Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Terry Houser / A total of 45 top sirloin butts (IMPS 184) were procured from three commercial beef processing facilities to determine the effects of post-mortem aging time and blade tenderization on the quality of beef gluteus medius (GM) steaks. Top sirloin butts were randomly assigned to five post-mortem aging periods (5, 19, 33, 47, and 61 days). One-half of each beef GM was randomly assigned to either a blade tenderized treatment or a non-blade tenderized treatment that was not blade tenderized. Steaks were then evaluated for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA), oxygen consumption rate (OCR), visual color panel, instrumental color, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) enumeration, pH, and sensory properties. Aging × blade tenderization interactions (P < 0.05) were found for display color panel, discoloration panel, WBSF, overall tenderness, myofibrillar tenderness, bloody/serumy, metallic, overall sweet, and bitter (P < 0.05). As steaks were aged longer and blade tenderized they became more discolored during display and more tender. In addition, there were aging × display time interactions (P < 0.05) observed for L*, a*, b*, display color panel, and discoloration panel. As steaks were aged longer, they had increased L*, a*, b*, and hue angle values and display color panel scores when initially put into a retail case, but L*, a* and b* decreased and discoloration scores increased as display time increased. Furthermore, there were blade tenderization × display time interactions (P < 0.05) found for display and discoloration panels. Blade tenderized steaks discolored faster in retail display than non-blade tenderized steaks. With increased aging time, there was an increase (P < 0.05) in TBARS, OCR, initial color panel, LAB enumeration, and warmed-over flavor, as well as a decrease in MRA. Also, as aging increased there was a decrease (P < 0.05) in MRA, initial color panel scores, and WBSF values. Blade tenderization significantly increased (P < 0.05) initial color panel scores, rancid flavor, and spoiled flavor. Increasing the aging time of the GM, produced steaks with decreased color stability, altered the flavor profile, and increased tenderness. Blade tenderization significantly increased tenderness, increased discoloration in a retail case, and produced more undesirable flavors.

Running is becoming an increasingly popular sport; however, runners have a high rate of injury and are therefore often treated in the orthopedic or sports medicine setting. One current focus of these patients' treatment is gluteus medius muscle (GM) strengthening and gait retraining, with the goal of decreasing frontal plane pelvic drop. Unfortunately, there is a research void assessing the role of GM function on pelvic drop, and the effect of an increased pelvic drop on running performance. The specific aims of this research were to investigate a link between frontal plane pelvic drop and (1) isometric GM torque, (2) GM surface electromyography (sEMG) peak amplitude and onset timing, and (3) GM fatigue; and (4) to study the relationship between frontal plane pelvic drop and increased metabolic energy demands. Subjects were recreational runners who ran an average of five or more miles per week. Data from an initial ten subjects were collected, followed by an additional eleven subjects tested for Specific Aims #1, 2, and 3. GM maximal isometric torque was obtained prior to the run. Subjects ran on a treadmill for thirty minutes while three-dimensional pelvic kinematics, GM sEMG, and metabolic data were collected. Pearson's Correlations and scatter plots of the variables showed no relationship between GM maximal isometric strength, GM peak amplitude and onset timing, or GM fatigue rate and frontal plane pelvic drop. The change in pelvic drop also had no effect on the change in running economy (RE) from the start to end of the run. Clinicians should not employ a GM centered treatment approach when treating frontal plane pelvic instability in runners. Future research into additional core stabilizing muscles and their interactions could provide insight into which muscles should be the focus of treatment in runners with proximal instability. These studies should also include kinetic as well as lower extremity (LE) kinematic analysis of running gait to investigate the link between these variables, their relationship to muscle performance, as well as to running performance.

