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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Gene product targeting into and membrane trafficking from the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal myofibers

Nevalainen, M. (Mika) 15 January 2013 (has links)
Abstract Skeletal muscle cells (myofibers) are huge multinucleated cells responsible for muscle contraction and hence for the everyday movements of the joints. The structure of these voluminous cells differs greatly from that of the mononucleated cells – the characteristic features of the myofibers include dozens of peripherally located nuclei, tightly packed contractile apparatus and a sophisticatedly organized endomembrane system. The basic physiology involving myofibers is quite well known, but scarce data exist on the membrane biology of the myofibers. The purpose of this study was to examine the localization of mRNA and the site of protein synthesis in the myofibers. The characterization of the membrane dynamics in muscle cells was also performed. In this study we utilized a primary cell culture model obtained from the rat flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle. Also frozen sections from the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle were used. The precursor cells of the myofibers – myoblasts and myotubes – were also utilized in some experiments. Furthermore, methods of immunohistochemistry and molecular biology were applied extensively in this study. We found that in FDB myofibers the mRNA lies just under the plasma membrane. Protein synthesis seemed to be concentrated in the vicinity of nuclei locating beneath the plasma membrane but also in interfibrillar dot-like structures. Protein products moved hundreds of micrometers away from the nuclei of origin. Moreover, there were no barriers for protein movement into the core regions of the myofibers. Movement of proteins was found to be rapid in the cytosol and in the endomembrane system, too. Interestingly, when examining exocytic trafficking we observed that ER-to-Golgi trafficking significantly differed from that of mononucleated cells. Finally, myofibers were found to be able to generate lipid bodies under stress conditions. The dynamics of lipid bodies seemed to deviate from the dynamics found in other cells types. Nowadays not much muscle research with primary myofibers is done worldwide, and therefore dilemmas involving myofibers such as insulin resistance and myotoxicity of statins are mostly unresolved. The knowledge gained from this study may be used in the future to solve clinical problems related to the cell biology of the myofibers. / Tiivistelmä Luurankolihassolut eli myofiiberit ovat jättimäisiä monitumaisia soluja, jotka vastaavat lihassupistuksen aikaansaamisesta ja siten mahdollistavat jokapäiväisen liikkumisemme. Näiden suurten solujen rakenne poikkeaa selkeästi yksitumaisten solujen rakenteesta: myofiiberien tunnusomaisia piirteitä ovat kymmenet solun reunoille sijoittuneet tumat, tiiviisti pakkautunut supistumiskoneisto ja monimutkaisesti järjestynyt solukalvostojärjestelmä. Vaikka myofiiberien perusfysiologia tunnetaankin hyvin, niin tiedetään itse myofiiberien kalvostobiologiasta sangen vähän. Kokonaisuutena tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tarkastella mRNA:n ja proteiinisynteesin sijaintia myofiibereissä. Lisäksi selvitimme lihassolujen kalvostodynamiikkaa. Tässä tutkimuksessa käytimme rotan flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) -lihaksesta saatua primääristä soluviljelymallia. Lisäksi hyödynsimme rotan extensor digitorum longus -lihaksesta hankittuja jääleikkeitä. Joissakin kokeissa käytimme myös myofiiberien esiastesoluja (myoblasteja ja myotuubeja). Immunohistokemian ja molekyylibiologian menetelmiä sovellettiin tutkimuksessa laajasti. Havaitsimme, että FDB –myofiibereissä mRNA sijaitsee aivan solukalvon alla. Proteiinisynteesi vaikutti olevan keskittynyt solukalvon alla sijaitsevien tumien ympärille, mutta myös solusisäisiin pistemäisiin rakenteisiin. Proteiinituotteet ylsivät satojen mikrometrien päähän alkuperäisestä tumastaan. Lisäksi proteiineille ei ilmennyt leviämisestettä myofiiberin sisäosiin. Leviämisen havaittiin olevan nopeaa sekä solulimassa että solulimakalvostoissa. Tutkiessamme solun eritystoimintaa huomasimme, että kuljetus ER:stä Golgin laitteeseen eroaa huomattavasti yksitumaisten solujen vastaavasta kuljetuksesta. Lopuksi havaitsimme myofiiberien pystyvän muodostamaan rasvapisaroita rasitusolosuhteissa. Rasvapisaroiden käyttäytyminen näytti myös poikkeavan siitä, mitä muissa soluissa on havaittu. Nykyään lihastutkimusta primäärisoluilla ei juuri tehdä maailmalla, minkä vuoksi myofiibereihin liittyvät lääketieteelliset pulmat kuten insuliiniresistenssi ja statiinien lihashaitat ovat suurelta osin ratkaisematta. Tästä tutkimuksesta saatuja tuloksia voitaneen jatkossa käyttää myofiiberien solubiologiaan liittyvien kliinisten ongelmien selvittämiseen.
42

