Universiẗat, Diss.--Hamburg, 2007. / Literaturverz. S. [581] - 609.

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

I examine the presence of earnings management at pre-IPO and lockup periods. Motivated by significant post-lockup insider sales documented in prior research, I investigate whether insiders (managers and venture capitalists) inflate earnings around the lockup period in order to increase share price and maximize personal wealth from selling shares at lockup expiration. I also compare levels of earnings management in the pre-IPO and lockup periods with those in the post-lockup period. Prior research also documents that auditor quality mitigates earnings management behavior. I explore the impact of auditor quality in the unique setting of IPO lockups. ... Cross-sectional analysis reveals that my sample IPO firms also utilize real-activities manipulation, but only in the early pre-IPO period. The results are robust with respect to alternative abnormal accruals and real-activities measures. I also find that IPO firms that hire prestigious auditors experience less earnings management in the lockup period than firms with lower-quality auditors, after controlling for the monitoring role of venture capitalist and underwriter reputation. / by Lizhong Hao. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

[pt] A abertura de capital (IPO) é um bom indicador da performance da economia. Mostra que as empresas estão tendo um bom resultado e que os investidores estão com mais confiança na economia. A atividade de IPO tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos mostrando uma maior confiança na economia, apesar de alguns mercados continuarem vulneráveis. Este trabalho tem por objetivo final apresentar as melhores práticas de avaliação de investimentos para empresas brasileiras de capital fechado e, portanto, oferecer às comunidades acadêmica e corporativa um serviço público - uma referência prática, através da avaliação da ALL - América Latina Logística. Busca-se, comparar o preço avaliado com o preço ofertado, verificando se o preço foi subavaliado e, ainda, comparar a performance da ação no primeiro dia de negociação com as empresas de outros setores. / [en] The initial public offering (IPO) is a good indicator of the economy situation. It reflects the strong performance of the companies and also the confidence of investors in the economy. The IPO activity has increased over the last years showing growth in confidence even when some markets are still vulnerable. The objective of this research is to present the practices in estimating the value of a private company, besides, it intends to provide a practical and ready-to-use tool to the academic and corporate communities, through the valuation of ALL - América Latina Logística. It aims as well to compare the stock price on its first traded day with the valuation pricing of ALL - América Latina Logística, to verify its fairness, and with other companies in different sectors.

This thesis consists of empirical studies on various aspects of international corporate finance, a series of long-run event studies examining the abnormal stock return performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), and stock analyst recommendations. The first two of these, presented in Chapters 2 and 3, investigate the key issues relating to Initial Public Offerings (IPOs). The next, in Chapter 4, examines the performance of new American Depositary Receipt issues from emerging markets and its determinants. The final study, presented in Chapter 5, assesses the value of stock analysts? recommendations in emerging markets. It is essentially a series of empirical studies adopting a tried and tested methodology, involving benchmarks, for measuring returns over time in emerging markets, a subject that has not been sufficiently investigated. The long-run event study approach is designed to identify anomalies in these markets, which may be much more pronounced than in developed markets. This thesis makes substantive contributions to the existing knowledge on measuring, documenting and determining various issues in international corporate finance, and provides methodological improvements over previous studies. Chapter 2 presents an examination of the stock return performance of the IPO stocks listed on the Growth Enterprise Market (GEM) in Hong Kong, finding that the return performance is sensitive to the benchmark employed. Two main factors contributing to the underperformance of GEM stocks are the ?technology boom? and ?IPO effects?. Moreover, the results of cross-sectional analyses suggest that the Hong Kong GEM is a unique market; since at least 70 percent of the IPO stocks listed on the GEM are technology stocks, the ?technology? factor outweighs previous hypotheses advocated by previous researchers to explain the poor performance of newly listed stocks. Chapter 3 extends this analysis by turning attention to the post-issue stock price performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in Asian markets, using a comparative assessment of the stock performance of Asian IPOs motivated by the ongoing discovery of biases in event studies involving long horizon returns. Various methods were used to remove such biases, while examining the robustness of the long run performance of the IPOs. The results of this examination show that the existence of long run underperformance for the Asian IPOs depends on the methodology used. The study also assesses the ?Market Timing? theory with regard to Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), adding to the growing literature that suggests that Asian firms time their issuance of equity securities. Chapter 4 presents a comparative study of the post-issue stock performance and operating performance of the Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) of American Depositary Receipts (ADR) in emerging markets. The results of this study suggest that ADR IPOs are underpriced, though not to the same extent as regular IPOs. In the aftermarket, ADR IPOs underperform the Emerging Market Index. However, after controlling for differences in size and industry, underperformance of ADR IPOs compared with both home market IPOs and US IPOs could not be demonstrated. The analysis of stock and operating performance yields consistent results; aside from the ?window dressing? effect, this also demonstrates that stock price performance is a reflection of operating performance over the long run. Chapter 5 presents the first study to examine post-recommendation abnormal returns in emerging markets, based on the Emerging Market Index adjusted model and the Controlling Firm approach, demonstrating that stock prices react significantly to recommendation revisions, both on the revision day and subsequently. In this cross-sectional analysis, it appears that the Market-to-Book ratio is the primary indicator for Buy and Strong Buy recommendations. This indicates that stock analysts in emerging markets prefer high growth stocks with their attractive characteristics.

