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M.A. (Afrikaans) / Language is the heartbeat of broadcasting, and is regarded primarily as a means of communication that is used for different purposes in different situations. The register of broadcasting language embodies and perpetuates standard language, and fits the specific situation or circumstance in terms of formal, informal and stylistically neutral language. It could be said that the various forms of Afrikaans cannot be regarded as right or wrong, but should be measured against the norms for the situation in which, and the purpose for which, it is used. All the varieties of Afrikaans are of equal value and each register has its rightful place, measured against the standards of functionality with regard to situation and purpose. The Komitee vir Taaladvies (KTA), as the official normative body for the Afrikaans of the SABC, does not act as a competitive linguistic standardiser, but is definitely in an authoritative position in the speech community when it comes to pronouncements on the standardisation of language. The KTA's approach to the usage corpus is that each item should provoke the least resistance from viewers and listeners. The KTA's objective is to promote communication by applying standardisation of language and using standard Afrikaans as the model. The KTA, the Language Bureau and the staff of the Language Bureau apply the generally recognised norms for standardising the formal broadcasting register of Afrikaans that promotes communication in Afrikaans. A lay phonetic system was developed for SAUKT and received favourably by the Language Bureau and the KTA. The system is easily understood since it is modelled on written Afrikaans.

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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study comprises an investigation into the restandardisation of Afrikaans. Since the 1980s, there have been various calls from the Afrikaans speech community for the democratisation of Afrikaans by making it representative of the whole Afrikaans speech community. Despite these calls for the restandardisation of Afrikaans, a matter which has been brought to the fore in recent years, there are still no real theoretically-based and practical suggestions for such a project. The practical approach to the restandardisation of Afrikaans suggested in this study, with a specific focus on the restandardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, informs the suggestion of a model by which such a planned restandardisation programme for Afrikaans could be carried out. This is done based on existing theories of standardisation and restandardisation, as well as a thorough investigation into the history of the standardisation of Afrikaans in order to determine the reasons underlying this need for its restandardisation. Firstly, relevant theories of standardisation are considered in order to determine which aspects of language standardisation give rise to restandardisation and play the most important role in it. The history of the standardisation of Afrikaans is also considered, in order to indicate the factors which gave rise to the calls for the restandardisation of Afrikaans. The world-wide phenomenon of destandardisation – an increasing trend by which the validity of standardised languages is called into question – is subsequently considered. Following this, restandardisation is considered in greater detail. Although the term is used widely, there are not yet thorough theoretical descriptions of the nature of the process itself. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical consideration of what restandardisation comprises. An investigation into various examples of attempts at the restandardisation of languages in South Africa, Africa, and the rest of the world serves as a backdrop against which the need for the restandardisation of Afrikaans is discussed. The standardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, as outlined in the ten issues of the Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls (“Afrikaans word list and spelling rules”) which have been published to date, is the next research focus. The purpose of this critical evaluation of the primary source for orthographic standardisation of Afrikaans is to point out the weaknesses in the current standardisation process which necessitate a new approach to the standardisation of Afrikaans (and by extension, its restandardisation). Finally, a model is presented for the restandardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, but also Afrikaans as a whole, based on various theoretical and practical considerations contained in the study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans onder die loep geneem. Dit word gedoen teen die agtergrond van verskeie oproepe vanuit die Afrikaanse spraakgemeenskap sedert die 1980’s om Standaardafrikaans te demokratiseer deur dit verteenwoordigend te maak van die totale Afrikaanse spraakgemeenskap. Ten spyte van hierdie oproepe om die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans wat in die afgelope aantal jare op die spits gedryf is, ontbreek daar egter nog teoreties gefundeerde, praktiese voorstelle vir hoe so ’n herstandaardiseringsprojek daar sal uitsien. Hierdie studie verteenwoordig ’n praktiese benadering tot die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans, met ’n besondere fokus op die herstandaardisering van die Afrikaanse ortografie, deur ’n model daar te stel waarvolgens so ’n beoogde herstandaardiseringsprogram vir Afrikaans kan geskied. Dit word gedoen aan die hand van bestaande standaardiserings- en herstandaardiseringsteorie en ’n grondige ondersoek na die standaardiseringsgeskiedenis van Afrikaans ten einde te bepaal wat aanleiding gegee het tot hierdie herstandaardiseringstrewe in Afrikaans. Eerstens word daar gekyk na relevante standaardiseringsteorieë ten einde die belangrikste aspekte van taalstandaardisering te belig wat ’n rol speel in en aanleiding gee tot herstandaardisering. Die standaardiseringsgeskiedenis van Afrikaans word ook in oënskou geneem om te dui op die aspekte wat aanleiding gegee het tot die oproepe om die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans. Vervolgens word daar na die wêreldwye tendens van destandaardisering gekyk waardeur die geldigheid van standaardtale toenemend bevraagteken word. Hierna word herstandaardisering van nader beskou. Alhoewel die term reeds wyd gebruik word, bestaan daar nog nie diepgaande teoretiese beskrywings oor die aard van hierdie proses nie. Daar word dus vervolgens teoreties besin oor wat herstandaardisering behels. Verskeie voorbeelde van pogings tot die herstandaardisering van tale in Suid-Afrika, Afrika, en die res van die wêreld word ondersoek, waarna die redes vir ’n behoefte aan die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans uiteengesit word. Die standaardisering van die Afrikaanse ortografie, soos uiteengesit in die tien uitgawes van die Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls wat tot op hede verskyn het, kom volgende as navorsingsfokus aan bod. Die doel van hierdie kritiese evaluering van die primêre ortografiese standaardiseringsbron van Afrikaans is om te dui op die swakplekke in die huidige standaardiseringsproses wat ’n nuwe benadering tot die standaardisering van Afrikaans (dus die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans) noodsaak. Ten slotte word ’n model vir die herstandaardisering van die Afrikaanse ortografie, maar ook Afrikaans in geheel, voorgestel aan die hand van verskeie teoretiese en praktiese oorwegings soos in die loop van die studie uiteengesit.

