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Rykštenės (Solidago L.) gentis, priklausanti astrinių (Asteraceae Dumort.) šeimai, apima apie 100 rūšių, daugiausiai paplitusių Šiaurės Amerikoje. Tik kelios genties rūšys paplitusios kituose žemynuose. Lietuvoje yra trys svetimžemės rykštenių rūšys: kanadinė (S. canadensis L.), aukštoji (S. altissima L.) ir vėlyvoji (S. gigantea Ait.). Darbo tikslas – nustatyti svetimžemių rykštenės genties augalų įvairovę Lietuvoje ir įvertinti rūšių morfologinių požymių variaciją populiacijose. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti rykštenės genties rūšių įvairovę ir paplitimą Lietuvoje; 2. Ištirti rykštenių populiacijų tankumą ir sudėtį; 3. Įvertinti rykštenių morfologinių požymių variaciją populiacijose; 4. Nustatyti svetimžemių rykštenių rūšių patikimiausius skiriamuosius morfologinius požymius. / The genus goldenrod (Solidago L.), belonging to the Asteraceae Dumort. family, includes about 100 species distributed mainly in North America. A few af species are distributed in other continents. Three alien species of this genus are registered in Lithuania: Solidago canadensis L., S. altissima L. and S. gigantea Ait. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate diversity of alien Solidago species in Lithuania and to estimate variation of morphological characteristics in their populations. Following tasks were formulated: (1) to estimate diversity and distribution of Solidago species in Lithuania; (2) to investigate density and structure of populations; (3) to reveal variabilityy of morphological characters in populations; (4) to reveal the most reliable diagnostic features for species identification.

Rykštenė yra daugiametis augalas, priklausantis astrinių šeimai. Ji pasižymi keliais farmakologiniais veikimais, tokiais kaip skatinančiu diurezę, priešuždegiminiu, analgetiniu, antispazmolitiniu, antibakteriniu ir antigrybeliniu, taip pat antioksidaciniu ir priešvėžiniu aktyvumu. Iš rykštenės žaliavos gaminami vaistai skatinantys diurezę. Ji taip pat įeina į Lietuvoje gaminamos arbatos „Diuretiko“ (UAB „Acorus Calamus”) sudėtį. Šio darbo tikslas - atlikti polifenolinių rūgščių kokybinę ir kiekybinę analizę rykštenės ekstraktuose taikant efektyviąją skysčių chromatografiją. Buvo paruošti Solidago virgaurea ir Solidago gigantea lapų ir žiedų ekstraktai naudojant vandeninį metanolio tirpalą (70%). Jie buvo analizuojami ESC metodu. Detekcijai naudojamas fotodiodų matricos detektorius. Gauti rezultatai buvo lyginami su standartinių junginių (chlorogeno ir neochlorogeno rūgščių) duomenimis. Polifenolinės rūgštys nustatomos bangos ilgiui esant 324nm. Buvo identifikuotos dvi polifenolinės rūgštys: chlorogeno ir neochlorogeno. Solidago virgaurea chlorageno rūgšties yra 1.31%, o neochlorogeno rūgšties – 0.06%. Solidago gigantea chlorogeno rūgšties procentinis kiekis yra 2.35%, o neochlorageno rūgšties – 0.02%. / Goldenrod is a perennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. It has several pharmacological functions, such as promoting diuresis, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispazmolitiniu, antibacterial and antifungal as well as anti-oxidative and anti-tumor activity. Of goldenrod made a medicaments stimulating diuresis. It also includes in production of tea „Diuretiko“ (UAB „Acorus Calamus”) composition in Lithuanian. The aim of this research was to make polyphenolic acids qualitative and quantitative analysis of the goldenrod extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography. Was prepared Solidago virgaurea and Solidago gigantea leaves and flowers extracts of aqueous methanol (70%). They were analyzed in HPLC method. For detection was used photodiode array detector. The results were compared with standard compounds (chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids) data. Polyphenolic acids determined at the wave length of 324nm. Has been identified two polyphenolic acids: chlorogenic and neochlorogenic. In Solidago virgaurea chlorogenic acid is 1.31% and neochlorogenic acid - 0.06%. In Solidago gigantea chlorogenic acid percentage is 2.35%, and neochlorogenic acid - 0.02%.