Transport of Nucleotide Derivatives into Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgiapparatus Derived Vesicles: a Dissertation

Clairmont, Caroline A. 01 May 1993 (has links)
In mammals, newly synthesized proteins destined for secretion are translocated cotranslationally into the lumen of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). Once inside, these nascent polypeptide chains are bound by a lumenal ER protein called BiP (Immunoglobulin Binding Protein) or Grp 78 (Glucose Regulated Protein 78). It is hypothesized that this binding is necessary to protect the nascent chains until they are properly folded or assembled with other subunits. When the proteins are folded and assembled, they are released from BiP by a process that is dependent on ATP hydrolysis. Since ATP is synthesized mainly in the mitochondria, we hypothesized that there must be an ATP transporter in the ER which would allow the protein mediated transport of ATP from the cytosol into the ER lumen. We studied the transport of ATP in vitro and found that ATP enters the lumen of the ER in a saturable manner with a Kmapp~3μM. ATP transport is dependent on time, protein, and vesicle integrity, it is also inhibited by the general anion transport inhibitor, 4,4' diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic acid stilbene (DIDS). We also found that the transport was inhibited by membrane impermeable protein modifying agents such as N-ethlymaleamide (NEM) and Pronase when added to intact ER vesicles. These results suggest that the transport is mediated by a protein with an active cytoplasmic face. Using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to BiP and Grp94 (another resident ER protein) and U.V. crosslinking, we demonstrated that after transport of ATPα32P into intact vesicles, radiolabeled BiP and Grp94 could be immunoprecipitated. We also found that labeling of lumenal proteins with ATP is dependent on the transport of ATP. Finally using ATP labeled with 35S, we concluded that BiP was able to bind intact ATP and we confirmed earlier work that BiP was thiophosphorylated while Grp94 is not. The second area of study involves processes that occur further along the secretory pathway in the Golgi apparatus. It was known from previous work that the nucleotide sugar substrates necessary for the synthesis of the linkage region, UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl), UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) and UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) were transported into the Golgi apparatus from the cytosol via protein mediated transporters. In order to eventually purify one of these transporter proteins, we wanted to reconstitute their activities. We were able to reconstitute the activities that exhibited kinetic parameters and inhibitor sensitivities very similar to those seen in intact Golgi vesicles. In the case of UDP-xylose it was necessary to prepare the liposomes using endogenous Golgi lipids in order to get transport activity similar to that seen in the intact Golgi vesicles. This suggested a specific lipid requirement for the UDP-xylose transporter. These transporters seem to be antiporters, whereby the nucleotide sugar enters the lumen of the Golgi coupled to the equimolar exit of the corresponding nucleoside monophosphate (Hirschberg, C.B. and Snider, M.D. 1987). We also showed that we could reproduce the hypothesized antiporter system in the reconstituted proteoliposomes by preloading the proteoliposomes with the putative antiporter molecule UMP. The rationale for developing the reconstituted system is eventually to use this system to purify one of these nucleotide sugar translocators. In the last set of studies, I have shown that this reconstituted system can be used to monitor the purification of the UDP-galactose translocator. Using column chromatography we were able to purify this membrane translocator protein 45,000 fold from a rat liver homogenate.
43

Structure et fonctions de l'appareil de Golgi chez les fibroblastes dermiques humains lors du vieillissement : vers une stratégie innovante de criblaged'actifs dermo-cosmétiques à effets anti-age? / Structure and function of the Golgi apparatus of human dermic fobroblasts in the ageing process : towards an innovative strategy of screening dermocosmetically active agents with anti-ageing effect