Abstract Background: The Gluteus Medius (GM) muscle has an important role in stabilizing the pelvis and controlling the knees during athletic activities. Weakness in the GM can affect performance negatively and increase the risk of lower extremity (LE) injuries. During functional activities different parts of the muscle becomes activated depending on the degree of hip flexion. However, many GM strength exercises only train the GM in one fixed degree of hip flexion. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a new training device designed to increase the muscle activation of the GM during progressive hip flexion in squats. Methods: The new device was developed to offer resistance training against hip abduction during squats. To be able to validate the new device in activating the GM, 32 female athletes (mean age 20 ± 3) with various athletic backgrounds was included in the study. All subjects performed squats on and off the device while surface electromyographical (SEMG) activity was recorded from GM on both sides of the body. Results: All test subjects were able to perform the squat and to activate the GM. When the squats were performed on the new device the muscle activation in GM was significantly higher compared to bodyweight squats (Z=-4.9, p &lt; 0.001). Correlation tests between a complete sequence of five squats and one selected repetition revealed that activation was consistent throughout the exercise, (right GM: rs = 0.93, p &lt; 0.001, left GM: rp = 0.92, p &lt; 0.001) . No differences in activation were found between the right and left GM when squatting on the device. Conclusion: This study showed that the newly developed training device increased the muscle activity in GM during squats. Moreover, the results showed that squatting on the device activates the left and right side of the body equally and that the GM was activated during the whole exercise, under ongoing hip flexion. This information could be used to develop new training methods with the aim to improve stabilization of the pelvis and lower extremities during functional activities. / Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Gluteus medius (GM) fyller en viktig funktion vid idrottsliga aktiviteter genom att den stabiliserar bäckenet och kontrollerar knäna. Svaghet i GM kan påverka prestationen negativt samt öka risken för skador i de lägre extremiteterna (LE). Vid funktionella aktiviteter aktiveras olika delar av GM beroende på graden av höftflexion. Många styrkeövningar för GM tränar emellertid muskeln i endast en fixerad grad av höft flexion. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien har varit att utveckla samt validera ett nytt träningsredskap, designat för att optimera muskelaktiveringen av GM under höftflexion. Metod: Träningsredskapet utvecklades för att erbjuda motstånd mot abduktion vid knäböj. För att validera redskapets förmåga att aktivera GM inkluderades 32 kvinnliga idrottare (medelålder, 20 ± 3 år) med varierande idrottslig bakgrund. Alla försökspersoner utförde knäböjningar med och utan träningsredskapet samtidigt som elektromyografisk aktivitet mättes i höger och vänster GM. Resultat: Alla försökspersoner kunde utföra knäböjningar och lyckades aktivera GM. Knäböjningar som utfördes på träningsredskapet resulterade i signifikant högre aktivering av GM jämfört med knäböjningar utan redskapet (Z=-4.9, p &lt; 0.001). Korrelations test mellan kompletta sekvenser om fem repetitioner och enstaka repetitioner visade att aktiveringen var konstant under hela övningen, (höger GM: rs = 0.93, p &lt; 0.001, vänster GM: rp = 0.92, p &lt; 0.001). Inga skillnader i aktivering hittades mellan höger och vänster GM vid knäböjningar på redskapet. Slutsats: Studien visade att det utvecklade träningsredskapet ökade aktiveringen av GM vid knäböjningar. Resultaten visade också att denna aktivitet var jämnt fördelad mellan höger och vänster GM samt att aktiveringen var konstant under hela övningen. Resultaten i denna studien kan användas för att utveckla nya träningsmetoder med syfte att förbättra stabiliseringen av bäckenet och de lägre extremiteterna vid funktionella aktiviteter.

The purpose of this study is to determine if element decimation of a 3-D anatomical model affects the results of Finite Element Analysis (FEA). FEA has been increasingly applied to the biological and medical sciences. In order for an anatomical model to successfully run in FEA, the 3-D model’s complex geometry must be simplified, resulting in a loss of anatomical detail. The process of decimation reduces the number of elements within the structure and creates a simpler approximation of the model. Using the National Library of Medicine’s Visible Human Male dataset, a virtual 3-D representation of several structures of the hip were produced. The initial highest resolution model was processed through several levels of decimation. Each of these representative anatomical models were run in COMSOL 3.5a to measure the degree of displacement. These results were compared against the original model to determine what level of error was introduced due to model simplification.

