Orientador: Eduardo Rochete Ropelle / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T14:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pauli_LucianaSantosSouza_M.pdf: 2136192 bytes, checksum: ba071049e1cda0b7eb5230076d5d4b4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A proteína MKP-3 (MAPK phosphatase-3) possui capacidade de associar-se fisicamente e desfosforilar a FoxO1 no fígado, resultando em aumento da gliconeogênese e hiperglicemia na condição de obesidade e diabetes. Por outro lado, o exercício físico é uma das estratégias não farmacológicas mais utilizadas para a melhora do perfil glicêmico em pacientes diabéticos, no entanto, suas ações no tecido hepático são pouco conhecidas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos do treinamento físico sobre a expressão proteica da MKP-3, bem como sua interação com a FoxO1 em fígado de animais obesos. Ademais, tem como objetivo avaliar o mecanismo pelo qual o exercício físico é capaz de inibir a proteína MKP-3 em tecido hepático. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss machos que receberam por 16 semanas uma dieta padrão ou rica em gordura. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em seis grupos: controle (C), obeso sedentário (OB), obeso exercitado (EXE), obeso tratado com oligonucleotídeo antisense MKP-3 (OB-ASO), obeso tratado com sense MKP-3 (OB-sense) e obeso submetido ao treinamento físico e ao tratamento com antisense MKP-3 concomitantemente (OB-EXE-ASO). O protocolo de treinamento físico consistiu de natação com sessões de 60 minutos, 5 vezes por semana, com carga equivalente a 5% da massa corporal total do animal. O tratamento com antisense foi realizado através de injeções duas vezes ao dia, com um volume total de 2.0 ?l por dose (4.0 nmol/?l) por 5 dias. Ao final do experimento foram realizados os testes de tolerância ao piruvato (TTP) e teste de tolerância à insulina (TTI). Além disso, foram avaliados parâmetros fisiológicos (ingestão calórica, massa corporal, glicemia e insulinemia de jejum) e a análise molecular das proteínas (MKP-3, FoxO1, PGC1?, HNF-4?, PEPCK, G6Pase, ERK e CK2?) através das técnicas de imunoblot e imunoprecipitação. Utilizou-se a técnica de imunohistoquímica para análise da co-localização da MKP-3 no fígado dos animais. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o treinamento físico diminuiu expressão proteica de MKP-3 e a associação FoxO1/MKP-3 no fígado dos animais obesos. Além disso, camundongos obesos treinados apresentaram maiores níveis de FoxO1 fosforilada e diminuição da expressão das proteínas PGC-1? e HNF-4???no fígado se comparado aos animais obesos não submetidos ao treinamento físico. Verificam-se também menores níveis das enzimas gliconeogênicas PEPCK e G6Pase nos animais obesos treinados se comparado aos seus pares sedentários. Estes resultados a nível molecular foram acompanhados por alterações fisiológicas incluindo aumento da sensibilidade à insulina no fígado, menor produção hepática de glicose e redução da hiperglicemia nos camundongos obesos, independentemente da redução da massa corporal total. Ademais, não foram encontrados efeitos aditivos sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos e moleculares com o tratamento de oligonucleotídeo antisense MKP-3 e treinamento físico realizado concomitantemente nos animais obesos. Por fim, os efeitos supressivos do treinamento físico sobre a proteína MKP-3 parecem estar relacionados, no mínimo em parte, a diminuição na fosforilação das ERKs no fígado de camundongos obesos / Abstract: The protein MKP-3 (MAPK phosphatase-3) has the ability to physically associate with and dephosphorylate the FoxO1 in the liver, resulting in increased gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia in the condition of obesity and diabetes. On the other hand, exercise is one of the most used non-pharmacological strategies for improving glycemic control in diabetic patients; however, their actions in liver tissue are poorly explored. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise on the expression of MKP-3 and its interaction with FoxO1 in the liver of obese animals. Furthermore, aimed at evaluating the mechanism by which physical exercise is able to inhibit protein MKP-3 in the liver. We used male Swiss mice that received a standard diet or high fat for 16 weeks. The animals were randomly divided into six groups: control (C), sedentary obese (OB), obese exercised (EXE), obese treated with MKP-3 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO-OB), obese treated with sense MKP-3 (OB- sense) and obese subjected to physical training and treatment with antisense MKP-3 concomitantly (OB-EXE-ASO). The protocol consisted of swimming exercise training with sessions of 60 minutes, five times per week with a load equivalent to 5% of the total body mass of the animal. Treatment with antisense was performed by injection twice daily, with a total volume of 2.0 ul per dose (4.0 nmol / microl) for 5 days. At the end of the experiment were performed to pyruvate tolerance tests (PTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Furthermore, physiological parameters were evaluated (caloric intake, body weight, blood glucose and fasting insulin) and molecular analysis of proteins (MKP-3, FoxO1, PGC1a, HNF-4a PEPECK, G6Pase, ERK and CK2?) by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation techniques. The immunohistochemistry technique was utilized to evaluate the co-localization of MKP-3 in the liver of the animals. The results showed that physical training decreased the protein expression of MKP-3 and association FoxO1/MKP-3. Further, trained obese mice had higher levels of phosphorylated FoxO1 and decreased PGC-1? and HNF-4??? There was also a decrease in the protein levels of PEPCK and G6Pase in the liver of mice exercised compared to sedentary obese mice. These results at molecular level were accompanied by physiological changes including increased insulin sensitivity in the liver, reduced hepatic glucose production and reduce hyperglycemia in obese mice, regardless of reducing total body mass. In addition, there were no additive effects of treatment with antisense oligonucleotide MKP-3 and physical training performed concurrently in obese animals. Finally, the suppressive effects of physical training on MKP-3 protein appear to be related at least in part, the decrease in phosphorylation of ERKs in the livers of obese mice / Mestrado / Metabolismo e Biologia Molecular / Mestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo

L'objectif de ce travail est de développer un système catalytique hétérogène pour l'époxydation en utilisant directement O2 de l'air plutôt que H2O2 commercial. La stratégie adoptée a été de coupler la production in situ de H2O2, catalysée par la glucose oxydase (GOx), avec un catalyseur à base de Ti. La GOx a été immobilisée de manière covalente sur une mousse silicique mesocellulaire (MCF) amino-fonctionnalisée puis la stabilité thermique et aux solvants organiques de MCF-NH2-GOx a été étudiée. L'approche visant à ancrer Ti puis la GOx sur le même support n’a pas abouti à un catalyseur tandem efficace du fait d'un recouvrement de Ti par –NH2. L’hydrophilie de MCF apparaît, de plus, défavoriser l'oxydation d'alcènes organosolubles. Une option a consisté à utiliser la zéolithe TS-1 hydrophobe et réputée fonctionner en milieu aqueux mais dont les micropores ne peuvent loger la GOx. Cette dernière, associée à MCF-NH2-GOx en mélange mécanique, s’est montrée performante pour l'oxydation du cyclohexène dans MeOH/tampon acétate 50:50 à 35°C (rendement de 50% en époxyde et ses dérivés). D’encore meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus pour le prop-2-ène-1-ol en milieu aqueux à 40°C (rendement de 87% en glycérol). L’attaque basique de TS-1 crée une porosité suffisante pour loger la GOx, mais endommage son activité. En revanche, le recouvrement de MCF par un film de TS-1 a eu un effet bénéfique sur l’oxydation du prop-2-ène-1-ol dans l’eau par H2O2. Enfin, la porphyrine Mn-TCPP s’est montrée efficace comme catalyseur d'oxydation en tandem avec la GOx en solution mais, en cas d’immobilisation sur le support silicique MCF, la formation d’un précipité inhibe son activité. / The objective of this work was to develop an heterogeneous catalyst system supplied by dioxygen, rather than commercial H2O2, in order to carry out epoxidation