Since no lean body mass (LBM) index was available for women, the purpose of the present study was to use the formula of Behnke et al. in the calculation of an LBM Index for women.

No description available.

abstract: Vegetarian diets can provide an abundance of nutrients when planned with care. However, research suggests that vegetarian diets may have lower protein quality than omnivore diets. Current protein recommendations assume that vegetarians obtain a majority of their protein from animal products, like dairy and eggs. Studies have shown that this assumption may not be valid. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) may not be adequate in vegetarian populations with high protein requirements. The purpose of this study is to analyze dietary protein quality using the DIAAS (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score) method in both vegetarian and omnivore endurance athletes. 38 omnivores and 22 vegetarians submitted 7-day food records which were assessed using nutrition analysis software (Food Processor, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA). Dietary intake data was used to calculate DIAAS and determine the amount of available dietary protein in subject diets. Dietary data was compared with the subjects’ lean body mass (obtained using DEXA scan technology), and strength (quantified using peak torque of leg extension and flexion using an isokinetic dynamometer). Statistical analyses revealed significantly higher available protein intake in the omnivore athletes (p<.001). There were significant correlations between available protein intake and strength (p=.016) and available protein intake and lean body mass (p<.001). Omnivore subjects had higher lean body mass than vegetarian subjects (p=.011). These results suggest that vegetarian athletes may benefit from higher overall protein intakes to make up for lower dietary protein quality. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2017

The purpose of the present study is to compare the calculated creatinine coefficients of young college women based on lean body mass weight with those based on actual body weight.

The block periodization training paradigm has been shown to produce enhanced gains in strength and power. The purpose of this study is to assess resistance training induced alterations in lean body mass and cross-sectional area using a block periodization training model among individuals (n = 15) of three differing strength levels (high, moderate and low) based on one repetition maximum back squat relative to body weight. A 3 × 5 mixed-design ANOVA was used to examine within-and between-subject changes in cross-sectional area (CSA), lean body mass (LBM), lean body mass adjusted (LBMadjusted) and total body water (TBW) over an 11-week resistance training program. LBMadjusted is total body water subtracted from lean body mass. The ANOVA revealed no statistically significant between-group differences in any independent variable (p > 0.05). Within-group effects showed statistically significant increases in cross-sectional area (p < 0.001), lean body mass (p < 0.001), lean body mass adjusted (p < 0.001) and total body water (p < 0.001) from baseline to post intervention: CSA: 32.7 cm2 ± 8.6; 36.3 cm2 ± 7.2, LBM: 68.0 kg ± 9.5; 70.6 kg ± 9.4, LBMadjusted: 20.4 kg ± 3.1; 21.0 kg ± 3.3 and TBW: 49.8 kg ± 6.9; 51.7 kg ± 6.9. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest subjects experienced an increase in both lean body mass and total body water, regardless of strength level, over the course of the 11-week block periodized program. Gains in lean body mass and cross-sectional area may be due to edema at the early onset of training.

No description available.

Orangutans serve as an important species in hominoid studies given their relatedness to the genus Homo, a flagship taxon chosen to represent forest conservation efforts in Indonesia, and an intriguing model for studying alternative reproductive tactics. Despite interest in the species and their importance to their environment, orangutans are exceptionally challenging to study in the wild and captivity. In this dissertation, I investigated the life history of great apes under human care and the growth/ developmental patterns of orangutans. Studbooks, records of all births and deaths of captive animals, compose the largest life history datasets for great apes. I compared the following life history variables for the four great ape species housed in the United States: age at first successful reproduction, interbirth intervals, prenatal death rate, twinning rate, number of offspring, age at last reproduction, and lifespan. Results showed species-specific differences in median age at first birth among females, age at first successful fertilization among males, and number of offspring sired by males and produced by females. The four great ape species had similar ages at last birth among females, age at last successful fertilization among males, and interbirth intervals. Overall, I found that great apes have similar reproductive stages of their lives and capabilities when living with low ecological risk despite some of the differences that exist in their life history parameters. These findings can be used in comparative studies of humans and their most recent living biological ancestors. Next, I investigated the process of flanging in male orangutans. Male bimaturism is one of the most intriguing aspects of orangutans’ biology, yet there is still much that is unknown about the flanging process. All males begin as an unflanged male with the potential to flange at a random timepoint in their lifetime. I conducted a longitudinal study of two males, Budi who flanged and Kembali who remained unflanged, housed at the Toronto Zoo. For Budi, flanging lasted approximately two years. In this time, he increased in body size by approximately 78%, increased his testosterone levels, grew cheek flanges, and began long calling. Throughout flanging, his cortisol levels also increased and his C-peptide of insulin levels fluctuated, both signs of the energetic cost associated with flanging. These findings highlight the extent to which flanging affects male orangutans in terms of their morphology, physiology, and behavior. Lastly, I investigated differences in muscle mass amongst the three adult morphs of orangutans (females, unflanged males, flanged males). Adult unflanged males are approximately the same body size as adult females whereas adult flanged males are approximately twice the size of adult unflanged males and females. Thus, I predicted flanged males would have the greatest estimated lean body mass (ELBM) followed by unflanged males and females. To test this hypothesis, I analyzed creatinine and specific gravity in a large dataset of urine samples from orangutans under human care from zoos in the United States and a smaller dataset from wild Bornean orangutans at Gunung Palung National Park (GPNP) in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. While my predictions were supported by mean ELBM values, I did not find that the different age-sex classes of adult orangutans were statistically different from one another. When we analyzed both datasets together, however, we found that flanged males had significantly higher ELBM compared to all other age-sex classes and that wild orangutans have significantly lower ELBM compared to their captive counterparts. Given the variation in body size amongst age-sex classes, I believe that sex differences in muscle mass will be distinguishable with a larger sample size. Collectively, these findings in my dissertation highlight differences amongst the life history patterns of great apes, which have classically been viewed as being largely similar to one another, and the distinctiveness of having three adult morphs in a primate species. / 2025-06-27T00:00:00Z

