Orientador: Claudio de Oliveira / Abstract: The coastal drainages of Southern and Southeastern Brazil are part of the Eastern basin, currently composed by different drainages. The large distribution area and variety of habitats along these drainages have a direct influence on the species diversity and their high level of endemism. However, this region has been suffered intense exploration and loss of habitat due to anthropic actions. The present study aimed to identify Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) of the Loricariidae and to delimit ecoregions through their distribution patterns. A total of 499 partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene were analyzed, belonging to 47 Loricariidae species. 58 OTUs were delimited along 31 drainages of Southeastern and Southern coastal revealing a previously unrecognized genetic diversity for some groups. The 31 drainages based on Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), were divided in five groups, characterizing areas that are favorable to the delimitation of ecoregions. The Jacuí, Ribeira de Iguape and Paraíba do Sul rivers presented fairly exclusive faunas in relation to morphological and genetic patterns, being essential for preservation. The stream capture and paleoclimatic events are largely responsible for the distribution of the Loricariidae along the drainages. / Resumo: Os rios costeiros da região Sul e Sudeste do Brasil fazem parte do complexo hidrográfico da bacia do Leste, que abriga diferentes drenagens isoladas atualmente, entre as quais destacamse, na região Sul e Sudeste as do Paraíba do Sul, Ribeira de Iguape, Itajaí e Jacuí. A grande área de distribuição e variedade de habitats ao longo dessas drenagens têm influência direta na diversidade de espécies e no seu alto nível de endemismo. No entanto, essa região vem sofrendo intensa exploração e perda de habitas por ações antrópicas. Trabalhos de zoneamento dessa região vêm sendo realizados com o intuito de fornecer melhores dados para a sua preservação. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar unidades taxonômicas operacionais (OTUs) da família Loricariidae e delimitar ecorregiões através de seus padrões de distribuição. Foram analisadas 499 sequências parciais do gene mitocondrial Citocromo c Oxidase subunidade I (COI), representantes de 47 espécies de Loricariidae e encontradas 58 OTUs distribuídas ao longo de 31 drenagens da região costeira Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, revelando uma diversidade genética antes não reconhecida para alguns grupos. As 31 drenagens, com base na Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismo (PAE), foram divididas em cinco grupos, caracterizando áreas propícias à delimitação de ecorregiões. As drenagens Jacuí, Ribeira de Iguape e Paraíba do Sul, apresentaram faunas bastante exclusivas em relação a padrões morfológicos e genéticos, sendo imprescin... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

La conservation et la gestion sur le long terme de la biodiversité nécessitent une connaissance de la répartition des taxons, mais également une estimation précise de leur diversité spécifique ainsi que des processus de spéciation ayant permis leur formation. Cependant, la mesure de la richesse phylétique peut être biaisée par l'utilisation de caractères taxinomiques ne permettant pas de délimiter les espèces de manière appropriée. Ce travail de thèse propose d'explorer la diversité phylétique à plusieurs niveaux taxinomiques (générique, spécifique et intra-spécifique) des Aglaopheniidae, une famille d'hydrozoaires, notamment présente dans le Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien. Dans un premier temps, en utilisant des phylogénies basées sur plusieurs marqueurs (mitochondriaux et nucléaires), ce travail démontre que la diversité phylétique de cette famille est, au minimum, sous-estimée de moitié : tous les genres de la famille sont polyphyléthiques ou présentent un statut monophylétique restant à confirmer. Dans un deuxième temps, l'utilisation de méthodes de délimitation d'espèces basées sur des données moléculaires met en évidence la diversité cryptique très élevée des morpho-espèces étudiées, révélant l'intérêt potentiel des protocoles de taxinomie intégrative chez les organismes morphologiquement simples. Enfin, l'étude de génétique des populations d'une espèce incubatrice d'Aglaopheniidae révèle l'importance de la structuration des populations et de l'isolement par la distance chez cette espèce à plusieurs échelles géographiques (de quelques kilomètres à plusieurs milliers), impliquant une potentielle diversité cryptique extrêmement importante chez cette famille. L'ensemble des connaissances acquises lors de ce travail de thèse fournit un nouveau regard sur la diversité de la famille des Aglaopheniidae, soulignant le potentiel impact du cycle de reproduction sur la diversité phylétique et les processus de spéciation des hydrozoaires incubateurs. Cette thèse met en évidence l'importance de l'utilisation de plusieurs procédures complémentaires de délimitation d'espèces pour étudier la diversité des organismes morphologiquement simples. / Designing biodiversity conservation plans requires knowledge on the biogeographic distribution of taxa but also accurate estimates of species richness and diversification processes. However, measuring the phyletic richness can be biased by the use of inappropriate taxonomical characters, leading to erroneous species delimitation and diversity estimates. This work explores the phyletic richness at several taxonomic levels (generic, specific and intraspecific) of the hydrozoan family Aglaopheniidae (Agassisz, 1862), with a particular focus on the South-Western Indian Ocean. Firstly, using several newly constructed phylogenies based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers, this study reveals that the phyletic diversity of this family is at underestimated by at least 50%: all studied genera are polyphyletic or with doubtful monophyletic status. Then, using several species delimitation methods based on molecular markers, it sheds light on the richness of cryptic diversity of this family, enlightening the potential of using an integrative taxonomic approach on these morphologically simple organisms. Finally, the population genetics of an Aglaopheniidae brooding species shows a high populations structuring with pervasive pattern of isolation by distance at several geographic scales (several to thousands of kilometres), implying a potentially high cryptic diversity existing in this family. The results of this work provide new insights on Aglaopheniidae diversity, underlining the potential influence of reproductive mode on the phyletic diversity and diversification processes of brooding hydrozoan brooders. This thesis further highlights the relevance of using several complementary species delimitation procedures to study the diversity of morphologically simple organisms.

