Este trabalho investiga a influência dos efeitos da mistura de quatro ondas (FWM -. Four- Wave Mixing) durante o estabelecimento de caminhos ópticos em uma rede GMPLS/DWDM (Generalized MultiProtocol Label Switching/Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing). Para minimizar seus impactos e assim reduzir o bloqueio total da rede, são propostas estratégias por meio de extensões ao RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering). A partir de uma plataforma de simulação que emula e integra a camada óptica e o Plano de Controle da arquitetura GMPLS, a solução proposta é validada. Os vários métodos de alocação de comprimentos de onda são avaliados e as contribuições na redução dos sinais interferentes quantificadas. Para minimizar o bloqueio na rede, uma nova classe de métodos de alocação, classificados como híbridos, é definida e seu desempenho é avaliado. O bloqueio da rede em função da variação de parâmetros que reforçam a eficiência da FWM, tais como a quantidade e espaçamento entre canais, é observado, confirmando a necessidade de métodos de alocação especialistas para gerenciamento do QoS (Quality of Service) óptico em cada caminho a ser estabelecido. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a eficiência da solução proposta e evidenciam a necessidade de um Plano de Controle GMPLS com acurada visibilidade das restrições da camada física, tanto os efeitos estáticos quanto às degradações associadas ao comportamento dinâmico da rede. / This work investigates the effects of the Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) during the lightpaths establishment in a GMPLS/DWDM (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching / Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) network. In order to minimize their impacts and thus reduce network blocking, strategies based on RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol- Traffic Engineering) extensions are proposed. The proposed solution is validated using a simulation platform that integrates and emulates the optical layer and the GMPLS Control Plane. The various wavelength allocation methods are evaluated and their contributions on the reduction of interfering signals are quantified. In order to minimize the network blocking, a new class of allocation methods (classified as hybrids) is defined and its performance is evaluated. The network blocking caused by the parameters that enhance the FWM efficiency, such as the number and spacing between channels, is also observed, confirming the need of specialized wavelength allocation methods for managing the optical QoS for each lightpath. The results obtained ascertain that the proposed solution is efficient and demonstrate the need for a GMPLS Control Plane endowed with an accurate visibility of the restrictions in the physical layer, concerning both static and dynamic effects.

Para satisfazer o explosivo aumento na demanda de tráfego de voz e dados, as redes ópticas baseadas em WDM e GMPLS estão sendo desenvolvidas. A suíte de protocolos GMPLS é atualmente considerada como um plano de controle para as redes ópticas e é composta por protocolos de sinalização e de roteamento, como também do protocolo de gerenciamento de enlace (LMP). O LMP é um importante protocolo que interfere na atribuição de rótulos (comprimentos de onda) e é necessário fazer sua análise lógica para verificar se o mesmo está livre de erros de progresso. Para esta finalidade, o método denominado alcançabilidade justa foi utilizado. Verificada a corretude do LMP, o estudo foca o subproblema de atribuição de comprimento de onda do RWA nas redes GMPLS-WDM por ser um dos principais problemas que causam o baixo desempenho destas redes. O cenário estudado é das redes GMPLS-WDM que operam em um ambiente RWA dinâmico com restrição de continuidade de comprimento de onda. O problema RWA é examinado bem como as várias heurísticas de atribuição de comprimento de onda apresentadas na literatura. Com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho das redes GMPLS-WDM com restrição de continuidade de comprimento de onda, propõe-se um algoritmo de atribuição de rótulos que utiliza os conceitos conjunto de rótulos e SRLG já implementados pelo GMPLS. O algoritmo proposto melhora a eficiência no uso de recursos nas redes em questão. O desempenho é verificado através da métricas de probabilidade de bloqueio de conexão, desempenho este próximo do ótimo e demonstrado através de simulações. / To satisfy the explosive increasing demands of voice and data traffic, optical networks based on WDM and GMPLS are being developed. The GMPLS´ suite of protocols is currently being considered as the control plane for optical networks and it is compounded of signaling and routing protocols, and also the link management protocol (LMP). The LMP is an important protocol that interferes with label (wavelength) assignment and it is necessary to logically analyse this protocol in order to verify if it is free from progress errors. For this purpose, the method called fair reachability has been used. Verified the LMP is correctable, the study focuses on the RWA wavelength assignment problem in GMPLS-WDM networks because it is one of the main problems which causes the low performance of these networks. The studied scene is GMPLS-WDM networks operating under a dynamic RWA environment with wavelength continuity constraint. The RWA problem is examined and also the various wavelength-assignment heuristics proposed in the literature. With the goal to improve the performance of the GMPLS-WDM networks with wavelength continuity constraint, it is proposed a label assignment algorithm, which uses the concepts of label set and SRLG, already implemented by GMPLS. The proposed algorithm provides an improvement in efficiency of resource use. The performance is verified by using the blocking probability metric, and it is very close to the optimum and demonstrated through simulations.