reactions. Our strategy was to couple the in situ production of H2O2, catalyzed by glucose oxidase (GOx), with a Ti-based catalyst. The enzyme was covalently grafted onto a silicic mesocellular foam (MCF) functionalized by aminopropyle groups, then the thermal stability and behavior in organic solvents of the resulting material were investigated. The approach aiming at anchoring Ti, then GOx on the same support did not result in an effective tandem catalyst because of a too high –NH2 surface coverage. Hydrophilicity of MCF makes the oxidation of organosoluble alkenes unefficient. An alternative approach consisted in using the hydrophobic TS-1 zeolite known to operate in aqueous medium but whose micropores do not allow GOx hosting. However, TS-1 combined in a mechanical mixture with GOX immobilized on MCF turned out to be effective for the oxidation of cyclohexene in MeOH/acetate buffer 50:50 at 35°C (50% yield of epoxide and its derivatives). Even better performances were obtained for prop-2-ene-1-ol oxidation in aqueous medium at 40°C (87 % yield of glycerol). The basic attack of TS-1 has created mesoporosity to host GOx but damaged active Ti sites. On the other hand, TS-1 coated MCF appeared to be a good option having a beneficial effect on the oxidation of prop-2-en-1-ol in water by H2O2. Finally, a manganese porphyrin, Mn-TCPP, was also tested successfully as alkene oxidation catalyst in combination with GOx but, in case of immobilization, the presence of the silicate support lead to a deactivated catalyst.

Four studies investigating the assessment of glycaemic control in cystic fibrosis are presented within this thesis. The first was a validation study of continual glucose monitoring (CGM) in cystic fibrosis (CF). 50 stable adults with CF underwent home CGM for 3 days, during which time they attended the CF centre for OGTT. Gold standard fasting (0 hour) plasma glucose and 2 hour plasma glucose values during OGTT were compared with concurrent CGM sensor glucose values using a 'limits of agreement' analysis. CGM was found to be valid in adults with CF, with its accuracy being consistent with that published in non-CF populations. The next investigation compared OGTT with CGM with several objectives: to determine whether OGTT is a relevant and adequate measure of glycaemia in CF, find out whether CGM could offer a superior alternative to OGTT and explore whether OGTT and CGM results are associated with prior change in lung function and weight in adults with CF. Data from the first study was used to show that the OGTT can only identify abnormal glycaemic control in CF at a late stage, and that CGM is a more relevant reflection of everyday glycaemia in CF. No correlation was found between prior change in lung function and nutritional status in CF and glycaemia measured by OGTT or CGM. The subsequent study investigated whether CGM could identify early abnormal glycaemic control in CF. This involved ten non-CF healthy controls undergoing the same study protocol as the 50 stable adults with CF, to determine 'normal' glycaemic control parameters. Of 25 CF patients with normal glucose tolerance by OGTT, 19 (76%) had significantly higher mean and/or variability of CGM levels than healthy controls. This lead to changes in their management, including 2 subjects being commenced on insulin therapy. The final investigation was a questionnaire study, asking the 50 CF patients to provide information on their experience of undergoing CGM. 58% of patients responded, with replies indicating that they found CGM broadly acceptable, interfering little in their lives and that their experiences were generally positive. This insight into patients' experiences of CGM can be used to guide future clinical and research roles for this tool. These studies have provided novel data regarding the assessment of glycaemic in CF. Information captured by CGM has greater relevance to CF patients' daily lives than OGTT. CGM can identify early problems with glycaemic control leading to changes in management that may not be detected by conventional measures. CGM offers potential in further clinical application and research to improve the lives and outcomes for adults with CF.

