2 είναι εντονότερη σε ασθενείς με σημαντικού βαθμού σπειραματική σκλήρυνση, ίνωση του διάμεσου ιστού και ατροφία των ουροφόρων σωληναρίων. Διαπιστώθηκε επίσης σημαντική συσχέτιση της έκφρασης των παραμέτρων αυτών με τη βαρύτητα των ιστολογικών αλλοιώσεων (r=0.444, p<0.05) και το βαθμό έκπτωσης της νεφρικής λειτουργίας (r= 0.454, p<0.05) ενώ αντίθετα δεν παρατηρήθηκε συσχέτιση με τον τύπο της σπειραματικής βλάβης. Αυξημένος ρυθμός κυτταρικής απόπτωσης παρατηρήθηκε στο νεφρικό ιστό ασθενών με έκπτωση της νεφρικής λειτουργίας κατά τη διάγνωση της νόσου. Συμπερασματικά διαπιστώθηκε ότι : 1) Σε όλους τους ασθενείς, ανεξάρτητα από τον τύπο της σπειραματονεφρίτιδας, εντοπίζονται ανοσοϊστοχημικά αυξητικοί παράγοντες στο σπείραμα, στο διάμεσο ιστό και στα ουροφόρα σωληνάρια και μυοϊνοβλάστες κυρίως στο διάμεσο χώρο. 2) Η ποσοτική έκφραση των αυξητικών παραγόντων και ιδιαίτερα του TGF-β1 φαίνεται να σχετίζεται άμεσα με το βαθμό έκπτωσης της νεφρικής λειτουργίας και τη βαρύτητα των ιστολογικών αλλοιώσεων. 3) Ο ρυθμός της κυτταρικής απόπτωσης είναι ανάλογος της βαρύτητας των ιστολογικών αλλοιώσεων και του βαθμού έκπτωσης της νεφρικής λειτουργίας. / The evolution of an acute glomerular injury towards chronic renal failure is characterized by an inflammatory process that is initially localized in the glomeruli and then in the tubulointerstitial area and vessels of the kidney. The deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli is the main cause of this process that leads to the development of glomerular sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. In this process various cytokines [interleukins (IL), (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6)] and growth factors [Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Insulin Growth Factor (IGF-1)] are involved. The phenomenon of cellular apoptosis is implicated in the development of renal scarring. Apoptosis represents the programmed cellular death that is in balance with the generation of cells. The rate of cellular apoptosis is responsible for the preservation of homeostasis in each organism. Various genes and proteins are involved in the regulation of apoptosis within kidney. Bax and bcl-2 proteins represent markers of the apoptotic process since bax is related to an enhanced apoptotic rate whereas bcl-2 provides a survival advantage to renal cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of growth factors (TGF-β1, EGF, IGF-1) and apoptotic markers (bax and bcl-2 proteins) in the renal tissue of patients with various types of glomerulonephritis and to identify any correlation of this expression with the severity of histological injury and with the course of renal function. Seventy six patients (44 males and 32 females) were included in the study. The histological diagnoses were: idiopathic membranous nephropathy (n=26), IgA nephropathy (n=15), minimal changes disease (n=12), rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (n=11), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (n=7) and lupus nephritis (n=5). The mean follow-up period was 4 years. The expression of growth factors, apoptotic markers and myofibroblasts (cells that are involved in the development of scarring) in the renal tissue was investigated by immunohistochemical technique and quantitated by morphometric analysis. In the renal tissue of patients with glomerulonephritis presence of growth factors, myofibroblasts and apoptotic markers was identified in the glomeruli and in the tubulointerstitial area. The expression of TGF-β1, myofibroblasts and bax, bcl-2 proteins was particularly severe in patients with glomerular sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. The severity of this expression was related to the degree of histological damage (r=0.444, p<0.05) and that of renal impairment (r=0.454, p<0.05) whereas it was not related to the type of glomerulonephritis. In conclusion, it was found that: 1. Growth factors and myofibroblasts are localized in the glomeruli and in the tubulointerstitial area of patients with glomerulonephritis. 2. The severity of growth factors and in particular that of TGF-β1 expression is related to the degree of renal function impairment and to the severity of histological involvement. 3. The rate of cellular apoptosis in the kidney of patients with glomerulonephritis is also related to the severity of histological involvement and to the degree of renal function imparment.