Declines in several pollinator species are due to a variety of factors, including pathogens. Incorporating pollinator-friendly plant species into wild and agricultural habitats could reduce the stress of pathogens if food sources act medicinally against pathogens. Previous research demonstrated one domesticated sunflower cultivar (Helianthus annuus) can dramatically reduce a gut pathogen (Crithidia bombi) of the common eastern bumble bee, Bombus impatiens. To ascertain the breadth of this medicinal trait, we tested whether pollen from several H. annuus cultivars and four relatives could also reduce C. bombi infections in B. impatiens. We also investigated whether timing of exposure to sunflower pollen relative to time of infection affected the strength of this medicinal trait. In all experiments, bees were infected and then fed their respective pollen diets for a week before they were dissected to assess infection. In our first experiment, all pollen from Helianthus species and relatives reduced C. bombi cell counts compared to our single species control of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). In our timing of exposure experiments, a one-time exposure to sunflower pollen present at the time of infection did not lower infection levels. In longer exposure trials, sunflower pollen suppressed C. bombi infection with a strength inversely proportional to the time between treatment and infection. Our results suggest that medicinal pollen may be widespread in the Helianthus genus and potentially throughout the Asteraceae family. Thus, these results provide insights into how strategic plantings of certain floral resources can help mediate and influences pollinator disease dynamics.

Populations of striped cucumber beetles (<i>Acalymma vittatum</i> Fabr.), spotted cucumber beetles (<i>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</i> Barber), western cucumber beetles (<i>Acalymma trivittatum</i> Mann.), Pennsylvania leatherwings (<i>Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus</i> DeGeer), Diptera (Order: Diptera), lady beetles (Order: Coleoptera, Family: Coccinellidae), hymenoptera (Order: Hymenoptera), and spiders (Order: Araneae) in a cucumber field and a bordering field of uncultivated vegetation were assessed using yellow sticky traps to determine: 1) the relative abundances of target insects across the uncultivated vegetation and the crop field, 2) relationships between target insects and plant species. In both years populations striped and spotted cucumber beetles and Pennsylvania leatherwings (only in 1995) increased significantly and Diptera decreased significantly in the direction of the crop. The strength of these relationships increased over the season to a peak in August in 1995 and July in 1996 and then decreased in September in both years. There were significant correlations between Diptera and sweet-vernal grass in 1995. In 1996, cucumber beetles were correlated with wild violet (<i>Viola</i> spp.) and white clover (<i>Trifolium repens</i>); Diptera with wild violets; and the lady beetle <i>Coleomegilla maculata</i> with goldenrod (<i>Solidago</i> spp.), English plantain (<i>Plantago lanceolata</i>), and marjoram (<i>Origanum</i> spp.) in 1996. This study demonstrated the potential value of increasing the diversity of a cucumber field to control insect pests (and thus reduce pesticide useage) as well as suggested specific plants that influenced insect populations. / Master of Science

Tyrimo objektas – kanadinės rykštenės lapų bei žiedų ekstraktai. Tyrimo metu kokybiniam ir kiekybiniam flavonoidų nustatymui naudojamas efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodas. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti flavonoidų kokybinę ir kiekybinę sudėtį kanadinės rykštenės (Solidago canadensis L.) augalinėje žaliavoje naudojant ESC metodą. Atlikta mokslinių literatūros šaltinių analizė, pagrindžianti kanadinės rykštenės (Solidago canadensis L.) gydomąsias savybes, flavonoidų išskyrimo bei nustatymo metodikas , taip pat taikomo metodo optimizavimo ir validacijos kriterijus. Optimizuotas ECS metodas flavonoidų vertinimui, naudojant turimą laboratorinę įrangą. Pasirinkta 150×4,6 mm, 3 µm YMC kolonėlė, kurios temperatūra 25°C. Injekcijos tūris – 10µl. Kiekybiniam nustatymui pasirinktas gradavimo grafiko metodas, taikant tiesines kalibracines kreives. Validacijos eksperimentų metu buvo pagrįstas metodikos pakartojamumas, tiesiškumas, aptikimo ir nustatymo ribos. Validuota metodika pritaikyta kanadinės rykštenės (Solidago canadensis L.) ekstrakto tyrimui, nustatyta, kad kanadinės rykštenės lapų ekstrakte flavonoidų vidutiniškai yra 23,0 mg/g, iš jų vidutiniškai rutino nustatyta 18,99 mg/g, izokvercitrino – 0,44 mg/g, hiperozido 0,19 mg/g, kvercitrino 3,38 mg/g. Kanadinės rykštenės žiedų ekstraktuose flavonoidų nustatyta vidutiniškai 23,27 mg/g, iš jų rutino nustatyta 19,70 mg/g, izokvercitrino – 0,68 mg/g, hiperozido – 0,47 mg/g, o kvercitrino – 2,42 mg/g. / The object of the research – extracts of Canadian goldenrod leaves and flowers. The high performance liquid chromatography method was used for the quantitative determination of flavonoids in the research. The aim of work was to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids in the plant raw material of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) using HPLC method. Analysis of scientific literature was performed to support the medicinal properties of the Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), methods for extraction and detection of flavonoids, as well as the validation criteria of the applied optimization method. The HPLC method for determining the quantity of flavonoids was optimized using the available laboratory equipment. YMC column of 150×4.6 mm, 3 µl, was chosen with a temperature of 25°C. The injection volume – 10 µl. The graph calibration method was selected for using linear calibration curves. Validation experiments justified the method repeatability, linearity and the limits. The validated methodology was applied for the research of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) extract, and it was determined that the leaf extract of Canadian goldenrod contains an average of 23.0 mg/g flavonoids, of which, the average amount of rutin found was 18.99 mg/g, isoquercitrin – 0.44 mg/g, hyperoside 0.19 mg/g, quercitrin 3.38 mg/g. The average flavonoid content in the flower extract of Canada goldenrod was 23.27 mg/g, of them rutin 19.70 mg/g... [to full text]