Despres, Julie 17 November 2017 (has links)
La peau est un organe se trouvant à l’interface de notre organisme et de notre environnement. Ellesubit un vieillissement qui se traduit par des modifications affectant ses différentes couches. Parmi celles-cile derme est particulièrement affecté. Les fibroblastes, présents dans le derme, synthétisent des moléculesde la matrice extracellulaire ainsi que des enzymes de dégradation. Lors du vieillissement, cette sécrétionest modifiée favorisant ainsi la sécrétion d’enzymes et la dégradation du derme. L’un des objectifs de ces travaux de thèse est d’évaluer les modifications ayant lieu chez les fibroblastes lors du vieillissement. Pour cela, trois modèles de vieillissement de fibroblastes primaires dermiques humains ont été développés et caractérisés. Une étude transcriptomique a été réalisée par PCR quantitative en temps réel et a permis de mettre en évidence des différences d’expression de gènes codant pour des composants du derme. Dans le but de développer des actifs cosmétiques à visée « anti-âge », des extraits riches en polysaccharides ont été réalisés à partir de plantes et de microorganismes, puis leur efficacité a été évaluée sur des modèles de peaux humaines. L’appareil de Golgi est un organite jouant un rôle majeur dans la modification post-traductionnelle et la sécrétion. La modification structurale de celui-ci lors du vieillissement a été évaluée sur les modèles de fibroblastes en utilisant des techniques de microcopie optique et électronique. Les résultats montrent une altération de la morphologie du réseau trans-golgien chez les fibroblastes sénescents, l’un des modèles développés au cours de ces travaux. Chez ces cellules, le TGN présente une morphologie particulière qui s’étend dans le cytoplasme. Ainsi, lors de la sénescence, nous avons pu révéler par le biais d’une étude transcriptomique que l’expression de gènes impliqués dans la structure et la fonctionnalité de l’appareil de Golgi étaient modifiée. Les résultats obtenus lors de cette thèse ont permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux marqueurs biologiques innovants pour le criblage d’actifs dermo-cosmétiques à visée «anti-âge». / Skin is an important organ of the human body representing a protective structure in direct contactwith the external environment. During aging, skin undergoes dramatic changes including alteration ofdermal cells and components. Among these, fibroblasts synthetize and secrete a large variety ofcomponents and degrading enzymes involved in the modulation of dermal structure and functions. It isestablished that modification of the secreted components and enzymes during aging is related to dermisdegradation. This work aims to characterize aging-related alteration in fibroblasts. For this purpose, three aged human dermal primary fibroblast models have been developed. A transcriptomic study, using real-time quantitative PCR, has also been undertaken and has shown modifications in the expression of genesencoding dermal proteins. Using these results and in order to develop “anti-aging” cosmetic ingredients, extracts from polysaccharides-rich plant and microbial cells have been prepared and their efficiency evaluated on skin explants.As the Golgi apparatus is a major organelle of the secretory pathway, its structural organization has been investigated in fibroblasts using microscopy. The data show a marked alteration of trans-Golgi network morphology in aged cells. In contrast to its small and compact structure in young cells, the trans-Golgi network displays a large and expanded configuration in senescent cells. In addition, a transcriptomic analysis reveals that the expression of some genes, related to Golgi shape and/or function, is significantly modified in senescent cells. These genes could be then, used as innovating targets for the screening of novel dermo-cosmetic products with anti-aging activity.
44

Etude des mécanismes moléculaires controlant la biogenèse des granules de sécrétion : Role de la chromogranine A, du complexe actomyosine et des lipides de la membrane golgienne / Study of the molecular mechanisms controlling the biogenesis of secretory granules : Role of chromogranin A, actomyosin complex and lipids of the Golgi membrane