The juxtaglomerular niche occupied by renin cells (RCN) plays an important role in glomerular repair but the precise temporal and spatial interrelations remain unclear. This study proposes the hypothesis of a local intra-extraglomerular regenerative feedback system and establishes a new quantifiable system for RCN responses in individual glomeruli in vivo. A strictly intraglomerular twophoton laser-induced injury model was established. Labeled renin cells (RC) in transgenic renin reporter mice were fate-traced in healthy and injured glomeruli over several days by intravital microscopy and quantified via new three-dimensional image processing algorithms based on ray tracing. RC in healthy glomeruli demonstrated dynamic extraglomerular protrusions. Upon intraglomerular injury the corresponding RCN first increased in volume and then increased in area of dynamic migration up to threefold compared to their RCN. RC started migration reaching the site of injury within 3 hours and acquired a mesangial cell phenotype without losing physical RCN-contact. During intraglomerular repair only the corresponding RCN responded via stimulated neogenesis, a process of de novo differentiation of RC to replenish the RCN. Repeated continuous intravital microscopy provides a state-of-the-art tool to prove and further study the local intraglomerular RCN repair feedback system in individual glomeruli in vivo in a quantifiable manner.

The thesis examines the relationship of birthweight to risk factors and markers, such as proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate, for chronic disease in postnatal life. It made use of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). The AusDiab study is a cross sectional study where baseline data on 11,247 participants were collected in 1999-2000. Participants were recruited from a stratified sample of Australians aged ≥ 25 years, residing in 42 randomly selected urban and non-urban areas (Census Collector Districts) of the six states of Australia and the Northern Territory. The AusDiab study collected an enormous amount of clinical and laboratory data. During the 2004-05 follow-up AusDiab survey, questions about birthweight were included. Participants were asked to state their birthweight, the likely accuracy of the stated birthweight and the source of their stated birthweight. Four hundred and twelve chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients were approached, and 339 agreed to participate in the study. The patients completed the same questionnaire. Medical records were reviewed to check the diagnoses, causes of kidney trouble and SCr levels. Two control subjects, matched for gender and age, were selected for each CKD patient from participants in the AusDiab study who reported their birthweight. Among 7,157 AusDiab participants who responded to the questionnaire, 4,502 reported their birthweights, with a mean (standard deviation) of 3.4 (0.7) kg. The benefit and disadvantages of these data are discussed in chapter three. The data were analysed for the relationship between birthweight and adult body size and composition, disorders of glucose regulation, blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, cardiovascular diseases and glomerular filtration rate. Low birthweight was associated with smaller body build and lower lean mass and total body water in both females and males. In addition low birthweight was associated with central obesity and higher body fat percentage in females, even after taking into account current physical activity and socioeconomic status. Fasting plasma glucose, post load glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin were strongly and inversely correlated with birthweight. In those with low birthweight (< 2.5 kg), the risks for having impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes and all abnormalities combined were increased by 1.75, 2.22, 2.76 and 2.28 for females and by 1.40, 1.32, 1.98 and 1.49 for males compared to those with normal birthweight (≥ 2.5 kg), respectively. Low birthweight individuals were at higher risk for having high blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and ≥ 130/85 mmHg compared to those with normal birthweight. People with low birthweight showed a trend