Durante nossas frequentes apresentações em cursos, congressos e jornadas e mesmo em nossas publicações, existiam constantes perguntas sobre o perfil dessas pacientes. O crescente interesse da mídia e das pacientes a este respeito e também a crescente procura pela cirurgia nos estimulou a realizar este trabalho. Segundo dados da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (SBPC) e da American Society of Plastic Surgery (ASPS), referem que 20.000 pacientes foram submetidas a esta cirurgia. Em 2012, 40.000 pares de implantes glúteos foram produzidos. Existe um crescimento da cirurgia de 20% nos últimos três anos e no Brasil houve aumento de 42% em 2011. Esta tese tem como objetivo estabelecer o perfil epidermiologico das pacientes que se submetem a gluteoplastia de aumento utilizando implantes de silicone, avaliar o grau de satisfação com resultado e a correlação deste com o volume dos implantes utilizados. Cinquenta pacientes responderam a um questionário e foram examinadas pelo cirurgião e outro médico. Outras 37 pacientes foram avaliadas prospectivamente com tomografia computadorizada e volumetria, avaliação de resultado por oito cirurgiões plásticos, medidas antropométricas e correlação destas variáveis. A análise destes dados evidenciou tratar-se de cirurgia com baixo índice de complicação e alto índice de satisfação com resultado (96%). A maior procura foi por pacientes brancas (62%) e pardas (34%). Não percebemos relação de profissão ou nível socioeconômico com a procura pela cirurgia. Observou-se um alto número de pacientes que referiram naturalidade do resultado, sendo que em 94% dos casos, ninguém notou que a paciente havia se submetido à cirurgia, sem que a própria desse esta informação. As queixas, quando existiram, 4% foram referentes a terem achado as próteses pequenas. O tempo de recuperação da maioria (60%) para atividades normais foi de até 45 dias. Houve grande influência positiva na vida sexual e afetiva das pacientes que se submeteram a esta cirurgia. A correlação entre o volume dos implantes utilizados e das medidas antropométricas com o resultado estético da operação não demonstrou significância estatística. Conclui-se que as pacientes que desejam a gluteoplastia são predominantemente brancas e na quarta década de vida. A operação alcança altos índices de satisfação e o volume dos implantes apresenta correlação positiva com a renda mensal, a idade e a satisfação das pacientes, porém com maior tempo de recuperação. Quando o resultado é avaliado por cirurgiões plásticos, este não apresenta correlação com o volume dos implantes ou com as medidas antropométricas das pacientes. / This thesis aims to define the profile of patients undergoing gluteoplasty augmentation using silicone implants, as well as satisfaction with outcome. During our frequent presentations in courses, conferences and seminars and ever in our publications, there were constant questions about the profile of these patients. The growing interest of the media and the patients in this regard and also the increasing deman for surgery has encouraged us to undertake this work. According to the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (SBCP) and ASPS American Society of Plastic Surgery (ASPS), reported that 200.000 patients underwent this surgery. In 2012, 40.000 pairs of buttocks implants were produced. There is a growth 20% of the surgery in the last three years and in Brazil incresead by 42% in 2011. Fifty patients completed a questionnaire and were examined by the surgeon and another doctor. Another 37 patients were prospectively evaluated with computed tomography and 3D gluteal reconstruction. The aesthetic result was evaluated by eight plastic surgeons and correlated with anthropometric measurements and volume of implants. Analysis of these data showed that it was surgery with low complication rate and high rate of satisfaction with outcome (96%). The greatest demand was for white patients (62%) and mixed (34%). We do not perceive ratio profession or socioeconomic status with the demand for surgery. We observed a high number of patients who reported naturalness of the result, and in 94% of cases, no one noticed that the patient had undergone surgery, without itself of this information. The complaints when existed 4% were found relating to prostheses small size. The recovery time of the majority (60%) to normal activities was 45 days. There was a great positive influence on sexual and affective life of patients who have undergone this surgery. The correlation between the volume of implants used and anthropometric measures with the cosmetic result of the operation was not statistically significant. We conclude that patients who desire gluteoplasty are predominantly white and in the fourth decade of life. The operation achieves high satisfaction and volume of implant is positively correlated with the monthly income, age, and patient satisfaction, but bigger implants have longer recovery time. When the results are evaluated by plastic surgeons, this shows no correlation with the volume of implants or anthropometric measurements of patients.