In this thesis I discuss the semantic basis of the morphological form of predicates in N+e?képmx, a Northern Interior Salish language. Intransitive and transitive use of roots in Nle7képmx is morphologically marked; intransitives use a set of primary affixes and transitives use a set of transitivizers. I document the behavior of these morpho syntactic affixes with a subset of the predicates of Me?képmx to determine what is optional, what is obligatory and what is blocked. I link this to an analysis of argument structure of predicates and subsequently create a classification of predicate types. I present an overview of the intransitive and transitive morphology of Meképmx in Chapter One. In Chapter Two I discuss current literature regarding the syntactic and semantic diagnostics of unaccusative and unergative verbs. I create a semantic classification of the set of roots, and discuss the behavior of roots with morpho-syntactic affixes to determine the diagnostic potential of the affixes. In Chapter Three I discuss the potential of an intransitive-transitive classification of roots. The data show that there is an unergative and unaccusative distinction in the language, specific aspectual morpho-syntactic diagnostics distinguish unaccusatives and causative and desiderative distinguish unergatives. The traditional analyses of Salish languages as having a majority of unaccusative roots and no underlying transitives is confirmed.

Acompanha: Glossário de termos biológicos em língua brasileira de sinais (GBLI) / No processo de ensino-aprendizagem de alunos surdos, em especial no ensino de biologia, muitos tradutores intérpretes de libras e professores regentes, em razão da carência de sinais específicos de diversas áreas do conhecimento na língua de sinais, têm dificuldades em transmitir ideias e conceitos específicos, o que gera incompreensão e perda na agilidade de transferência de informações (SOUZA; SILVEIRA, 2011). Diante disso, alguns alunos surdos de um colégio da região norte do Paraná, motivados por um espírito empreendedor e auxiliados por professores de biologia e intérpretes de libras, empenharam-se em dicionarizar os principais termos de biologia presentes em livros didáticos do ensino médio. Esta dissertação apresenta a avaliação e aplicação de uma ferramenta de apoio (glossário de libras) no ensino de biologia do ensino médio para alunos surdos. Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa foram: identificar as dificuldades no ensino de biologia para alunos surdos, determinar a carência de sinais no ensino de biologia para os alunos surdos do ensino médio, propor para a comunidade de alunos surdos e professores de biologia do ensino médio um conjunto de sinais que pudesse contribuir para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, avaliar a adequação dos sinais propostos ao cotidiano da sala de aula e apresentar à comunidade do ensino médio um glossário de libras para a área de biologia. Os estudos bibliográficos contemplados nesta pesquisa foram histórico da educação de surdos, estrutura linguística da língua de sinais e restrições para a formação de novos sinais, as necessidades de termos científicos específicos para o ensino e aprendizagem de alunos surdos e o empreendedorismo e sua relação no meio educacional. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se questionários abertos e fechados com professores regentes de biologia e alunos surdos do ensino médio de um colégio estadual do norte do Paraná. Os resultados obtidos por meio da pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa demonstraram a real necessidade de um produto educacional que favorecesse a aprendizagem de termos científicos-biológicos em libras. / In the process of teaching and learning of deaf students, especially in biology teaching, many sign language translators-interpreters and school teachers find difficulties to convey specific ideas and concepts, which create misunderstanding and loss of information transfer agility (SOUZA; SILVEIRA, 2011). This is due to lack of specific signals from different areas of knowledge in sign language. Therefore, some deaf students from a school in the northern region of Paraná, motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit and aided by biology teachers and sign language interpreters, endeavored to dictionarize the main terms of biology present in teaching high school books. This work presents the evaluation and application of a support tool (sign language glossary) in teaching high school biology to deaf students. The specific objectives of the research were to identify the difficulties in teaching biology to deaf students, determine the lack of signs in biology education for the deaf high school students, proposing to the community of deaf students and high school biology teachers a set of signs that could contribute to the process of teaching and learning, assessing the adequacy of signs proposed to the classroom everyday and submit to the high school community a sign language glossary for the biology area. The theoretical basis of this research consisted in the history of deaf education in the linguistic structure of sign language and restrictions on the formation of new signs, the needs of specific scientific terms for teaching and learning of deaf students and the entrepreneurship and its relationship in the educational environment. For data collection, it was used open and closed questionnaires with biology school teachers and deaf high school students from a state school in northern Paraná. The results obtained through a qualitative and quantitative research demonstrated the real need for an educational product that favors the learning of scientific / biological terms in sign language.