towards increased risk for high cholesterol (≥ 5.5 mmol/l) compared to those of normal birthweight. Females with low birthweight had increased risk for high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥ 3.5 mmol/l) and triglyceride levels (≥ 1.7 mmol/l) when compared to those with normal birthweight. Males with low birthweight exhibited increased risk for low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (<0.9 mmol/l) than those with normal birthweight. Females with low birthweight were at least 1.39, 1.40, 2.30 and 1.47 times more likely to have angina, coronary artery disease, stroke and overall cardiovascular diseases respectively, compared to those ≥ 2.5 kg. Similarly, males with low birthweight were 1.76, 1.48, 3.34 and 1.70 times more likely to have angina, coronary artery disease, stroke and overall cardiovascular diseases compared to those ≥ 2.5 kg, respectively. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was strongly and positively associated with birthweight, with a predicted increase of 2.6 ml/min (CI 2.1, 3.2) and 3.8 (3.0, 4.5) for each kg of birthweight for females and males, respectively. The odd ratio (95% confidence interval) for low glomerular filtration rate (<61.0 ml/min for female and < 87.4 male) in people of low birthweight compared with those of normal birthweight was 2.04 (1.45, 2.88) for female and 3.4 (2.11, 5.36) for male. One hundred and eighty-nineCKD patients reported their birthweight; 106 were male. Their age was 60.3(15) years. Their birthweight was 3.27 (0.62) kg, vs 3.46 (0.6) kg for their AusDiab controls, p<0.001 and the proportions with birthweight<2.5 kg were 12.17% and 4.44%, p<0.001. Among CKD patients, 22.8%, 21.7%, 18% and 37.6% were in CKD stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Birthweights by CKD stage and their AusDiab controls were as follows: 3.38 (0.52) vs 3.49 (0.52), p=0.251 for CKD2; 3.28 (0.54) vs 3.44 (0.54), p=0.121 for CKD3; 3.19 (0.72) vs 3.43 (0.56), p= 0.112 for CKD4 and 3.09 (0.65) vs 3.47 (0.67), p<0.001 for CKD5. The results demonstrate that in an affluent Western country with a good adult health profile, low birthweight people were predisposed to higher rates of glycaemic dysregulation, high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular diseases and lower glomerular filtration rate in adult life. In all instances it would be prudent to adopt policies of intensified whole of life surveillance of lower birthweight people, anticipating this risk. The general public awareness of the effect of low birthweight on development of chronic diseases in later life is of vital importance. The general public, in addition to the awareness of people in medical practice of the role of low birthweight, will lead to a better management of this group of our population that is increasingly surviving into adulthood.

The thesis examines the relationship of birthweight to risk factors and markers, such as proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate, for chronic disease in postnatal life. It made use of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). The AusDiab study is a cross sectional study where baseline data on 11,247 participants were collected in 1999-2000. Participants were recruited from a stratified sample of Australians aged ≥ 25 years, residing in 42 randomly selected urban and non-urban areas (Census Collector Districts) of the six states of Australia and the Northern Territory. The AusDiab study collected an enormous amount of clinical and laboratory data. During the 2004-05 follow-up AusDiab survey, questions about birthweight were included. Participants were asked to state their birthweight, the likely accuracy of the stated birthweight and the source of their stated birthweight. Four hundred and twelve chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients were approached, and 339 agreed to participate in the study. The patients completed the same questionnaire. Medical records were reviewed to check the diagnoses, causes of kidney trouble and SCr levels. Two control subjects, matched for gender and age, were selected for each CKD patient from participants in the AusDiab study who reported their birthweight. Among 7,157 AusDiab participants who responded to the