The Gluteus Medius and the Tensor Fascia Lata are two of the main muscles involved in the action of hip abduction. This action is important for both dynamic movements in athletic pursuits and in every day ambulation. Weakness in these muscles has been connected to multiple injuries in the lower limb, but the question of the casual relationship between gait change, hip abductor weakness, and lower limb injury is still up for debate. As presented by the current research, younger populations tend to have overuse injuries with females having a greater susceptibility for injuries connected to hip abductor weakness, and older populations tend to have injures related to atrophy and degeneration of either the hip abductor muscles or the joint surrounding the hip. Research in this field has increasingly focused on sub-sets of the populations, such as just females or just males, trying to pinpoint the role that hip abductor weakness plays in these injuries. By trying to minimize or even eliminate the confounding variables that have previously made it difficult to determine the role hip abductor weakness plays in these gait changes and injuries, these studies have been able to make more clear conclusions at the expense of making a broader generalization. Similarities and differences between how the sub-groups present with hip abductor weakness are discussed, as well as discrepancies observed within the research done on similar cohorts. Future directions for research in this field are discussed, as well as implications for clinical implementation of targeted rehabilitation programs to ensure the best possible outcomes.

Durante nossas frequentes apresentações em cursos, congressos e jornadas e mesmo em nossas publicações, existiam constantes perguntas sobre o perfil dessas pacientes. O crescente interesse da mídia e das pacientes a este respeito e também a crescente procura pela cirurgia nos estimulou a realizar este trabalho. Segundo dados da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (SBPC) e da American Society of Plastic Surgery (ASPS), referem que 20.000 pacientes foram submetidas a esta cirurgia. Em 2012, 40.000 pares de implantes glúteos foram produzidos. Existe um crescimento da cirurgia de 20% nos últimos três anos e no Brasil houve aumento de 42% em 2011. Esta tese tem como objetivo estabelecer o perfil epidermiologico das pacientes que se submetem a gluteoplastia de aumento utilizando implantes de silicone, avaliar o grau de satisfação com resultado e a correlação deste com o volume dos implantes utilizados. Cinquenta pacientes responderam a um questionário e foram examinadas pelo cirurgião e outro médico. Outras 37 pacientes foram avaliadas prospectivamente com tomografia computadorizada e volumetria, avaliação de resultado por oito cirurgiões plásticos, medidas antropométricas e correlação destas variáveis. A análise destes dados evidenciou tratar-se de cirurgia com baixo índice de complicação e alto índice de satisfação com resultado (96%). A maior procura foi por pacientes brancas (62%) e pardas (34%). Não percebemos relação de profissão ou nível socioeconômico com a procura pela cirurgia. Observou-se um alto número de pacientes que referiram naturalidade do resultado, sendo que em 94% dos casos, ninguém notou que a paciente havia se submetido à cirurgia, sem que a própria desse esta informação. As queixas, quando existiram, 4% foram referentes a terem achado as próteses pequenas. O tempo de recuperação da maioria (60%) para atividades normais foi de até 45 dias. Houve grande influência positiva na vida sexual e afetiva das pacientes que se submeteram a esta cirurgia. A correlação entre o volume dos implantes utilizados e das medidas antropométricas com o resultado estético da operação não demonstrou significância estatística. Conclui-se que as pacientes que desejam a gluteoplastia são predominantemente brancas e na quarta década de vida. A operação alcança altos índices de satisfação e o volume dos implantes apresenta correlação positiva com a renda mensal, a idade e a satisfação das pacientes, porém com maior tempo de recuperação. Quando o resultado é avaliado por cirurgiões plásticos, este não apresenta correlação com o volume dos implantes ou com as medidas antropométricas das pacientes. / This thesis aims to define the profile of patients undergoing gluteoplasty augmentation using silicone implants, as well as satisfaction with outcome. During our frequent presentations in courses, conferences and seminars and ever in our publications, there were constant questions about the profile of these patients. The growing interest of the media and the patients in this regard and also the increasing deman for surgery has encouraged us to undertake this work. According to the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (SBCP) and ASPS American Society of Plastic Surgery (ASPS), reported that 200.000 patients underwent this surgery. In 2012, 40.000 pairs of buttocks implants were produced. There is a growth 20% of the surgery in the last three years and in Brazil incresead by 42% in 2011. Fifty patients completed a questionnaire and were examined by the surgeon and another doctor. Another 37 patients were prospectively evaluated with computed tomography and 3D gluteal reconstruction. The aesthetic result was evaluated by eight plastic surgeons and correlated with anthropometric measurements and volume of implants. Analysis of these data showed that it was surgery with low complication rate and high rate of satisfaction with outcome (96%). The greatest demand was for white patients (62%) and mixed (34%). We do not perceive ratio profession or socioeconomic status with the demand for surgery. We observed a high number of patients who reported naturalness of the result, and in 94% of cases, no one noticed that the patient had undergone surgery, without itself of this information. The complaints when existed 4% were found relating to prostheses small size. The recovery time of the majority (60%) to normal activities was 45 days. There was a great positive influence on sexual and affective life of patients who have undergone this surgery. The correlation between the volume of implants used and anthropometric measures with the cosmetic result of the operation was not statistically significant. We conclude that patients who desire gluteoplasty are predominantly white and in the fourth decade of life. The operation achieves high satisfaction and volume of implant is positively correlated with the monthly income, age, and patient satisfaction, but bigger implants have longer recovery time. When the results are evaluated by plastic surgeons, this shows no correlation with the volume of implants or anthropometric measurements of patients.