Carmon, Ophélie 30 May 2018 (has links)
Les cellules neuroendocrines possèdent d’une part la voie de sécrétion constitutive, existant dans tous les types cellulaires, qui permet le renouvellement continu de la membrane plasmique et de la matrice extracellulaire, et d’autre part la voie de sécrétion régulée, spécifique aux cellules sécrétrices, qui permet la sécrétion d’hormones suite à la stimulation de la cellule. Les organites impliqués dans cette dernière voie sont des granules de sécrétion à cœur dense (GS), sui stockent les hormones ainsi que les glycoprotéines solubles, les granines. Parmi ces dernières, la chromogranine A (CgA) joue un rôle majeur dans la biogénèse des GS mais les mécanismes moléculaires ne sont pas clairement définis. Dans une lignée de cellules non-endocrines COS7 (dépourvues de granines et donc de voie de sécrétion régulée), mon équipe d’accueil a démontré que l’expression de la CgA induit la formation de vésicules présentant une structure et des fonctions caractéristiques des GS. L’analyse du protéome des GS purifiés à partir d’une lignée de cellules COS7 exprimant de manière stable la CgA (COS7-CgA) a révélé la présence de protéines liant les éléments du cytosquelette et le calcium. Durant ma thèse, nous avons focalisé notre attention sur la myosine 1b (myo1b), l’actine et le complexe de nucléation de l’actine Arp2/3 du fait de leur capacité à induire le bourgeonnement de compartiments post-golgiens dans des cellules non-endocrines. Nous avons montré (i) que la myo1b contrôle la formation des GS ainsi que la sécrétion régulée au sein des cellules COS7-CgA et des cellules neuroendocriniennes PC12, et (ii) que la myo1b et le complexe Arp2/3 permettent le recrutement d’actine fibrillaire dans la région golgienne et la formation des GS. Ces travaux montrent pour la première fois l’implication du complexe actomyosine dans la formation des GS. Afin d’identifier le lien moléculaire entre la CgA luminale et la myo1b cytosolique, nous avons recherché les interactions potentielles de la CgA avec les lipides de la membrane du réseau trans-golgien (TGN). Nous avons montré (i) que la CgA interagit avec l’acide phosphatidique (PA), (ii) que les espèces de PA prédominantes sont communes dans les membranes golgienne et granulaire, (iii) que la CgA est capable d’interagir spécifiquement avec des espèces de PA intégrées avec des membranes artificielles et (iv) que l’inhibition de la production du PA au niveau golgien altère significativement la formation des GS et la sécrétion régulée dans les cellules neuroendocrines. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus dans le cadre de ma thèse suggère que l’interaction entre la CgA et le PA est cruciale pour la biogenèse de GS à partir de la membrane du TGN. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que cette interaction est à l’origine de la formation de microdomaines enrichis en PA qui contrôleraient la courbure de la membrane du TGN et le recrutement du complexe actomyosine. / Neuroendocrine cells exhibit the constitutive secretory pathway which is common all cell types and allows the continuous renewal of the plasma membrane and the extracellular matrix, and the regulated secretory pathway, which is specific to secretory cells and allows hormone secretion following cell stimulation. The organelles supporting the latter pathway are dense-core secretory granules (SG), which store hormones and soluble glycoproteins, called granins. Among these, chromogranin A (CgA) plays a major role in the biogenesis of SG but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not clearly understood. Using non-endocrine COS7 cell line (which are devoid of granins and regulated secretory pathway), my host team has demonstrated that the CgA expression induces the formation of vesicles with structural and functional characteristic of SG. The proteome analysis of purified SG from a COS7 cell line stably expressing CgA (COS7-CgA) revealed the presence of cytoskeleton- and calcium-binding proteins. During my thesis, we focused our attention on myosin 1b (myo1b), actin and actin nucleation complex Arp2/3 due to their ability to induce the budding of post-Golgi compartments in non-endocrine cells. We have shown (i) that myo1b controls SG formation as welle as the regulated secretion in COS7-CgA and PC12 neuroendocrine cells, (ii) that myo1b and Arp2/3 complex are required to recruit fibrillar actin (F-actin) to the Golgi region and to SG formation. These results highlight for the first time the involvement of the actomyosin complex in SG formation. In order to identify the molecular link between luminal CgA and Cytosolic myo1b, we investigated the potential interactions of CgA with lipids of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) membrane. We showed (i) that CgA interacts with phosphatidic acid (PA), (ii) that the predominant PA species are common in Golgi and granular membranes, (iii) that Cg Ais able to interact specifically with these PA species included in artificial membranes, and (iv) that inhibition of PA production at the Golgi level significantly alters SG formation and regulated secretion in neuroendocrine cells. All these results obtained during my thesis suggest that the interaction between CgA and PA is crucial for SG biogenesis from the TGN membrane. We suggest that this interaction is at the origin of the formation of PA-enriched microdomains that could control the curvature of the TGN membrane and the recruitment of the actomyosin complex.
45

Vazebné proteiny myotubularinu 9 / Binding proteins of MTMR9

Holšteinová, Aneta January 2021 (has links)
Myotubularins are lipid phosphatases that dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate the position three of the inositol ring. This allows them to regulate the structure of the lipid layer of the membrane compartment. The first member of the family was described in association with a severe hereditary myopathy. From that point on, another thirteen members have been added to the family. The catalytically inactive MTMR9 carrying the conserved mutation in the phosphatase domain regulates the localization of the marker of the early secretory pathway, RAB1A, the cis-Golgi structure and the secretion. MTMR9 interacts with the catalytically active MTMR6 and MTMR8 that specifically localizes and increases their phophatase activity. The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out whether the phenotype observed in cells with altered MTMR9 levels is dependent on the catalytically active phosphatases MTMR6 and MTMR8. We proved the influence of MTMR6 and MTMR8 on the distribution of tranfected RAB1A between the intermediate compartment and the Golgi apparatus. MTMR6 and MTMR8 also take part in regulating the cis-Golgi structure. By the use of two different approaches we did not manage to clarify the influence of MTMR6 and MTMR8 on secretion. Changes in the catalytic...
46