Aerobic exercise interventions involving individuals with type 1 diabetes have had little positive effect on blood glucose control as reflected by hemoglobin A1c. The few existing interventions involving resistance exercise, either alone or combined with aerobic exercise, while small in sample size, have had better outcomes. The purpose of this research program was to examine the changes in blood glucose levels during activity and for 24 hours post-exercise (as measured by continuous glucose monitoring) when resistance exercise is performed, either on its own or combined with aerobic exercise, as compared to aerobic exercise alone or no exercise. Twelve physically active individuals with type 1 diabetes performed 5 separate exercise sessions in random order separated by at least five days: 1) no exercise/control; 2) aerobic exercise (45 minutes of treadmill running at 60% VO2peak); 3) resistance exercise (45 minutes of weight lifting – 3 sets of 8 repetitions of 7 different exercises); 4) aerobic then resistance exercise (2 and 3 combined with the aerobic exercise first); 5) resistance then aerobic exercise (2 and 3 combined with the resistance exercise first). We found that resistance exercise was associated with a lower risk of hypoglycemia during exercise, less carbohydrate intake during exercise, less post-exercise hyperglycemia and more frequent (but less severe) nocturnal hypoglycemia than aerobic exercise. When aerobic and resistance exercise were combined, performing resistance exercise prior to aerobic exercise (rather than the reverse) resulted in attenuated declines in blood glucose during aerobic exercise, accompanied by a lower need for carbohydrate supplementation during exercise and a trend towards milder post-exercise nocturnal hypoglycemia.

This thesis investigates the ability of rainbow trout to modulate hepatic glucose production (Ra) and disposal (Rd). My goals were to determine: (1) if resting trout can modulate fluxes to cope with exogenous glucose; (2) how fluxes change during graded swimming; (3) how exogenous glucose affects swimming kinetics; and (4) if exogenous glucose affects cost of transport or performance. Results show that resting trout suppress Ra completely and stimulate Rd from 10.6 to 27.6 μmol kg-1 min-1. During swimming, fluxes increase from 15.6 to 21.9 μmol kg-1 min-1, but only at speeds >2.4 BL s-1. When given glucose, trout suppress Ra from 16.4 to 4.1 μmol kg-1 min-1 and stimulate Rd from 16.4 to 40.1 μmol kg-1 min-1. Glucose lowers metabolic rate but does not affect critical swimming speed. Therefore, this research shows that rainbow trout have a much better capacity for glucoregulation than generally suggested by current literature.

Les signalisations oncogéniques induisent une consommation accrue de glucose qui n'est que partiellement satisfaite par le microenvironnement. Pour s'adapter et survivre à ce stress métabolique, les cellules malignes mettent en jeu des mécanismes qui restent mal compris. Nos travaux montrent que cette limitation en glucose a pour principale conséquence de déclencher une apoptose via la voie de signalisation PERK-CHOP de la réponse à un stress du réticulum endoplasmique (SRE), nommée Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Nous avons découvert que le RE est capable de sentir la carence en glucose via la diminution de la disponibilité en UDP Nacétylglucosamine produit par la voie des hexosamines. La délétion du facteur pro-Apoptotique CHOP dans un modèle de cancer spontané du poumon induit par KrasG12V chez la souris augmente l'incidence tumorale, confirmant que le SRE constitue un mécanisme cellulaire de sauvegarde anti-Tumoral. Nous montrons également que le franchissement de cette barrière implique l'atténuation sélective de la voie PERK-CHOP par la protéine chaperon p58IPK, qui permet aux cellules de bénéficier en retour des effets protecteurs des autres voies d'un UPR devenu chronique. Ces résultats révèlent une dualité fonctionnelle pour le stress du RE dans la tumorigenèse contrôlée, au moins pour partie, par la protéine p58IPK / During carcinogenesis, oncogene activation induces high glucose avidity that outstrips the microenvironment supply until angiogenesis occurs. How malignant cells cope with this potentially lethal metabolic stress remains poorly understood. We found that oncogene-Driven glucose shortage triggers apoptosis through the PERK-CHOP pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR). Deletion of the pro-Apoptotic UPR effector CHOP in a mouse model of KrasG12V induced lung cancer increases tumour incidence, strongly supporting the notion that ER stress serves as a barrier to malignancy. Overcoming this barrier requires the selective attenuation of the PERK-CHOP arm of the UPR by the molecular chaperone p58IPK. Furthermore, p58IPK-Mediated adaptive response enables cells to benefit from the protective features of chronic UPR. Altogether, these results show that ER stress activation and p58IPK expression control the fate of malignant cells facing glucose shortage