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Nutrition and recovery go hand in hand. After a resistance training workout, it is extremely important for athletes to rebuild and refuel their bodies with the proper nourishment to obtain maximal results. In doing so, they consume different recovery aids or ergogenic aids for gains in muscle mass, an aid in hydration, and a speedy recovery. Ergogenic aids can include many things (i.e., improved equipment, training program), but one of the most popular types of ergogenic aids is nutritional supplements such as protein, carbohydrates, creatine, and vitamins. A nutritional supplement that has recently grown in popularity is chocolate milk. Currently, no studies exist comparing the effects of fat-free chocolate milk and 2% chocolate milk on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate softball players. The purpose of this study will be to determine the effects of fat-free and 2% chocolate milk ingestion on body composition and muscular strength following eight weeks of resistance training. In a randomized (matched according to strength and bodyweight), double blind experimental design, 18 female, collegiate softball players (18.5 +_ .7 yrs; 65.7 +_ 1.8 inches; 156.2 +_ 21.6 lbs) ingested either fat-free chocolate milk or 2% chocolate milk immediately after resistance exercise workouts for an 8-week period. Dependent variables included body fat percentage, lean muscle mass, bench press 1RM, and leg press 1RM. Data was analyzed via a paired samples t-test (to detect difference across both groups over the 8-week training period) and an independent samples t-test (to detect differences between the groups) using SPSS for Windows 15.0. No statistically significant differences were found in bench press strength, leg press strength, body fat %, and lean body mass between the fat-free group and the 2% chocolate milk group. The major finding of this study is that there is no difference between fat-free chocolate milk and 2% chocolate milk in regards to body fat percentage, lean body mass, bench press maximal strength, and leg press maximal strength following an eight week exercise program where the chocolate milk was ingested immediately after each workout. However, there was a significant difference in both groups combined after the eight week training program. Therefore, from a practical sense, consumption of either fat-free chocolate milk or 2% chocolate milk in conjunction with a periodized resistance training program does improve exercise performance in regards to maximal strength as well as improvements in body fat percentage and lean body mass.

The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the interrelationships of several important fitness characteristics in Division 1 athletes. Sport performance magnitude is the summation of an individual athlete’s technical, psychological, and fitness characteristics. Athletes who excel in any or all characteristics perform better in their chosen sports. General fitness characteristics that are important to almost all sports include strength, power, vertical jump height, shortdistance sprinting ability, muscularity, and body fat percentage. These variables have been shown in previous research to independently affect athletic performance outcomes, but their relationships to one another are less clear. Eighty Division I athletes from 4 sports were examined in a variety of fitness characteristics as part of a continuous athlete monitoring program. Data on strength, power, vertical jump height, short-distance sprinting speed, muscularity, and body fat percentage were collected and analyzed. Analysis revealed several important relationships. Firstly, strength is highly related to muscularity, with lean body mass as one of the most important determinants of strength. Secondly, athletes who can produce high relative (scaled per body mass) forces and powers tend to be considerably higher jumpers and much faster sprinters. Lastly, leaner athletes out-perform less lean athletes in almost every metric, especially relative strength and power, vertical jumping ability, and sprinting ability.