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-03-20T22:19:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PredicaoFalhasRedes.pdf: 2224854 bytes, checksum: b43ccaab6ffbeb4bd1e246c5fa8a2d2e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-04-02T12:31:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PredicaoFalhasRedes.pdf: 2224854 bytes, checksum: b43ccaab6ffbeb4bd1e246c5fa8a2d2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-02T12:31:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PredicaoFalhasRedes.pdf: 2224854 bytes, checksum: b43ccaab6ffbeb4bd1e246c5fa8a2d2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para predição de falhas em rede de grade OBS com plano de controle GMPLS que auxilia as aplicações em ambientes de colaboração, como exemplo a E-Science. Os agentes de monitoração de tráfego, denominado DQMA-Fuzzy, verificam parâmetros relacionados à QoS e às imperfeições nos enlaces ópticos. Por apresentar uma solução mais rápida e facilmente implementável, foi desenvolvido um sistema baseado em lógica Fuzzy para dar mais robustez às decisões dos agentes. Simulações no NS-2 (Network Simulator – 2) demonstram que a proposta minimiza bloqueios na rede e balanceia o uso dos recursos da grade, garantindo níveis de serviços bem definidos, auxiliando na engenharia de tráfego e na predição de falhas. / This paper presents a proposal for predict failures in OBS grid network with GMPLS to assist applications in collaborative environments, like E-Science. Agents monitoring traffic (DQMA-Fuzzy) for related QoS parameters and others related to imperfections in optical links. A system based on fuzzy logic has been developed to give more robustness and flexibility in decision-making agents, because it presents a solution faster and easily implementable. NS-2 (Network Simulator – 2) simulations show that the proposed DQMA-Fuzzy is able to minimize blockages and balancing the use of grid resources, ensuring well-defined service levels, assisting in traffic engineering and fault prediction.

Submitted by camilla martins (camillasmmartins@gmail.com) on 2016-12-13T14:57:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ToleranciaFalhaRedes.pdf: 2839817 bytes, checksum: bb05614b609c6e20161cb0dc0facbd86 (MD5) / Rejected by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br), reason: on 2016-12-15T12:19:23Z (GMT) / Submitted by camilla martins (camillasmmartins@gmail.com) on 2016-12-20T12:57:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ToleranciaFalhaRedes.pdf: 2839817 bytes, checksum: bb05614b609c6e20161cb0dc0facbd86 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2016-12-20T16:36:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ToleranciaFalhaRedes.pdf: 2839817 bytes, checksum: bb05614b609c6e20161cb0dc0facbd86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-20T16:36:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ToleranciaFalhaRedes.pdf: 2839817 bytes, checksum: bb05614b609c6e20161cb0dc0facbd86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-21 / Disponibilidade é uma considerável preocupação para projetistas de redes devido á crescente importância das informações que nelas trafegam, motivando as prestadoras de serviços de telecomunicações a melhorarem a capacidade e a qualidade de seus backbones. As redes ópticas de nova geração, baseadas em WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) geralmente utilizam plano de controle baseado na tecnologia GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching), em função desta oferecer uma melhor adequação entre o protocolo IP e a camada óptica. Este trabalho realiza uma análise comparativa, entre os mecanismos utilizados pelas redes ópticas tradicionais e as ditas de nova geração. Propõe a adoção de diferentes mecanismos de tolerância a falhas em função do tipo de tráfego. Realiza testes em redes reais baseadas na plataforma SDH/SONET e simulações em computador dos principais mecanismos oferecidos pelo modelo multicamadas IP-GMPLS/WDM para promover proteção e restauração de conectividade em redes ópticas de nova geração, objetivando referendar nossa proposta. / Availability is of considerable concern for network desingners due to the increasing importance of the information that pass through them, motivating the providers of telecommunications services to improve the capacity and the qyality of their backbones. Optical networks that use WDM (“Wavelength Division Multiplexing”) usually present control plane based in GMPLS (Generalized Multiproptocol Label Switching) architecture, because it provides one batter adequation between IP protocol and the optical layer. This work makes a comparative study, between the machanisms used for the traditional optical networks and the said ones of the next generation. It considers the adoption of different mechanism of fault tolerance in function of the traffic model, through simulations, in the networks implemented by SDH/SONET architecture and simulations in computer of the main mechanisms offered for the multilayer model IP-GMPLS/WDM to provide protection and restoration of connectivity in nexte-generation optical networks, being objectified to authenticate our proposal.