Le diabète de type 2 se caractérise par une résistance à l’insuline dans les tissus périphériques, une déficience de sécrétion d’insuline et une augmentation de la production endogène de glucose. Notre but a été de démontrer le rôle spécifique de la production hépatique de glucose dans le développement du diabète. Nous avons développé un modèle de souris invalidées pour le gène codant pour la sous-unité catalytique de la G6Pase, enzyme clé de la production de glucose, spécifiquement dans le foie. Sous alimentation diabétogène, les souris transgéniques résistent au développement de l’hyperglycémie et l’hyperinsulinémie, et présentent une amélioration de la sensibilité à l’insuline et une augmentation du captage périphérique de glucose. Ces souris résistent également à l’obésité induite par ce régime déséquilibré, en liaison avec l’augmentation de la dépense énergétique, associée à l’induction des médiateurs de la thermogenèse dans les tissus adipeux brun et blanc, et au remodelage du muscle squelettique vers un phénotype oxydative. La délétion de la G6PC hépatique chez des souris rendues obèses et diabétiques résulte en une amélioration spectaculaire et rapide du métabolisme glucidique, et une stabilisation de la masse corporelle des souris obèses, associée à une induction des gènes du métabolisme oxydative dans les tissus périphériques.Ces effets bénéfiques pourraient être dus à l’augmentation de la sécrétion de facteurs hépatiques circulants connus pour réguler le métabolisme énergétique et glucidique dans les tissus périphériques. Ces travaux démontrent le rôle délétère de la production hépatique de glucose dans le développement du diabète et de l’obésité / Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance of glucose uptake by peripheral tissues, insulin secretion deficiency and increased endogenous glucose production. Our aim is to demonstrate the specific role of hepatic glucose production in triggering insulin resistance and diabetes. For that, we developed an inducible and liver-specific knock-out mouse model for the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of G6Pase, a key enzyme of glucose production. When fed a high fat/high sucrose diet, transgenic mice resisted to the development of fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, and even showed enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. These mice are also resistant to diet induced obesity, due to the induction of basal metabolism, associated with increased brown and white adipose tissue thermogenesis machinery and remodeling of skeletal muscle towards a more oxidative phenotype. When liver G6pc deletion was realized in obese and diabetic mice, this resulted in a spectacular and early amelioration of glucose metabolism compared to that before liver G6pc deletion, and to stabilization of body mass of obese mice, which was associated with induction of oxidative genes in peripheral tissues. These beneficial effects could be explained by the secretion of hepatic circulating hormones known to control glucose and energy metabolism in peripheral tissues. This work underlines the deleterious role of hepatic glucose production in the development of obesity and diabetes, and sets the liver as a master-switch in the regulation of whole-body glucose and energy metabolism

Les lipopolysaccharides sont des molécules présentes à la surface des bactéries Gram(-). Dans certaines situations, ces molécules se retrouvent dans la circulation sanguine et induisent une réponse inflammatoire. Quelle que soit l’intensité de la réponse initiée par les LPS, de profondes perturbations métaboliques vont avoir lieu. Le métabolisme glucidique est particulièrement affecté. Chez l’homme, en cas d’infection sévère, telle que le sepsis, le contrôle strict de l’hyperglycémie induite par les LPS via une insulinothérapie est le sujet d’actives recherches de la communauté scientifique et médicale. Par ailleurs, ces dernières années, est apparue la notion d’endotoxémie métabolique, réliée en partie à des régimes alimentaires riches en graisses. Les LPS seraient l’un des nombreux facteurs impliqués dans l’étiologie des maladies métaboliques. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié la réponse de l’organisme au glucose dans le cas d’endotoxémie expérimentale contrôlée. Exclusivement basée sur l’étude de différents modèles animaux, notre approche expérimentale a permis de montrer que l’administration aigüe ou continue de LPS, induisait une augmentation de la sécrétion d’insuline stimulée par le glucose ainsi qu’une augmentation de la clairance du glucose. Enfin, cette augmentation de sécrétion d’insuline était due à une augmentation des taux circulants de glucagon like peptide-1(GLP-1) et que le récepteur au GLP-1 était impliqué dans cette réponse. Elucider les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine de la perturbation du métabolisme glucidique en réponse aux LPS permettra de mieux appréhender les conséquences physiologiques et pathologiques induites par ces molécules. / Lipopolysacharrides are molecules present on the surface of Gram (-) bacteria. In some situations, these molecules enter in the bloodstream. They induce an inflammatory reaction. Whatever the intensity of the response initiated by LPS, profound metabolic disturbances will take place. Carbohydrate metabolism is particularly affected. In humans, in cases of severe infection, such as sepsis, the strict control of LPS-induced hyperglycemia by insulin therapy is the subject of active research by the scientific and medical community. In addition, recent years have seen emerge the concept of metabolic endotoxemia, partly due to increased plasma concentrations of LPS as a result of high fat diets. These LPS molecules could be one of the many factors involved in the etiology of metabolic diseases. In this context, we investigated the glucose response during different experimental endotoxemia. Exclusively based on the study of various animal models, our experimental approach allowed us to demonstrate that the acute injection or continuous infusion of LPS, was accompanied by an increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion associated with an increase of glucose disposal. We also demonstrated that this enhanced insulin secretion was due to an increase in circulating levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and that theGLP-1 receptor was involved in this response. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the disruption of glucose metabolism in response to LPS will enhance our understanding of the physiological and pathological consequences of these molecules.

We report controllable synthesis of Pd aerogels with high surface area and porosity by destabilizing colloidal solutions of Pd nanoparticles with variable concentrations of calcium ions. Enzyme electrodes based on Pd aerogels co-immobilized with glucose oxidase show high activity toward glucose oxidation and are promising materials for applications in bioelectronics.

<p>Two thirds of patients with diabetes avoid regularly monitoring their blood glucose levels because of the painful and invasive nature of current blood glucose detection. As an alternative to blood sample collection, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has emerged as a promising non-invasive sample from which to monitor glucose levels. However, the inconsistency in the methods used to collect EBC significantly impacts the reliability of reported analyte concentrations in EBC. Furthermore, this dilute sample matrix requires a highly sensitive glucose biosensor to enable robust and accurate glucose detection at the point-of-care. Together, a reliable collection method and sensitive detection system can enable accurate modeling of glucose transport from blood to breath that is reflective of airway glucose homeostasis.</p> <p> I address this research gap by simultaneously designing a standardized EBC collection method that allows for separation of dead space and alveolar air and developing a competitive fluorescent biosensor that can resolve micromolar glucose concentrations changes. First, I develop a low-cost, automated condenser that selectively collects exhaled breath that has been exchanged with lung fluid based on the detection of higher breath temperatures that are characteristic of the lower respiratory regions. Using this device, I investigate the relationship between blood and EBC glucose in diabetic and normoglycemic human subjects. Next, I engineer the exquisitely sensitive <i>E. coli</i> glucose binding protein (GBP) with a chemo-enzymatic tag to selectively conjugate it to highly photostable quantum dots (QDs). Finally, I take advantage of the competitive binding of glucose (K_D=0.35 µM) and galactose (K_D=1.4 µM) to GBP to develop a fluorescent glucose biosensor using the GBP-QD conjugate.</p>