Host cell factors influencing intracellular survival and replication of Legionella pneumophila

Engels, Cecilia Maria Amelie 28 April 2010 (has links)
Legionella pneumophila ist der Erreger der Legionärskrankheit. Die Pathogenität des Bakteriums basiert auf seiner Fähigkeit innerhalb menschlicher Lungenzellen zu überleben und sich zu vermehren. Demzufolge ist L. pneumophila nicht nur interessant als wichtiges Pathogen, sondern kann auch als Sonde verwendet werden, um allgemeine intrazelluläre Ereignisse zu untersuchen. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist die, durch das Pathogen gestörte, intrazelluläre Kommunikation zwischen den Organellen des endoplasmatischen Retikulums (ER) und dem Golgi Apparat (GA). In der vorliegenden Studie schlagen wir ein neues Modell vor, wie das Bakterium erfolgreich seine replikative Nische, die Legionella Vakuole (LV), innerhalb des Zytosols aufbauen könnte, um seine Ausbreitung zu garantieren. Um die Mechanismen für die erfolgreiche Ausbeutung der Wirtszelle gezielt untersuchen zu können, haben wir mit Hilfe von siRNA spezifisch verschiedene Wirtszellproteinen herunterreguliert und den Einfuß der Abwesenheit dieser Proteine auf die Vermehrung von L. pneumophila gemessen. Die Ergebnisse wiesen darauf hin, dass die LV möglicherweise den Golgi Apparat imitiert und auf diese Weise den zellulären Vesikeltransport umleitet. Diese Theorie wurde durch in silico Ergebnisse unterstützt, die in der Proteinsequenz des Legionella Effektor-Proteins LidA, das auf der Vakuole lokalisiert ist, ein SNARE-ähnliches Motiv zeigte. Dies weist auf ein auf der Vakuole lokalisiertes SNARE-Erkennungsmotiv hin, das notwendig sein könnte, um zelluläre Transportvesikel zu koppeln. Aus dem Wissen heraus, dass L. pneumophila in der Lage ist, die Aktivierung der zellulären Proteine Arf1 und Rab1 durch Phosphorylierung und Dephosphorylierung zu regulieren, machten wir uns auf die Suche nach Proteinen, die auf Infektion hin modifiziert werden. Die Kommunikation von Wirt und Pathogen über Phosphorylierung ist bekannt im Bezug auf pathogenspezifische Modifikation des Zytoskeletts und Signalkaskaden in der Anti-Apoptose. Für diese Studie wurde ein Antikörper verwendet, der spezifisch phosphorylierte Tyrosinreste erkennt. Dies resultierte in der Detektion einer Serin-Threonin-Kinase in der Amöbe Acanthamöba castellanii, die an einem Tyrosinrest phosphoryliert ist. Diese Amöben-Kinase wies in silico Homologie zu der humanen GS-Kinase 3 des Wnt-Signalwegs, bekannt aus der Forschung der embronalen Entwicklung bei Drosophila, auf. Der letzte Teil dieser Arbeit konzentrierte sich auf die, durch eine L. pneumophila-Infektion ausgelöste, anti-apoptotische Signalkaskade. Es ist bekannt, dass auf eine Infektion hin NF-kappaB aktiviert wird. Dies führt dazu, dass p65 in den Zellkern wandert und dort als Transkriptionsfaktor aktiv wird. Diese Translokation geschieht in 2 zeitversetzten Phasen. Eine Aktivierungsspitze wird nach dem Kontakt mir bakteriellem Flagellin gemessen, gefolgt, von einer dauerhaften Aktivierung, abhängig von einem funktionierenden Dot/ Icm Typ-IV-Translokationssystem. In dieser Arbeit stießen wir auf eine L. pneumophila Mutante, die den Dot/ Icm-Effektor SdbA nicht bildet, und die daraufhin NF-appaB nicht aktivieren kann. Diese Mutante war ebenfalls nicht in der Lage, sich in Epithelzellen zu vermehren. Dies ist außergewöhnlich, da das L. pneumophila Effektor Repertoire so redundant ist, dass die Abwesenheit eines einzigen Effektors selten einen so starken Einfluss auf die Replikation hat. All diese Ergebnisse zeigen zusammengenommen, auf wie vielen verschiedenen Ebenen L. pneumophila in der Lage ist, seine Wirtszelle zu manipulieren, um einerseits die nötige Nische für seine Vermehrung zu etablieren und andererseits die Zelle am Selbstmord zu hindern. Dies geschieht durch Imitation zellulärer Prozesse. / Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires´ disease. The bacterium’s pathogenicity is based on its ability to survive and multiply efficiently inside human alveolar cells. Therefore, L. pneumophila is not only an important pathogen, but can also be used as a probe to investigate host cell function as for example, in the cellular trafficking pathway. In this study, we establish a new model of how this pathogen efficiently constructs its replicative niche, the Legionella containing vacuole (LCV), inside the host cytosol, enabling its dissemination. To investigate the mechanisms that lead to effective exploitation of the host cell, we down-regulated specific host cellular proteins via siRNA technology and measured the subsequent impact on L. pneumophila replication. The results suggest that the LCV mimicks the Golgi apparatus and via this mechanism hijacks host cellular vesicular trafficking. The L. pneumophila secreted effector protein LidA, located within the LCV, is shown to have a SNARE-like motif, suggesting a SNARE like sole connected to the LCV. Since it is known that cellular signalling proteins are controlled via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, we went on to search for specifically modulated host cell proteins after L. pneumophila infection. The cross-talk of the pathogen with its host via phosphorylation has been connected to several sub-cellular activities leading to, for instance, cytoskeleton rearrangement and signalling events including anti-apoptosis pathways. Here we used a phosphorylated tyrosine antibody resulting in the detection of an amoeba serine-threonine-kinase, phosphorylated at its tyrosine residue. This kinase shows homologies to the human GSK3 of the wnt-signalling pathway. (“Wnt“ is merged from the names of the homologues genes Wg (Drosophila melanogaster) and Int (mouse) both employed in evolutionary developement.) The final part of this work concentrated on anti-apoptotic signalling events induced upon L. pneumophila infection. It is known that during L. pneumophila infection the activation of NF-kappaB and subsequent translocation of p65 from the cytosol into the nucleus follows a biphasic pattern. One short peak of activation is induced upon contact with bacterial flagellin, succeeded by a permanent Dot/ Icm type IV secretion system-dependent activation. In this study, we found the L. pneumophila mutant lacking the Dot/ Icm effector SdbA to be unable to activate NF-kappaB. This mutant also showed impaired growth in epithelial cells. This is remarkable due to the high redundancy of the L. pneumophila effector system, meaning deletion of a single effector rarely has such a big impact on replication. Taken together this work demonstrates, the manifold ways in which L. pneumophila on the one hand side establishes its niche to ensure replication and on the other hand side to bars its host cell from suicide. All of this is managed by mimicking cellular processes.
47