Las redes de transporte se mueven hacia un modelo de redes formadas por routers IP/MPLS (Internet Protocol/Multiprotocol Laebel Switching) de altas prestaciones interconectadas a través redes troncales inteligentes. Actualmente la tecnología ATM está ampliamente desarrollada en dichas redes troncales que utilizan los protocolos PNNI (Private Network- Network Interface) como plano de control. En cambio la interoperabilidad entre redes IP/MPLS a través de redes PNNI-ATM es todavía un aspecto en proceso de estudio. Por otro lado, la tendencia futura de Internet es ir hacia redes troncales completamente ópticas con capacidad automática de conmutación para permitir un mejor tratamiento del tráfico solicitado. Debido al esfuerzo realizado por los organismos de estandarización sobre redes ópticas, se ha definido un primer modelo de red llamado ASON (Automatic Switched Optical Network). Mientras las redes actuales basadas en SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) ofrecen sólo capacidad de transporte, la futura ASON permitirá el establecimiento y la liberación de canales ópticos de forma automática. Un aspecto clave para conseguir esta funcionalidad es la definición de un plano de control óptico que será el responsable de realizar las funciones de señalización y encaminamiento.Diferentes estudios han sido realizados para conseguir interoperabilidad entre redes con tecnología IP/MPLS y ATM basados esencialmente en la distribución de información de señalización MPLS a través de una red troncal ATM. Una de las soluciones planteadas se basa en la utilización sobre cada uno de los conmutadores ATM, un dispositivo capaz de procesar información MPLS, llamado LSR (Label Switched Router). Otra, en cambio, propone el establecimiento de un camino MPLS, llamado LSP (Label Switched Path), encapsulado dentro de un camino ATM o VPC (Virtual Path Connection). Ambas soluciones presentan el inconveniente de utilizar un tiempo de establecimiento demasiado elevado.Respecto al plano de control para ASON, decir que una de las opciones propuestas es la de utilizar el GMPLS (Generalizad MPLS) que es una extensión del modelo MPLS con ingeniería de tráfico. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha iniciado un debate en lo foros de estandarización sobre la posibilidad de utilizar el PNNI como plano de control en ASON. Los argumentos que justifican esta opción son que el PNNI, después de unas apropiadas modificaciones, puede ser adecuado para ASON y lleva años funcionando en muchas de las actuales redes de transporte.Esta tesis está basada en el estudio de los dos casos mencionados anteriormente. El primero caso es el de dos redes IP/MPLS conectadas a través de una red troncal ATM la cual utiliza el PNNI como plano de control. En este contexto, el objetivo principal será el de definir un mecanismo rápido de establecimiento de la conexión que proporcione los parámetros requeridos de calidad deservicio entre dos nodos pertenecientes a cada una de las redes IP/MPLS. Para conseguirlo se realizarán las modificaciones pertinentes en el PNNI y se añadirán nuevos elementos de señalización.El segundo caso consiste en interconectar dos redes IP/MPLS a través de una red tronca l´óptica. En primer lugar se adaptará el PNNI para conseguir un protocolo de encaminamiento para ASON con el fin de proporcionar un establecimiento rápido de la conexión en un entorno IP/MPLS-ASON. Finalmente, se definirá un plano de control, llamado O-PNNI (Optical PNNI) basado en la adaptación total del ATM PNNI a redes ASON. Esta tesis finaliza con un análisis de las ventajas y desventajas de los modelos GMPLS y O-PNNI como planos de control en ASON.