The access of capital and the high market growth has resulted in an increase in the quantity of companies going public in Sweden. Most companies go through with the initial public offering (IPO) process, but there has been an increase of companies that choose to go public through an alternative method. A reverse takeover is an alternative going public transaction that has been more common and accepted over the recent years in Sweden. The going public process is reverse compared with an IPO and the method is known as the “back-door” to the market. The purpose of this report is to analyze reverse takeover on the Swedish stock exchange as an alternative to the traditional IPO, with focus on the factors behind the transaction. Through an inductive approach, data has been collected from interviews with representa-tives of financial advisory companies with experience of reverse takeovers. The aim was to clarify which factors that affects companies when they carry out a reverse takeover. A de-ductive approach has then been carried out, to provide the research with quantitative data that can act as a complement to the qualitative data. This data has been collected through a statistical analyse of reverse takeovers on the Swedish stock exchange. A reverse takeover is a faster process than an IPO. The main reason for the shorter listing process is that a reverse takeover is a transaction between two companies and the IPO is a transaction between one company and the public. Many of the reverse takeover transac-tions in Sweden were done to take advantages of the loss carry forwards in the public com-pany, which provides a possibility to reduce tax payments and go public at the same time. The publicity is lower for a reverse takeover than for an IPO, which makes it possible for the private company to take the back door to the capital market and in some way ignore the current market condition because the transaction is not depending on the demand for the company stock. A recognized pattern on the financial market is that reverse takeovers are carried out more frequently after a market crash. This agrees with what we have seen in Sweden, since pri-vate companies started to go public through reverse takeovers after the IT-crash. The re-verse takeover transaction can be viewed as a financial trend in today‟s Sweden. A few companies in Sweden have been harmed of the reverse listing process, as they have not been able to live up to the requirements from the stock exchange after they were listed. Planning and due diligence is important to be able to minimize risks when going public through a reverse takeover. The due diligence is even more important for reverse takeovers than for other transactions, since the business agreements are generally with companies that have a history of weak performance. / Ett gynnsamt börsklimat och möjligheten att få tillgång till externt kapital har resulterat i en tillväxt av börsnoterade företag i Sverige. Den vanligaste börsnoteringen är den traditionella ”initial public offering” (IPO) processen, men det har skett en ökning av företag som note-ras via alternativa metoder. Ett omvänt förvärv är en alternativ börsnoterings process som har blivit mer vanlig och accepterad de senaste åren i Sverige. Noteringsprocessen är om-vänd jämfört med en IPO och har därför blivit känd i Sverige som ”köksvägen” till börsen. Uppsatsen behandlar omvända förvärv på Stockholmsbörsen med ett syfte att analysera den alternativa börsnoteringen samt faktorerna som ligger bakom beslutet att genomföra ett omvänt förvärv istället för en traditionell börsnotering. Genom en induktiv ansats, har data samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med utvalda personer ur företag som har agerat finansiell rådgivare vid omvända förvärv. Intervjuernas syfte har varit att förklara vilka faktorer som påverkar företag att genomföra ett omvänt förvärv. Genom en deduktiv ansats, har sedan studien kompletterats med kvantitativ data ifrån en statistisk undersökning av omvända förvärv genomförda i Sverige. Ett omvänt förvärv erbjuder en snabbare noteringsprocess för det privata företaget i för-hållande till en IPO. Anledningen till varför ett omvänt förvärv är snabbare är för att det är en transaktion mellan två företaget, medan en IPO är ett erbjudande till allmänheten. Moti-vet bakom många omvända förvärv i Sverige har varit möjligheten att både börsnoteras och samtidigt utnyttja skalbolagets underskottsavdrag, vilket ger framtida skattefördelar. Publi-citeten kring omvända förvärv är lägre än för en IPO eftersom företaget inte behöver in-formera allmänheten, vilket gör det möjligt för ett privat företag att ta ”köksvägen” till bör-sen. Omvända förvärv genomförs oftast efter en sättning i marknaden. Svenska företag började utnyttja omvända förvärv som en noteringstransaktion efter IT-bubblan, eftersom det fanns många IT-bolag som upplevde svåra tider på börsen och var mer än villiga att ingå ett avtal för ett omvänt förvärv. Största riskerna med ett omvänt förvärv är relaterade till den omvända noteringsprocessen. En del Svenska företag har haft svårt att klara börsens krav och regler efter ett omvänt för-värv, vilket har resulterat i att de inte har lämnat observationslistan. Planering och Due Di-ligence är viktiga faktorer för att minimera riskerna, eftersom det privata företaget ingår av-tal med i de flesta fall ett börsnoterat företag med dåliga resultat och historik.