questionnaire, 4,502 reported their birthweights, with a mean (standard deviation) of 3.4 (0.7) kg. The benefit and disadvantages of these data are discussed in chapter three. The data were analysed for the relationship between birthweight and adult body size and composition, disorders of glucose regulation, blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, cardiovascular diseases and glomerular filtration rate. Low birthweight was associated with smaller body build and lower lean mass and total body water in both females and males. In addition low birthweight was associated with central obesity and higher body fat percentage in females, even after taking into account current physical activity and socioeconomic status. Fasting plasma glucose, post load glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin were strongly and inversely correlated with birthweight. In those with low birthweight (< 2.5 kg), the risks for having impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes and all abnormalities combined were increased by 1.75, 2.22, 2.76 and 2.28 for females and by 1.40, 1.32, 1.98 and 1.49 for males compared to those with normal birthweight (≥ 2.5 kg), respectively. Low birthweight individuals were at higher risk for having high blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and ≥ 130/85 mmHg compared to those with normal birthweight. People with low birthweight showed a trend towards increased risk for high cholesterol (≥ 5.5 mmol/l) compared to those of normal birthweight. Females with low birthweight had increased risk for high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥ 3.5 mmol/l) and triglyceride levels (≥ 1.7 mmol/l) when compared to those with normal birthweight. Males with low birthweight exhibited increased risk for low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (<0.9 mmol/l) than those with normal birthweight. Females with low birthweight were at least 1.39, 1.40, 2.30 and 1.47 times more likely to have angina, coronary artery disease, stroke and overall cardiovascular diseases respectively, compared to those ≥ 2.5 kg. Similarly, males with low birthweight were 1.76, 1.48, 3.34 and 1.70 times more likely to have angina, coronary artery disease, stroke and overall cardiovascular diseases compared to those ≥ 2.5 kg, respectively. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was strongly and positively associated with birthweight, with a predicted increase of 2.6 ml/min (CI 2.1, 3.2) and 3.8 (3.0, 4.5) for each kg of birthweight for females and males, respectively. The odd ratio (95% confidence interval) for low glomerular filtration rate (<61.0 ml/min for female and < 87.4 male) in people of low birthweight compared with those of normal birthweight was 2.04 (1.45, 2.88) for female and 3.4 (2.11, 5.36) for male. One hundred and eighty-nineCKD patients reported their birthweight; 106 were male. Their age was 60.3(15) years. Their birthweight was 3.27 (0.62) kg, vs 3.46 (0.6) kg for their AusDiab controls, p<0.001 and the proportions with birthweight<2.5 kg were 12.17% and 4.44%, p<0.001. Among CKD patients, 22.8%, 21.7%, 18% and 37.6% were in CKD stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Birthweights by CKD stage and their AusDiab controls were as follows: 3.38 (0.52) vs 3.49 (0.52), p=0.251 for CKD2; 3.28 (0.54) vs 3.44 (0.54), p=0.121 for CKD3; 3.19 (0.72) vs 3.43 (0.56), p= 0.112 for CKD4 and 3.09 (0.65) vs 3.47 (0.67), p<0.001 for CKD5. The results demonstrate that in an affluent Western country with a good adult health profile, low birthweight people were predisposed to higher rates of glycaemic dysregulation, high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular diseases and lower glomerular filtration rate in adult life. In all instances it would be prudent to adopt policies of intensified whole of life surveillance of lower birthweight people, anticipating this risk. The general public awareness of the effect of low birthweight on development of chronic diseases in later life is of vital importance. The general public, in addition to the awareness of people in medical practice of the role of low birthweight, will lead to a better management of this group of our population that is increasingly surviving into adulthood.