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Invasive alien species (IAS) pose a serious threat to global ecosystems, economy and human and animal health. The spread of IAS leads to a global depletion of biological diversity, through homogenization of landscapes and reduced genetic variation within species. Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is an IAS that occurs widely throughout most of Sweden and it is considered to be one of the country’s most problematic terrestrial IAS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of the Canadian goldenrod in Värmland county, Sweden, in relation to land use type and soil moisture category. Species observation data was retrieved from the Analysis Portal for Biodiversity Data. National Land Cover Database (NMD) and SLU Soil Moisture Map were used to investigate which land cover and soil moisture classes Canadian goldenrod had been associated with. Results of this study shows that there is an association between Canadian goldenrod occurrence and land cover class, which implies that land cover seems to have an effect on the spread of the species. The area of land cover classes within reported observations of Canadian goldenrod was not proportional to the area of respective land cover classes within Värmland county. Land cover classes such as other open land, artificial surfaces and forests were most commonly found within Canadian goldenrod observations. This indicates that this species occurs with higher frequency on other open land and artificial surfaces, which corresponds with the literature findings. Moreover, the area of certain soil moisture class within reported observations of Canadian goldenrod was not proportional to the area of respective soil moisture class within Värmland. Among soil moisture classes, mesic-dry soil was most commonly found within goldenrod observations. This did not confirm the hypothesis that Canadian goldenrod occurs more commonly on wet-moist soils. The literature shows that this species has a great ability to adapt to different environments. The outcome of this study suggests that Canadian goldenrod might prefer certain land use categories more or less affected by human activity. This is consistent with previous studies about abundance and spread of invasive species and indicates that human activity is an important factor contributing to the spreading of IAS. / Invasiva främmande arter (IAS) utgör ett allvarligt problem för globala ekosystem, ekonomi och människors och djurs hälsa. Spridningen av IAS leder till en global utarmning av biologisk mångfald, genom homogenisering av landskap och minskad genetisk variation inom arter. Kanadensiskt gullris (Solidago canadensis L.)  är en IAS som förekommer vitt spridd över så gott som hela Sverige och bedöms vara en av landets mest problematiska invasiva terrestra arter. I denna studie kartläggs utbredningen av kanadensiskt gullris i Värmlands län, i syfte att undersöka om utbredningen kan kopplas till viss typ av markanvändning eller markfuktighet. Artobservationsdata hämtades från Analysportalen för biodiversitetsdata. Nationella Marktäckedata (NMD) och SLU Markfuktighetskarta (klassad) användes för att undersöka vilka marktäcke- och markfuktighetsklasser kanadensiskt gullris associerats med. Studiens resultat talar för att det finns ett samband mellan förekomst av kanadensiskt gullris och marktäckeklasser, dvs. marktäckning verkar påverka utbredning. Arean av marktäckeklasser inom rapporterade observationer av kanadensiskt gullris var inte proportionell till arean för respektive marktäckeklasser inom Värmlands län. Marktäckeklasserna övrig öppen mark, exploaterad mark och skog var vanligast förekommande inom kanadensiskt gullrisobservationer. I studien indikeras att kanadensiskt gullris oftare förekommer inom klasserna övrig öppen mark och exploaterad mark, vilket överensstämmer med litteraturen. Dessutom var arean av viss markfuktighetsklass inom rapporterade observationer av kanadensiskt gullris inte proportionell till arean av respektive markfuktighetsklass inom Värmland. Bland markfuktighetsklasser var torr-frisk vanligast inom kanadensiskt gullrisobservationer. Detta bekräftade inte hypotesen att kanadensiskt gullris har en högre förekomst inom klassen fuktig-blöt, men stöds av litteraturen som talar om artens anpassningsförmåga till olika fuktighetsnivåer. Resultatet av denna studie tyder på att kanadensiskt gullris verkar föredra platser som mer eller mindre påverkas av mänsklig aktivitet, något som går i linje med tidigare studier gällande spridning och förekomst av invasiva arter och lyfter vikten av den mänskliga faktorns betydelse i spridningen av IAS.