Illumination of the Golgi apparatus of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Naegleria species

Poe, Tyler M, Marciano-Cabral, Francine 01 January 2019 (has links)
In this study, Naegleria fowleri, a pathogenic amoeba and the causative agent of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), was utilized to determine the presence or absence of classically conserved Golgi molecules featured in the expression of a Golgi apparatus. Previous studies concluded no Golgi expression via light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, but a recent report on Naegleria gruberi indicated the presence of dispersed Golgi tubules. Non-pathogenic species of the Naegleria genus such as Naegleria gruberi 30540 and Naegleria lovaniensis 30569 were utilized in Western immunoblot analysis compared to reduced whole-cell lysate proteins of two strains of N. fowleri and Vero CCL-81, Chlorocebus sp. kidney epithelial cells, which were utilized as a positive control for Golgi expression. N. fowleri and N. lovaniensis whole-cell lysates had indications of a 110 kDa reduced protein, associated with the predicted molecular weights of the beta-COPI subunit of the COPI cis-Golgi vesicular transport complex with further Western immunoblot indication of a weak band around 25 kDa corresponding to rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific for ARF1. Serial Dilutions of Wheat Germ Agglutinin Alexa Fluor 488TM were performed on Vero cells, Naegleria fowleri 30894, and N. gruberi 30540 with 1:100 dilution of recommended stock dilution of WGA 488 determined for utilization in sequential immunofluorescence. Sequential immunofluorescence with Wheat Germ Agglutinin Alexa Fluor 488TM and then blocked with 3% BSA:PBS [wt/vol] dilution with subsequent incubation in rabbit anti-beta-COPI primary 1:250, and 1:1000 of Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody exposure showed strong indications of organized cis- and trans-punctate Golgi body markers in close association in individual and dividing cells of Naegleria fowleri and conserved Golgi expression in the positive control Vero cells, but further experiments are necessary to verify this finding with N. fowleri.
48

