Chez les végétaux, les lipides de réserve sont stockés dans des structures subcellulaires, les corps lipidiques (CL). Ces organelles quasi-sphériques sont constituées d'un coeur de triacylglyceérols (TAGs), entourés d'une monocouche de phospholipides (PLs) et sont produites à partir du réticulum endoplasmique avant d'être libérés dans le cytoplasme cellulaire. Les oléosines, dont il existe 5 isoformes graine spécifiques (S1 à S5) chez Arabidopsis thaliana, sont des protéines majeures du CL, insérées à la surface de sa demi-membrane. La dynamique du CL (chargement/déchargement en huile) est complexe et reste largement mal comprise. L'objectif de ce travail est de modéliser la formation et la dynamique des corps lipidiques dans la graine en développement de l'espèce Arabidopsis thaliana, afin de mieux appréhender les mécanismes responsables de la biogenèse et la dynamique des CLs. L’utilisation de colorants des lipides neutres constituant les CLs, couplée à la microscopie confocale, a permis l’obtention de piles d’images de CLs d’embryons à différents jours du développement, en contexte sauvage et en contexte déplétif pour une, deux ou trois oléosines (S1, S3 et S4). - Un pipeline de segmentation d'images a tout d’abord été développé pour extraire différents estimateurs caractérisant la taille et la dispersion spatiale des corps lipidiques. Les estimateurs ont permis d'analyser l'évolution de la taille et de la dispersion spatiale des corps lipidiques en fonction du temps du développement, et de mettre en évidence la variabilité entre génotypes.- Ces données ont ensuite été analysées et étudiées statistiquement par des approches utilisant des modèles linéaires et des modèle quantile qui ont permis de conclure sur l'effet de chacune des oléosines étudiées, ainsi que celui de leurs interactions, sur la distribution des corps lipidiques.- Enfin, un modèle décrivant la dynamique de coalescence de la population des corps lipidiques a été proposé, simulé numériquement, puis comparé aux données expérimentales. Ce modèle a permis de tester différentes hypothèses de la dynamique de biogenèse et de croissance par coalescence du corps lipidique formalisées dans le modèle mathématique. Différents effets de la composition du corps lipidique en oléosines sur la vitesse de coalescence des corps lipidiques ont été mis en évidence. Les résultats de ces trois axes ont permis de proposer et discuter des rôles associés à chacune oléosine dans une perspective de compréhension des mécanismes mis en œuvre dans la dynamique du corps lipidique. / In plants, lipid reserves are stored in subcellular structures called lipid bodies (LB). These virtually spherical organelles consist of a core of triacylglycerols (TAG), surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids (PLs), are produced from the endoplasmic reticulum and then released into the cell cytoplasm. Oleosins, composed of five seed-specific isoforms (S1 to S5) in Arabidopsis thaliana, are major proteins of the LB, inserted on the surface of the half-membrane. The dynamics of LB (charging / uncharging oil) is complex and remains largely misunderstood. The objective of this work is to model the formation and dynamics of lipid bodies in the developing seed of Arabidopsis thaliana, to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the biogenesis and dynamics of LBs. The use of dyes staining neutral lipids constituting the LD, coupled with confocal microscopy, allowed obtaining image stacks of LB from embryos at different days of development, in a wild-type or depleted (mutant) context for one, two or three oleosins (S1, S3 and S4).- An image segmentation pipeline has been first developed, enabling extraction of various estimators for characterizing the size and spatial dispersion of the lipid bodies. Estimators were used to analyse the evolution of the size and spatial dispersion of lipid bodies as a function of stage of development, and to highlight the variability between genotypes.- These data were then processed and statistically analysed by approaches using linear as well as quantile model that concluded on the effect of each of oleosins investigated as well as their interactions on the distribution of lipid bodies.- Last, a model describing the coalescence dynamics of LB populations has been proposed, digitally simulated and compared to experimental data sets. This model was used to test various hypotheses on the dynamics of biogenesis and coalescence-based growth of lipid bodies as formalized according to the mathematical model. Several effects of oleosin composition on LB coalescence rate have been highlighted. The results of these three axes allowed to propose and discuss the roles associated with each oleosin in the broader perspective of understanding the mechanisms involved in the lipid bodies dynamics.