A operação para aumento de glúteos com implantes teve início no fim da década de 1960, entretanto a técnica intramuscular, considerada padrão atualmente, foi descrita cerca de 30 anos depois. Cirurgiões e pacientes apresentam crescente interesse na realização do aumento de glúteos haja vista que sua frequência apresenta aumento nos últimos anos. A utilização de implantes intramusculares que superam o volume do músculo em mais de cinquenta por cento configura uma situação nova que deve ser estudada. O tecido muscular estriado esquelético apresenta grande suscetibilidade para atrofia secundariamente à compressão, e sendo o glúteo máximo um músculo importante na manutenção da postura ereta, deambulação, corrida e salto, é necessário pesquisar possíveis alterações musculares decorrentes da operação. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o volume e força do músculo glúteo máximo ao longo de 12 meses após a introdução de implantes intramusculares, o posicionamento destes implantes no interior da musculatura e mudanças antropométricas obtidas com a operação. Foram selecionadas 48 mulheres, 24 candidatas a gluteoplastia de aumento com implantes compuseram o grupo de estudo e 24 candidatas a mamoplastia de aumento compuseram o grupo controle de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. As pacientes foram avaliadas em quatro momentos diferentes: pré-operatório e após três, seis e 12 meses da operação. Em todas as etapas foi realizada avaliação clínica nutricional, tomografia computadorizada com reconstrução 3D e teste isocinético. Todas as pacientes permaneceram afastadas de atividades físicas durante três meses após a operação. Foram utilizados implantes glúteos em gel coesivo de base oval e superfície lisa com volumes de 350 cm3 e 400 cm3. O nível de significância estatística foi mantido em 5%. As pacientes candidatas a gluteoplastia apresentaram valores da relação entre as medidas da cintura e do quadril maiores que aquelas do grupo controle. A operação de aumento glúteo com implantes demonstrou eficácia na melhora desta relação. Os implantes apresentaram posição obliqua com inclinação semelhante à das fibras musculares após três meses da operação, independente da posição em que foram inseridos. As pacientes do grupo de estudo apresentaram atrofia muscular após 12 meses em 6,14% à esquerda e 6,43% à direita, as pacientes do grupo controle não apresentaram atrofia. A força muscular apresentou redução do valor de torque máximo durante a flexão do quadril a 30 /s em ambos os grupos e aumento do torque máximo durante a adução a 60 /s apenas no grupo de estudo. Concluímos que a introdução de implante de silicone no interior do músculo glúteo máximo causa atrofia muscular após 12 meses. As variações na força deste músculo nesse período não podem ser atribuídas primariamente à operação ou à presença dos implantes em seu interior. Os implantes permaneceram em posição obliqua. O aumento de glúteos com implantes gera mudanças antropométricas nas mulheres submetidas a esta operação. / The gluteal augmentation surgery using implants began in the late 1960s, however intramuscular technique, which is considered standard today, was described about 30 years later. Plastic surgeons and patients have increased interest in gluteal augmentation given the fact that the operation has been more frequently in recent years. The use of intramuscular implants that overcomes the muscle volume in more than fifty percent configures a new situation that should be studied. The skeletal muscle tissue shows high susceptibility to atrophy secondary to compression, and the gluteus maximus is an important muscle in the maintenance of erect posture, walking, running and jumping, it is necessary to investigate possible muscle changes resulting from the operation. The objective of this study is to assess the volume and strength of the gluteus maximus muscle during 12 months after the introduction of the implants, the position of these implants within the muscles and anthropometric changes obtained with the operation. 