Les morpho-espèces de foraminifères planctoniques sont composées d'éco-génotypes parfois différentiables sur la base de la morphologie de leur coquille. Cette découverte récente d'une diversité ainsi qualifiée de « pseudo-cryptique » ouvre des perspectives d'amélioration de la précision des reconstructions paléocéanographiques. Malheureusement, ces génotypes ont été définis de façon subjective et ne sont pas homogènes quant à leur rang taxonomique, ce qui est pourtant un pré-requis pour leur intégration dans les modèles de reconstruction. Grâce à l'application de méthodes quantitatives de délimitation d'unités taxinomiques sur les séquences partielles de la petite sous-unité ribosomale (SSU) disponibles chez l'ensemble des morpho-espèces de foraminifères planctoniques, nous montrons que 49 de ces génotypes sont suffisamment divergents pour constituer d'authentiques espèces. Deux morpho-espèces clefs de la paléocéanographie sont étudiées plus en détail. Chez Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, l'obtention des premières séquences complètes de la SSU et la comparaison morphogénétique de spécimens (sub)polaires permettent de proposer un nouveau scénario évolutif et de montrer que les variations morphologiques sont ici d'origine éco-phénotypique, et donc indépendantes de la diversité génétique. Chez Globigerinoides sacculifer, caractérisé par une forte diversité morphologique, il existe au contraire une seule et unique espèce cosmopolite dans les eaux (sub)tropicales de l'Océan mondial. Ces deux cas particuliers montrent que, contrairement à ce que suggéraient les études précédentes, la spéciation pseudo-cryptique n'a pas valeur de règle chez les foraminifères planctoniques / Morphospecies of planktonic foraminifera are clusters of eco-genotypes that show small but significant shell morphological differences (pseudo-cryptic species).This discovery opens a new perspective for improving the accuracy and resolving power of paleoceanographic reconstructions. Unfortunately, current genetic type delimitations suffer subjectivity, inducing non-homogenous taxonomic status while homogenous taxonomic status is a prerequisite for including genetic types in reconstruction models. By applying quantitative and complementary methods for taxonomic units delimitation to the available dataset of partial sequences of SSU (ribosomal small sub-unit), we delimited 49 genuine (pseudo)cryptic species of planktonic foraminifera. We studied two paleoceanographic key-species. Complete sequencing of the SSU and morpho-genetic comparison within austral (sub)polar genetic types of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma lead to a new phylogeographic hypothesis and showed that morphological variations are the result of ecophenotypic effects and are not related with genetic types. The morphologically diverse Globigerinoides sacculifer is the first case of a planktonic foraminifera morphospecies corresponding to a single genetic type distributed world-wide in (sub) tropical waters. These two cases show that, contrary to previous studies conclusions, pseudo-cryptic speciation is not a rule within planktonicForaminifera

No description available.