Modélisation de maladies neurodégénératives à l’aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines / Modeling of neurodegenerative diseases using human induced pluripotent stem cells

Lemonnier, Thomas 25 September 2012 (has links)
La technologie de reprogrammation de cellules somatiques en cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) offre aujourd’hui l’opportunité de modéliser des maladies neurodégénératives et d’étudier des neurones de patients. Nous avons utilisé cette technologie pour générer deux modèles de maladies neurodégénératives : la mucopolysaccharidose de type IIIB (MPSIIIB) et la forme ALS2 de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA). Dans le modèle MPSIIIB, nous avons montré que les iPS et les neurones de patients présentaient des défauts caractéristiques de la pathologie telle que l’accumulation de vésicules de surcharge. Des altérations de l’appareil de Golgi dans ces cellules ont également été mises en évidence. Une analyse du transcriptome de précurseurs neuraux MPSIIIB a montré des modifications transcriptionnelles touchant notamment des gènes impliqués dans les interactions de la cellule avec la matrice extracellulaire. Ainsi, dans une seconde étude, des altérations de la migration et de l’orientation de cellules de souris mutantes MPSIIIB ou de patients ont été démontrées. Ces altérations pourraient être responsables des perturbations de la neurogénèse et de la neuritogénèse chez les enfants malades. Dans le modèle SLA/ALS2, nous avons montré que les neurones de patients présentaient des défauts incluant une diminution de la surface des endosomes et des anomalies de la croissance neuritique. Alors qu’il n’existait jusqu’alors aucun modèle cellulaire pertinent reproduisant cette maladie, ce modèle permettra à présent d’étudier les processus physiopathologiques impliqués dans la maladie. En conclusion, la génération de cellules iPS permet de modéliser des maladies neurodégénératives et d’étudier les processus physiopathologiques qui sont associés sur des neurones humains en culture. Ces modèles cellulaires pourraient permettre dans un avenir proche de réaliser des criblages de molécules à visée thérapeutique / Reprogramming technology of somatic cells in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) now offers the opportunity to model neurodegenerative diseases and to study patient’s neurons. We used this technology for generating two models of neurodegenerative diseases: the muccopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB) and the ALS2 form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the MPSIIIB model, we have shown that iPS and neurons of patients had characteristic defects of the disease such as the accumulation of storage vesicles. Alterations of the Golgi apparatus in these cells were also highlighted. Transcriptome analysis of MPSIIIB neural precursors showed transcriptional changes involving particularly genes implicated in cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Thus, in a subsequent study, alterations of migration and orientation of MPSIIIB mutant mouse cells and MPSIIIB patients’ cells have been demonstrated. These alterations may be responsible for the disruption of neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in sick children. In the ALS2 model, we have shown that patients’ neurons had defects including decreased endosomes’ surface and abnormal neurite outgrowth. As there was previously no relevant cellular model reproducing the disease, this model will now allow the study of physiopathological processes involved in the disease. In conclusion, the generation of iPS cells allows to model neurodegenerative diseases and to study associated physiopathological processes on cultured human neurons. These cell models could allow in the near future the screening of molecules of potential therapeutical interest
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Fonction de la glycoprotéine Golgi apparatus protein 1 (GLG1) dans la différenciation des adipocytes et l'effet de la forme de type sauvage et la forme tronquée de GLG1 sur le métabolisme des lipides