The thesis examines the relationship of birthweight to risk factors and markers, such as proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate, for chronic disease in postnatal life. It made use of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). The AusDiab study is a cross sectional study where baseline data on 11,247 participants were collected in 1999-2000. Participants were recruited from a stratified sample of Australians aged ≥ 25 years, residing in 42 randomly selected urban and non-urban areas (Census Collector Districts) of the six states of Australia and the Northern Territory. The AusDiab study collected an enormous amount of clinical and laboratory data. During the 2004-05 follow-up AusDiab survey, questions about birthweight were included. Participants were asked to state their birthweight, the likely accuracy of the stated birthweight and the source of their stated birthweight. Four hundred and twelve chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients were approached, and 339 agreed to participate in the study. The patients completed the same questionnaire. Medical records were reviewed to check the diagnoses, causes of kidney trouble and SCr levels. Two control subjects, matched for gender and age, were selected for each CKD patient from participants in the AusDiab study who reported their birthweight. Among 7,157 AusDiab participants who responded to the questionnaire, 4,502 reported their birthweights, with a mean (standard deviation) of 3.4 (0.7) kg. The benefit and disadvantages of these data are discussed in chapter three. The data were analysed for the relationship between birthweight and adult body size and composition, disorders of glucose regulation, blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, cardiovascular diseases and glomerular filtration rate. Low birthweight was associated with smaller body build and lower lean mass and total body water in both females and males. In addition low birthweight was associated with central obesity and higher body fat percentage in females, even after taking into account current physical activity and socioeconomic status. Fasting plasma glucose, post load glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin were strongly and inversely correlated with birthweight. In those with low birthweight (< 2.5 kg), the risks for having impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes and all abnormalities combined were increased by 1.75, 2.22, 2.76 and 2.28 for females and by 1.40, 1.32, 1.98 and 1.49 for males compared to those with normal birthweight (≥ 2.5 kg), respectively. Low birthweight individuals were at higher risk for having high blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and ≥ 130/85 mmHg compared to those with normal birthweight. People with low birthweight showed a trend towards increased risk for high cholesterol (≥ 5.5 mmol/l) compared to those of normal birthweight. Females with low birthweight had increased risk for high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥ 3.5 mmol/l) and triglyceride levels (≥ 1.7 mmol/l) when compared to those with normal birthweight. Males with low birthweight exhibited increased risk for low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (<0.9 mmol/l) than those with normal birthweight. Females with low birthweight were at least 1.39, 1.40, 2.30 and 1.47 times more likely to have angina, coronary artery disease, stroke and overall cardiovascular diseases respectively, compared to those ≥ 2.5 kg. Similarly, males with low birthweight were 1.76, 1.48, 3.34 and 1.70 times more likely to have angina, coronary artery disease, stroke and overall cardiovascular diseases compared to those ≥ 2.5 kg, respectively. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was strongly and positively associated with birthweight, with a predicted increase of 2.6 ml/min (CI 2.1, 3.2) and 3.8 (3.0, 4.5) for each kg of birthweight for females and males, respectively. The odd ratio (95% confidence interval) for low glomerular filtration rate (<61.0 ml/min for female and < 87.4 male) in people of low birthweight compared with those of normal birthweight was 2.04 (1.45, 2.88) for female and 3.4 (2.11, 5.36) for male. One hundred and eighty-nineCKD patients reported their birthweight; 106 were male. Their age was 60.3(15) years. Their birthweight was 3.27 (0.62) kg, vs 3.46 (0.6) kg for their AusDiab controls, p<0.001 and the proportions with birthweight<2.5 kg were 12.17% and 4.44%, p<0.001. Among CKD patients, 22.8%, 21.7%, 18% and 37.6% were in CKD stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Birthweights by CKD stage and their AusDiab controls were as follows: 3.38 (0.52) vs 3.49 (0.52), p=0.251 for CKD2; 3.28 (0.54) vs 3.44 (0.54), p=0.121 for CKD3; 3.19 (0.72) vs 3.43 (0.56), p= 0.112 for CKD4 and 3.09 (0.65) vs 3.47 (0.67), p<0.001 for CKD5. The results demonstrate that in an affluent Western country with a good adult health profile, low birthweight people were predisposed to higher rates of glycaemic dysregulation, high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular diseases and lower glomerular filtration rate in adult life. In all instances it would be prudent to adopt policies of intensified whole of life surveillance of lower birthweight people, anticipating this risk. The general public awareness of the effect of low birthweight on development of chronic diseases in later life is of vital importance. The general public, in addition to the awareness of people in medical practice of the role of low birthweight, will lead to a better management of this group of our population that is increasingly surviving into adulthood.