<p>The access of capital and the high market growth has resulted in an increase in the quantity of companies going public in Sweden. Most companies go through with the initial public offering (IPO) process, but there has been an increase of companies that choose to go public through an alternative method. A reverse takeover is an alternative going public transaction that has been more common and accepted over the recent years in Sweden. The going public process is reverse compared with an IPO and the method is known as the “back-door” to the market. The purpose of this report is to analyze reverse takeover on the Swedish stock exchange as an alternative to the traditional IPO, with focus on the factors behind the transaction. Through an inductive approach, data has been collected from interviews with representa-tives of financial advisory companies with experience of reverse takeovers. The aim was to clarify which factors that affects companies when they carry out a reverse takeover. A de-ductive approach has then been carried out, to provide the research with quantitative data that can act as a complement to the qualitative data. This data has been collected through a statistical analyse of reverse takeovers on the Swedish stock exchange. A reverse takeover is a faster process than an IPO. The main reason for the shorter listing process is that a reverse takeover is a transaction between two companies and the IPO is a transaction between one company and the public. Many of the reverse takeover transac-tions in Sweden were done to take advantages of the loss carry forwards in the public com-pany, which provides a possibility to reduce tax payments and go public at the same time. The publicity is lower for a reverse takeover than for an IPO, which makes it possible for the private company to take the back door to the capital market and in some way ignore the current market condition because the transaction is not depending on the demand for the company stock. A recognized pattern on the financial market is that reverse takeovers are carried out more frequently after a market crash. This agrees with what we have seen in Sweden, since pri-vate companies started to go public through reverse takeovers after the IT-crash. The re-verse takeover transaction can be viewed as a financial trend in today‟s Sweden.</p><p>A few companies in Sweden have been harmed of the reverse listing process, as they have not been able to live up to the requirements from the stock exchange after they were listed. Planning and due diligence is important to be able to minimize risks when going public through a reverse takeover. The due diligence is even more important for reverse takeovers than for other transactions, since the business agreements are generally with companies that have a history of weak performance.</p> / <p>Ett gynnsamt börsklimat och möjligheten att få tillgång till externt kapital har resulterat i en tillväxt av börsnoterade företag i Sverige. Den vanligaste börsnoteringen är den traditionella ”initial public offering” (IPO) processen, men det har skett en ökning av företag som note-ras via alternativa metoder. Ett omvänt förvärv är en alternativ börsnoterings process som har blivit mer vanlig och accepterad de senaste åren i Sverige. Noteringsprocessen är om-vänd jämfört med en IPO och har därför blivit känd i Sverige som ”köksvägen” till börsen. Uppsatsen behandlar omvända förvärv på Stockholmsbörsen med ett syfte att analysera den alternativa börsnoteringen samt faktorerna som ligger bakom beslutet att genomföra ett omvänt förvärv istället för en traditionell börsnotering. Genom en induktiv ansats, har data samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med utvalda personer ur företag som har agerat finansiell rådgivare vid omvända förvärv. Intervjuernas syfte har varit att förklara vilka faktorer som påverkar företag att genomföra ett omvänt förvärv. Genom en deduktiv ansats, har sedan studien kompletterats med kvantitativ data ifrån en statistisk undersökning av omvända förvärv genomförda i Sverige. Ett omvänt förvärv erbjuder en snabbare noteringsprocess för det privata företaget i för-hållande till en IPO. Anledningen till varför ett omvänt förvärv är snabbare är för att det är en transaktion mellan två företaget, medan en IPO är ett erbjudande till allmänheten. Moti-vet bakom många omvända förvärv i Sverige har varit möjligheten att både börsnoteras och samtidigt utnyttja skalbolagets underskottsavdrag, vilket ger framtida skattefördelar. Publi-citeten kring omvända förvärv är lägre än för en IPO eftersom företaget inte behöver in-formera allmänheten, vilket gör det möjligt för ett privat företag att ta ”köksvägen” till bör-sen. Omvända förvärv genomförs oftast efter en sättning i marknaden. Svenska företag började utnyttja omvända förvärv som en noteringstransaktion efter IT-bubblan, eftersom det fanns många IT-bolag som upplevde svåra tider på börsen och var mer än villiga att ingå ett avtal för ett omvänt förvärv. Största riskerna med ett omvänt förvärv är relaterade till den omvända noteringsprocessen. En del Svenska företag har haft svårt att klara börsens krav och regler efter ett omvänt för-värv, vilket har resulterat i att de inte har lämnat observationslistan. Planering och Due Di-ligence är viktiga faktorer för att minimera riskerna, eftersom det privata företaget ingår av-tal med i de flesta fall ett börsnoterat företag med dåliga resultat och historik.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009. / Prepared for: Dept. of Accounting. Title from title-page of electronic thesis. Bibliography: leaves 98-105.