The popularization of Internet has turned the telecom world upside down over the last two decades. Network operators, vendors and service providers are being challenged to adapt themselves to Internet requirements in a way to properly serve the huge number of demanding users (residential and business). The Internet (data-oriented network) is supported by an IP packet-switched architecture on top of a circuit-switched, optical-based architecture (voice-oriented network), which results in a complex and rather costly infrastructure to the transport of IP traffic (the dominant traffic nowadays). In such a way, a simple and IP-adapted network architecture is desired. From the transport network perspective, both Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and Optical Burst Switching (OBS) technologies are part of the set of solutions to progress towards an IP-over-WDM architecture, providing intelligence in the control and management of resources (i.e. GMPLS) as well as a good network resource access and usage (i.e. OBS). The GMPLS framework is the key enabler to orchestrate a unified optical network control and thus reduce network operational expenses (OPEX), while increasing operator's revenues. Simultaneously, the OBS technology is one of the well positioned switching technologies to realize the envisioned IP-over-WDM network architecture, leveraging on the statistical multiplexing of data plane resources to enable sub-wavelength in optical networks. Despite of the GMPLS principle of unified control, little effort has been put on extending it to incorporate the OBS technology and many open questions still remain. From the IP network perspective, the Internet is facing scalability issues as enormous quantities of service instances and devices must be managed. Nowadays, it is believed that the current Internet features and mechanisms cannot cope with the size and dynamics of the Future Internet. Compact Routing is one of the main breakthrough paradigms on the design of a routing system scalable with the Future Internet requirements. It intends to address the fundamental limits of current stretch-1 shortest-path routing in terms of RT scalability (aiming at sub-linear growth). Although "static" compact routing works fine, scaling logarithmically on the number of nodes even in scale-free graphs such as Internet, it does not handle dynamic graphs. Moreover, as multimedia content/services proliferate, the multicast is again under the spotlight as bandwidth efficiency and low RT sizes are desired. However, it makes the problem even worse as more routing entries should be maintained. In a nutshell, the main objective of this thesis in to contribute with fully detailed solutions dealing both with i) GMPLS-OBS control interoperability (Part I), fostering unified control over multiple switching domains and reduce redundancy in IP transport. The proposed solution overcomes every interoperability technology-specific issue as well as it offers (absolute) QoS guarantees overcoming OBS performance issues by making use of the GMPLS traffic-engineering (TE) features. Keys extensions to the GMPLS protocol standards are equally approached; and ii) new compact routing scheme for multicast scenarios, in order to overcome the Future Internet inter-domain routing system scalability problem (Part II). In such a way, the first known name-independent (i.e. topology unaware) compact multicast routing algorithm is proposed. On the other hand, the AnyTraffic Labeled concept is also introduced saving on forwarding entries by sharing a single forwarding entry to unicast and multicast traffic type. Exhaustive simulation campaigns are run in both cases in order to assess the reliability and feasible of the proposals.