48 women were selected, 24 candidates for gluteal augmentation composed the study group and 24 candidates for breast augmentation composed the control group according to the criteria of inclusion and exclusion. The patients were evaluated at four different moments: pre-operatively and after three, six and 12 months of the operation. At all stages of the study, was carried out nutritional evaluation, CT with 3D reconstruction and isokinetic testing. All patients remained away from physical activities for three months after the operation. Cohesive gel, oval base and smooth surface gluteal implants were used with volumes of 350 cm3 and 400 cm3. The level of statistical significance was 5%. The patients who were candidates for gluteoplasty presented bigger waist to hip ratio than those of the control group. The operation of gluteal augmentation using implants has shown to be effective in improving this ratio. The implants showed similar oblique position of the muscle fibers after three months of operation, regardless of the position in which they were placed. The patients in the study group had muscle atrophy after 12 months, 6.14% 6.43% left and right, the control patients showed no atrophy. Muscle strength decreased the maximum torque during hip flexion at 30 /s in both groups and increased maximum torque during the adduction at 60 /s only in the study group. We conclude that the introduction of silicone implant within the gluteus maximus muscle causes muscle atrophy after 12 months. Variations in the strength of this muscle during this period cannot be attributed primarily to the operation or the presence of implants. The implants remained in oblique position. The gluteal augmentation surgery generates anthropometric changes in women who have undergone this operation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_cb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1196655 bytes, checksum: ae351a11891c3264becc940e47280709 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação com diferentes concentrações de óleo de soja e do treinamento de resistência nas adaptações do músculo glúteo médio de 20 eqüinos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe. Os animais foram distribuídos em cinco grupos, cada grupo foi composto por quatro cavalos. O grupo controle não recebeu óleo e os demais foram suplementados com 6, 12, 18 e 24% de óleo. Os animais foram submetidos a sete semanas consecutivas de exercício em esteira rolante e trilha. Analisou-se a influência do treinamento e da suplementação com óleo sobre o peso e escore corporal, concentração de glicogênio muscular e características das fibras do músculo glúteo médio. Os resultados demonstraram que as diferentes concentrações de óleo na dieta não influenciaram as variáveis estudadas. Houve redução significativa do peso corpóreo após o treinamento, no entanto o escore corporal permaneceu constante. O músculo glúteo médio expressou três tipos de fibras puras: I, IIA, IIX. O treinamento não induziu hipertrofia das fibras do músculo glúteo médio. O treinamento ocasionou aumento na proporção e na área relativa das fibras tipo IIA em detrimento das fibras IIX, melhorando a capacidade oxidativa muscular. Tanto as dietas com óleo como o treinamento não aumentaram as concentrações de glicogênio muscular. / The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of supplementation with different concentrations of soy oil and endurance training on gluteus medius muscle adaptations in twenty Arabian horses. The horses were randomized in five groups (four horses each group). The control group did not receive the oil and the other groups were supplemented with 6%, 12%, 18% and 24% of soy oil. The animals were submitted to seven weeks of exercise on treadmill and track. The influence of training and oil supplementation on body weight, corporal score, muscular glycogen stores and characteristics of the gluteus medius muscular fibers were analyzed. The results showed that the supplementation of soy oil in diet was not significantly effective on the studied parameters. There was a significant reduction of the body weight after the end of training; however the corporal score showed no changes. The gluteus medius muscle expressed three types of pure fibers: I, IIA and IIX. The training induced a increase in the proportion and relative area of the type IIA fibers in detriment of type IIX fibers, improving the oxidative capacity muscular. No hypertrophy of the muscular fibers was observed. There were no significant changes in the values of the total glycogen after the training period.