Katbe, Alisar 08 1900 (has links)
Golgi apparatus protein 1 (GLG1) est une protéine transmembranaire de 160 kDa qui interagit avec l’apolipoprotéine B100 (apoB100), le récepteur des lipoprotéines de basse densité (LDLR) et la proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Cependant, son mécanisme d’action et sa régulation post-traductionnelle sont inconnus. Des études ont montré que GLG1 subit deux clivages résultant en fragments solubles secrétés de 150 kDa et 55 kDa. Dans cette étude, notre premier objectif est d’identifier les enzymes responsables de la protéolyse de GLG1 ainsi que l’effet du clivage sur sa fonction dans le métabolisme des lipides. De plus, les résultats de nos collaborateurs montrent que les souris adultes déficientes en GLG1 ont un plus grand nombre d’adipocytes mais de taille plus petite que les souris de type sauvage. Notre deuxième objectif est de mesurer la variation de l’expression ainsi qu’identifier l’effet de GLG1 lors de la différentiation des fibroblastes en adipocytes. Pour le premier objectif, les cellules HEK293T surexprimant GLG1 ont été soit transfectées avec des convertases de proprotéines (PCSK) soit incubées avec différents inhibiteurs d’enzymes. Les milieux et les lysats cellulaires ont été analysés par immunobuvardage à la Western. Il n’y a pas eu de nouveaux fragments générés en présence des PCSK. Cependant, en présence d’inhibiteurs des sérines protéases apparentées à la trypsine soit AEBSF et Gabexate mesylate, il y a eu une réduction de la formation du fragment de 55 kDa. Pour identifier la métalloprotéase responsable du clivage de l’ectodomaine générant le fragment de 150 kDa, GLG1 a été transfectée avec les Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase (TIMP 1-4). Nos résultats ont montré que TIMP3 empêche la relâche de l’ectodomaine de GLG1 dans le milieu de culture. Finalement, nos analyses de plasma de souris par immunobuvardage à la Western ont montré la présence des fragments de 150 kDa et 55 kDa de GLG1 in vivo. Pour le deuxième objectif de l’étude, les fibroblastes préadipocytaires de souris 3T3-L1 ont été différenciés en adipocytes. Des lysats cellulaires et l’isolation d’ARN ont été effectués aux jours 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 et 10 de la différenciation. Des immunobuvardages à la Western ainsi que des RT-qPCR ont été réalisés pour analyser l’expression de GLG1 au cours de la différenciation. Nos résultats ont montré que l’expression de GLG1 augmente durant la différenciation. Bref, nos résultats démontrent que des enzymes trypsin-like clivent GLG1 et génèrent le fragment de 55 kDa. L’inhibition du clivage de l’ectodomaine de GLG1 par TIMP3 suggère que les ADAMs sont impliquées dans la relâche du fragment de 150 kDa. De plus, nous avons montré que l’expression de GLG1 augmente au cours de la différenciation adipocytaire. / Golgi apparatus protein 1 (GLG1) is a 160 kDa transmembrane protein interacting with apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). However, the protein’s posttranslational regulation and mechanism of action are poorly understood. Previous studies showed that GLG1 is cleaved resulting in two fragments of 150 kDa and 55 kDa secreted at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. The first objective of this study is to identify enzymes responsible for GLG1 proteolysis and the effect of cleavage on its function in lipid metabolism. Furthermore, our collaborators showed that mice with GLG1 knockout have a higher number of adipocytes, but those cells are smaller in size compared to those in wild type mice. Therefore, the second objective of the study is to measure the variation of GLG1 expression during adipocytes differentiation and to identify the effects of GLG1 knockout on adipocytes differentiation. For the first objective, HEK293T cells overexpressing GLG1 were either transfected with basic amino acid-specific proprotein convertases (PCSK) or treated with enzyme inhibitors. Media and cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot. No new fragments were detected in media of PCSK-transfected cells. Cell treatment with trypsin-like serine proteases inhibitors, AEBSF and Gabexate mesylate, reduced the secretion of the 55 kDa fragment. To identify the metalloproteinase responsible for GLG1 shedding, GLG1 was co-transfected with Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase (TIMP1-4). Our results showed that TIMP3 inhibits shedding of the 150 kDa fragment. Finally, wild-type mouse plasma was analyzed by Western blot and showed the presence of both fragments in vivo. For the second objective of the study, fibroblasts 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated into adipocytes and GLG1 mRNA and protein expression were measured at day 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 by qPCR and Western Blot. Our results showed that GLG1 expression increased during differentiation and a peak was observed at day 4. To conclude, in the first objective of our study, our results showed that trypsin-like enzymes cleave GLG1 and produce a 55 kDa fragment. Shedding of GLG1 is inhibited by TIMP3, which suggests that ADAM10 or ADAM17 are involved in the release of the 150 kDa fragment. In addition, both 55 kDa and 150 kDa fragments were found in normal mouse plasma supporting the relevance of our findings in vivo. In the second objective of our study, GLG1 expression increased during adipocyte differentiation suggesting a role in adipose tissue development and/or morphology. In conclusion, our study will help elucidate how proteolysis of GLG1 impacts its role in the regulation of apoB and PCSK9 secretion and lipid metabolism and how can GLG1 expression affect adipocytes differentiation.
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Immunoreactivity of valosin-containing protein in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in a case of its novel mutant / 孤発性ALSと新規VCP変異を有するALS-VCPにおけるVCPの免疫組織学的検討

Ayaki, Takashi 25 May 2015 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19174号 / 医博第4016号 / 新制||医||1010(附属図書館) / 32166 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙橋 淳, 教授 村井 俊哉, 教授 渡邉 大 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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