Orientador: Helio Waldman / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T07:45:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pavani_GustavoSousa_D.pdf: 2684581 bytes, checksum: 17646b6816963a02bde2ea189d451458 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho aborda o uso de otimização por colônia de formigas (ACO) em redes ápticas. Como essa técnica exibe naturalmente capacidade de balanceamento de carga e auto-organização, além de prover controle distribuído na rede, apresentamos um algoritmo de roteamento baseado em formigas artificiais integrado a um plano de controle GMPLS, propondo seu uso nas seguintes aplicações: engenharia de tráfego e restauração em redes comutadas por caminhos ápticos e por pacotes ápticos, roteamento na presença de degenerações na camada física e gerenciamento integrado de caminhos ápticos e de recursos de processamento em arquiteturas de grid. O algoritmo proposto é comparado com técnicas tradicionais de roteamento baseado em topologia, como o roteamento por caminho mais curto. Apresentamos as vantagens e as limitações do algoritmo proposto em relação a essas técnicas para diferentes cenários, sendo que os resultados indicam que o algoritmo proposto neste trabalho é um excelente candidato para o controle de redes ápticas em substituição aos métodos tradicionais / Abstract: This work discusses the usage of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) in optical networking. Since this technique exhibits naturally the capacity of network load-balancing and self-organization, besides it provides a distributed control of the network, we present a routing algorith:Q1 based on artificial ants, which is integrated with a GMPLS control plane. We propose the following applications for it: traffic engineering and restoration for wavelength-routed and optical packet switched networks, routing aware of physical-Iayer impairments, and integrated management of processing resources and lightpaths in grid architectures. The proposed algorithm is compared to conventional routing techniques based on topology, such as shortest-path routing. We present the advantages and limitations of the proposed algorithm when compared to those techniques considering different scenarios. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm is an excellent candidate to manage and control optical networks in lieu of the conventional methods / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação

Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) emerged as a suitable solution to optimization of Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It improves network efficiency, utilization of resources and resilience in packet switched networks. With MPLS, packet forwarding decisions are made based on label inspection rather than packet header information. While MPLS is native to packet switched networks, Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) extends MPLS functionality to networks that support non-packet switched domains such as time, lambda and fiber. GMPLS also offers better resource management through the use of a new protocol; Link Management Protocol (LMP). In this work, a performance evaluation of GMPLS and MPLS control plane signaling protocols was performed. Further, a control plane interworking model for MPLS and GMPLS networks was proposed. Simulations were carried out to examine the performance of signaling protocols in an MPLS network configured with, and without Quality-of-Service (QoS). Conclusions on the performance characteristics of each signaling protocol were made based on the collected results.

GMPLS is a still developing protocol family which is indented to assume the role of a control plane in transport networks. GMPLS is designed to provide traffic engineering in transport networks composed of different network technologies such as wavelength switched optical networks, Ethernet networks, point-to-point microwave links, etc. Integrating the different network technologies while using label switched paths to provide traffic engineering poses a challenge. The purpose of integrating multiple technologies under a single GMPLS control plane is to enable rapid service provisioning and efficient traffic engineering. Traffic engineering in networks provides two primary advantages, network resource utilization optimization and the ability to provide Quality of Service. Utilizing network resources more efficiently translates to lower expenditures for the network provider. Quality of Service can be used to provide the customer with for example guaranteed minimum bandwidth packet services. Specifically this thesis focused on the problems of signaling and establishing Forward Adjacency Label Switched Paths (FA-LSPs), and on a experimental method of connecting different network technologies. A testbed integrating an Ethernet network and a wave length division multiplexing network was used to show that the proposed solutions can work in practice. / GMPLS består av en samling protokoll under utveckling, de är tänkta att anta rollen som kontrollplan i transportnätverk. GMPLS är designat för att tillhandahålla trafikplanering i transportnätverk bestående av flera olika nätverksteknologier såsom Ethernet, våglängds switchande nätverk m.fl. Integration av dessa olika nätverksteknologier under ett gemensamt kontrollplan och uppsättning av ”label switched paths” i dataplanet är en utmaning. Syftet med att integrera multipla teknologier under ett ensamt GMPLS kontroll plan är att snabbt kunna tillhandahålla tjänster över nätverket samt möjliggöra advancerad trafikplanering. Trafikplanering i nätverk ger två stora fördelar, optimering av utnyttjandet av nätverksresurser samt ökade möjligheter att erbjuda ”Quality of Service” till kunder. Bättre utnyttjande av nätverksresurser innebär lägre kostnader för nätverksleverantören medans ”Quality of Service” kan ge kunden t.ex. en garanterad bandbredd. Specifikt fokuserar denna avhandling på problemen med att signalera och etablera ”Forwarding Adjaceny Label Switched Paths” samt en experimentell metod som båda sammankopplar olika typer av nätverk. En testbed bestående av ett Ethernet nätverk samt ett optiskt våglängdsswitchande nätverk användes för att visa att lösningarna kan fungera i praktiken.

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