Acompanha: Glossário de termos biológicos em língua brasileira de sinais (GBLI) / No processo de ensino-aprendizagem de alunos surdos, em especial no ensino de biologia, muitos tradutores intérpretes de libras e professores regentes, em razão da carência de sinais específicos de diversas áreas do conhecimento na língua de sinais, têm dificuldades em transmitir ideias e conceitos específicos, o que gera incompreensão e perda na agilidade de transferência de informações (SOUZA; SILVEIRA, 2011). Diante disso, alguns alunos surdos de um colégio da região norte do Paraná, motivados por um espírito empreendedor e auxiliados por professores de biologia e intérpretes de libras, empenharam-se em dicionarizar os principais termos de biologia presentes em livros didáticos do ensino médio. Esta dissertação apresenta a avaliação e aplicação de uma ferramenta de apoio (glossário de libras) no ensino de biologia do ensino médio para alunos surdos. Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa foram: identificar as dificuldades no ensino de biologia para alunos surdos, determinar a carência de sinais no ensino de biologia para os alunos surdos do ensino médio, propor para a comunidade de alunos surdos e professores de biologia do ensino médio um conjunto de sinais que pudesse contribuir para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, avaliar a adequação dos sinais propostos ao cotidiano da sala de aula e apresentar à comunidade do ensino médio um glossário de libras para a área de biologia. Os estudos bibliográficos contemplados nesta pesquisa foram histórico da educação de surdos, estrutura linguística da língua de sinais e restrições para a formação de novos sinais, as necessidades de termos científicos específicos para o ensino e aprendizagem de alunos surdos e o empreendedorismo e sua relação no meio educacional. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se questionários abertos e fechados com professores regentes de biologia e alunos surdos do ensino médio de um colégio estadual do norte do Paraná. Os resultados obtidos por meio da pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa demonstraram a real necessidade de um produto educacional que favorecesse a aprendizagem de termos científicos-biológicos em libras. / In the process of teaching and learning of deaf students, especially in biology teaching, many sign language translators-interpreters and school teachers find difficulties to convey specific ideas and concepts, which create misunderstanding and loss of information transfer agility (SOUZA; SILVEIRA, 2011). This is due to lack of specific signals from different areas of knowledge in sign language. Therefore, some deaf students from a school in the northern region of Paraná, motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit and aided by biology teachers and sign language interpreters, endeavored to dictionarize the main terms of biology present in teaching high school books. This work presents the evaluation and application of a support tool (sign language glossary) in teaching high school biology to deaf students. The specific objectives of the research were to identify the difficulties in teaching biology to deaf students, determine the lack of signs in biology education for the deaf high school students, proposing to the community of deaf students and high school biology teachers a set of signs that could contribute to the process of teaching and learning, assessing the adequacy of signs proposed to the classroom everyday and submit to the high school community a sign language glossary for the biology area. The theoretical basis of this research consisted in the history of deaf education in the linguistic structure of sign language and restrictions on the formation of new signs, the needs of specific scientific terms for teaching and learning of deaf students and the entrepreneurship and its relationship in the educational environment. For data collection, it was used open and closed questionnaires with biology school teachers and deaf high school students from a state school in northern Paraná. The results obtained through a qualitative and quantitative research demonstrated the real need for an educational product that favors the learning of scientific / biological terms in sign language.

In this thesis I discuss the semantic basis of the morphological form of predicates in N+e?képmx, a Northern Interior Salish language. Intransitive and transitive use of roots in Nle7képmx is morphologically marked; intransitives use a set of primary affixes and transitives use a set of transitivizers. I document the behavior of these morpho syntactic affixes with a subset of the predicates of Me?képmx to determine what is optional, what is obligatory and what is blocked. I link this to an analysis of argument structure of predicates and subsequently create a classification of predicate types. I present an overview of the intransitive and transitive morphology of Meképmx in Chapter One. In Chapter Two I discuss current literature regarding the syntactic and semantic diagnostics of unaccusative and unergative verbs. I create a semantic classification of the set of roots, and discuss the behavior of roots with morpho-syntactic affixes to determine the diagnostic potential of the affixes. In Chapter Three I discuss the potential of an intransitive-transitive classification of roots. The data show that there is an unergative and unaccusative distinction in the language, specific aspectual morpho-syntactic diagnostics distinguish unaccusatives and causative and desiderative distinguish unergatives. The traditional analyses of Salish languages as having a majority of unaccusative roots and no underlying transitives is confirmed. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Portuguese

No description available.