A operação para aumento de glúteos com implantes teve início no fim da década de 1960, entretanto a técnica intramuscular, considerada padrão atualmente, foi descrita cerca de 30 anos depois. Cirurgiões e pacientes apresentam crescente interesse na realização do aumento de glúteos haja vista que sua frequência apresenta aumento nos últimos anos. A utilização de implantes intramusculares que superam o volume do músculo em mais de cinquenta por cento configura uma situação nova que deve ser estudada. O tecido muscular estriado esquelético apresenta grande suscetibilidade para atrofia secundariamente à compressão, e sendo o glúteo máximo um músculo importante na manutenção da postura ereta, deambulação, corrida e salto, é necessário pesquisar possíveis alterações musculares decorrentes da operação. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o volume e força do músculo glúteo máximo ao longo de 12 meses após a introdução de implantes intramusculares, o posicionamento destes implantes no interior da musculatura e mudanças antropométricas obtidas com a operação. Foram selecionadas 48 mulheres, 24 candidatas a gluteoplastia de aumento com implantes compuseram o grupo de estudo e 24 candidatas a mamoplastia de aumento compuseram o grupo controle de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. As pacientes foram avaliadas em quatro momentos diferentes: pré-operatório e após três, seis e 12 meses da operação. Em todas as etapas foi realizada avaliação clínica nutricional, tomografia computadorizada com reconstrução 3D e teste isocinético. Todas as pacientes permaneceram afastadas de atividades físicas durante três meses após a operação. Foram utilizados implantes glúteos em gel coesivo de base oval e superfície lisa com volumes de 350 cm3 e 400 cm3. O nível de significância estatística foi mantido em 5%. As pacientes candidatas a gluteoplastia apresentaram valores da relação entre as medidas da cintura e do quadril maiores que aquelas do grupo controle. A operação de aumento glúteo com implantes demonstrou eficácia na melhora desta relação. Os implantes apresentaram posição obliqua com inclinação semelhante à das fibras musculares após três meses da operação, independente da posição em que foram inseridos. As pacientes do grupo de estudo apresentaram atrofia muscular após 12 meses em 6,14% à esquerda e 6,43% à direita, as pacientes do grupo controle não apresentaram atrofia. A força muscular apresentou redução do valor de torque máximo durante a flexão do quadril a 30 /s em ambos os grupos e aumento do torque máximo durante a adução a 60 /s apenas no grupo de estudo. Concluímos que a introdução de implante de silicone no interior do músculo glúteo máximo causa atrofia muscular após 12 meses. As variações na força deste músculo nesse período não podem ser atribuídas primariamente à operação ou à presença dos implantes em seu interior. Os implantes permaneceram em posição obliqua. O aumento de glúteos com implantes gera mudanças antropométricas nas mulheres submetidas a esta operação. / The gluteal augmentation surgery using implants began in the late 1960s, however intramuscular technique, which is considered standard today, was described about 30 years later. Plastic surgeons and patients have increased interest in gluteal augmentation given the fact that the operation has been more frequently in recent years. The use of intramuscular implants that overcomes the muscle volume in more than fifty percent configures a new situation that should be studied. The skeletal muscle tissue shows high susceptibility to atrophy secondary to compression, and the gluteus maximus is an important muscle in the maintenance of erect posture, walking, running and jumping, it is necessary to investigate possible muscle changes resulting from the operation. The objective of this study is to assess the volume and strength of the gluteus maximus muscle during 12 months after the introduction of the implants, the position of these implants within the muscles and anthropometric changes obtained with the operation. 48 women were selected, 24 candidates for gluteal augmentation composed the study group and 24 candidates for breast augmentation composed the control group according to the criteria of inclusion and exclusion. The patients were evaluated at four different moments: pre-operatively and after three, six and 12 months of the operation. At all stages of the study, was carried out nutritional evaluation, CT with 3D reconstruction and isokinetic testing. All patients remained away from physical activities for three months after the operation. Cohesive gel, oval base and smooth surface gluteal implants were used with volumes of 350 cm3 and 400 cm3. The level of statistical significance was 5%. The patients who were candidates for gluteoplasty presented bigger waist to hip ratio than those of the control group. The operation of gluteal augmentation using implants has shown to be effective in improving this ratio. The implants showed similar oblique position of the muscle fibers after three months of operation, regardless of the position in which they were placed. The patients in the study group had muscle atrophy after 12 months, 6.14% 6.43% left and right, the control patients showed no atrophy. Muscle strength decreased the maximum torque during hip flexion at 30 /s in both groups and increased maximum torque during the adduction at 60 /s only in the study group. We conclude that the introduction of silicone implant within the gluteus maximus muscle causes muscle atrophy after 12 months. Variations in the strength of this muscle during this period cannot be attributed primarily to the operation or the presence of implants. The implants remained in oblique position. The gluteal augmentation surgery generates anthropometric changes in women who have undergone this operation.