This study is part of the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (STI) - one of the most ambitious all taxa biodiversity inventories in the world. One of the pillars in STI is to support taxonomic research on the most neglected taxonomic groups with the aim to lift the level of knowledge of biodiversity in the country. There is still a lot to be discovered, especially in the microscopic world, and this includes mites. Many aspects of mite biology and diversity are poorly known, such as species richness, abundance, distribution, lifestyle and behavior of species. Mites inhabits all sorts of aquatic, terrestrial, arboreal and parasitic habitats, nevertheless even in well-studied systems mites are often overlooked. Despite being among the smallest of arthropods, they are of medical and economical importance and may be very abundant in the ecosystems they inhabit. This thesis focuses on Parasitengona (Acariformes: Prostigmata), one of the most diverse taxa among the arachnids. It includes the aquatic Hydrachnidia (water mites) and the terrestrial Trombidia (e.g. velvet mites, chiggers). A unifying characteristic of Parasitengona is their complex life cycle of active and inactive stages, parasitic larvae and predatory deutonymphs and adults. They typically parasitize and prey on arthropods, except the chiggers which have vertebrates as hosts. The aim of this thesis is to shed light on the phylogeny and taxonomy of Parasitengona with emphasis on the Swedish fauna. To achieve this, mites were collected from different localities throughout the country between the years 2007-2016. Water mites were sampled with a hand net. Larvae of terrestrial Parasitengona were collected with sweeping nets and sorted out from malaise trap samples from the Swedish Malaise Trap Project. To collect the adults Berlese-Tullgren extractor and pitfall traps were used as well as hand collecting and sifting with litter reducer. The material collected abroad was kindly provided through collaboration.  Methods used in the papers included morphometrics, multivariate analyses, experimental rearing, DNA extraction and sequencing, Bayesian phylogenetic analyses and molecular species delimitation. In paper I and II, we combine molecular species delimitation models and morphological data to resolve taxonomical issues. This integrative taxonomic approach of combining data resulted in Piona dispersa Sokolow, 1926 as a valid species and redescriptions, new synonyms and neotypes provided for Erythraeus phalangoides (De Geer, 1778),  E. cinereus (Dugès, 1834) and E. regalis (C.L. Koch, 1837). Based on the new inventories we produce an updated and annotated checklist of 105 terrestrial Parasitengona species for Fennoscandia in paper III, and use metadata to increase the knowledge on distribution, habitat preferences, life stages and abundance. Out of these, 20 species are new findings for the region and five are potential new species for science. In paper IV, we provide a molecular phylogeny of Parasitengona based on the genes 18S, 28S and COI for 80 taxa with a sampling focus on the terrestrial lineages. Based on the results we offer a revised higher-level classification of the group. In particular the analyses supported Tanaupodoidea Thor, 1935 as a separate superfamily, but Trombiculoidea Ewing, 1929 was not monophyletic and was synonymized, along with Chyzerioidea Womersley, 1954, with Trombidioidea Leach, 1815. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

Les morpho-espèces de foraminifères planctoniques sont composées d'éco-génotypes parfois différentiables sur la base de la morphologie de leur coquille. Cette découverte récente d'une diversité ainsi qualifiée de " pseudo-cryptique " ouvre des perspectives d'amélioration de la précision des reconstructions paléocéanographiques. Malheureusement, ces génotypes ont été définis de façon subjective et ne sont pas homogènes quant à leur rang taxonomique, ce qui est pourtant un pré-requis pour leur intégration dans les modèles de reconstruction. Grâce à l'application de méthodes quantitatives de délimitation d'unités taxinomiques sur les séquences partielles de la petite sous-unité ribosomale (SSU) disponibles chez l'ensemble des morpho-espèces de foraminifères planctoniques, nous montrons que 49 de ces génotypes sont suffisamment divergents pour constituer d'authentiques espèces. Deux morpho-espèces clefs de la paléocéanographie sont étudiées plus en détail. Chez Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, l'obtention des premières séquences complètes de la SSU et la comparaison morphogénétique de spécimens (sub)polaires permettent de proposer un nouveau scénario évolutif et de montrer que les variations morphologiques sont ici d'origine éco-phénotypique, et donc indépendantes de la diversité génétique. Chez Globigerinoides sacculifer, caractérisé par une forte diversité morphologique, il existe au contraire une seule et unique espèce cosmopolite dans les eaux (sub)tropicales de l'Océan mondial. Ces deux cas particuliers montrent que, contrairement à ce que suggéraient les études précédentes, la spéciation pseudo-cryptique n'a pas valeur de règle chez les foraminifères planctoniques

A subset of 199 Melissotarsus insularis and 130 Diaspididae specimens were analyzed to 1) determine the species status of M. insularis and 2) to explore the relative intimacy of the relationship between M. insularis and Diaspididae. An analysis of molecular variance and the observed lack of association between clades and distinct habitats on the M. insularis phylogeny suggested that while M. insularis exhibits isolation by distance, it does not apparently diversify by habitat. When cryptic COI pseudogenes were accounted for, the majority of the genetic diversity exhibited by M. insularis was limited to a divergence of 3% or less suggesting that M. insularis represents a single, albeit broadly distributed, species. A cophylogenetic reconstruction of the relationship between M. insularis and Diaspididae yielded 14 “cospeciation” events but was not significant unlike reconstructions of host-parasite relationships. Analyses of reduced datasets suggested that incomplete taxon sampling may significantly affect cophylogenetic reconstruction results. / National Science Foundation (grants No. DEB-0072713, DEB-0344731 to BLF and DEB-0842395 to BLF and MAS), a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant to MAS and a Leaders Opportunity Fund grant from the Canada Foundation for Innovation to MAS