Abstract Skeletal muscle cells (myofibers) are huge multinucleated cells responsible for muscle contraction and hence for the everyday movements of the joints. The structure of these voluminous cells differs greatly from that of the mononucleated cells – the characteristic features of the myofibers include dozens of peripherally located nuclei, tightly packed contractile apparatus and a sophisticatedly organized endomembrane system. The basic physiology involving myofibers is quite well known, but scarce data exist on the membrane biology of the myofibers. The purpose of this study was to examine the localization of mRNA and the site of protein synthesis in the myofibers. The characterization of the membrane dynamics in muscle cells was also performed. In this study we utilized a primary cell culture model obtained from the rat flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle. Also frozen sections from the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle were used. The precursor cells of the myofibers – myoblasts and myotubes – were also utilized in some experiments. Furthermore, methods of immunohistochemistry and molecular biology were applied extensively in this study. We found that in FDB myofibers the mRNA lies just under the plasma membrane. Protein synthesis seemed to be concentrated in the vicinity of nuclei locating beneath the plasma membrane but also in interfibrillar dot-like structures. Protein products moved hundreds of micrometers away from the nuclei of origin. Moreover, there were no barriers for protein movement into the core regions of the myofibers. Movement of proteins was found to be rapid in the cytosol and in the endomembrane system, too. Interestingly, when examining exocytic trafficking we observed that ER-to-Golgi trafficking significantly differed from that of mononucleated cells. Finally, myofibers were found to be able to generate lipid bodies under stress conditions. The dynamics of lipid bodies seemed to deviate from the dynamics found in other cells types. Nowadays not much muscle research with primary myofibers is done worldwide, and therefore dilemmas involving myofibers such as insulin resistance and myotoxicity of statins are mostly unresolved. The knowledge gained from this study may be used in the future to solve clinical problems related to the cell biology of the myofibers. / Tiivistelmä Luurankolihassolut eli myofiiberit ovat jättimäisiä monitumaisia soluja, jotka vastaavat lihassupistuksen aikaansaamisesta ja siten mahdollistavat jokapäiväisen liikkumisemme. Näiden suurten solujen rakenne poikkeaa selkeästi yksitumaisten solujen rakenteesta: myofiiberien tunnusomaisia piirteitä ovat kymmenet solun reunoille sijoittuneet tumat, tiiviisti pakkautunut supistumiskoneisto ja monimutkaisesti järjestynyt solukalvostojärjestelmä. Vaikka myofiiberien perusfysiologia tunnetaankin hyvin, niin tiedetään itse myofiiberien kalvostobiologiasta sangen vähän. Kokonaisuutena tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tarkastella mRNA:n ja proteiinisynteesin sijaintia myofiibereissä. Lisäksi selvitimme lihassolujen kalvostodynamiikkaa. Tässä tutkimuksessa käytimme rotan flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) -lihaksesta saatua primääristä soluviljelymallia. Lisäksi hyödynsimme rotan extensor digitorum longus -lihaksesta hankittuja jääleikkeitä. Joissakin kokeissa käytimme myös myofiiberien esiastesoluja (myoblasteja ja myotuubeja). Immunohistokemian ja molekyylibiologian menetelmiä sovellettiin tutkimuksessa laajasti. Havaitsimme, että FDB –myofiibereissä mRNA sijaitsee aivan solukalvon alla. Proteiinisynteesi vaikutti olevan keskittynyt solukalvon alla sijaitsevien tumien ympärille, mutta myös solusisäisiin pistemäisiin rakenteisiin. Proteiinituotteet ylsivät satojen mikrometrien päähän alkuperäisestä tumastaan. Lisäksi proteiineille ei ilmennyt leviämisestettä myofiiberin sisäosiin. Leviämisen havaittiin olevan nopeaa sekä solulimassa että solulimakalvostoissa. Tutkiessamme solun eritystoimintaa huomasimme, että kuljetus ER:stä Golgin laitteeseen eroaa huomattavasti yksitumaisten solujen vastaavasta kuljetuksesta. Lopuksi havaitsimme myofiiberien pystyvän muodostamaan rasvapisaroita rasitusolosuhteissa. Rasvapisaroiden käyttäytyminen näytti myös poikkeavan siitä, mitä muissa soluissa on havaittu. Nykyään lihastutkimusta primäärisoluilla ei juuri tehdä maailmalla, minkä vuoksi myofiibereihin liittyvät lääketieteelliset pulmat kuten insuliiniresistenssi ja statiinien lihashaitat ovat suurelta osin ratkaisematta. Tästä tutkimuksesta saatuja tuloksia voitaneen jatkossa käyttää myofiiberien solubiologiaan liittyvien kliinisten ongelmien selvittämiseen.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24654号 / 農博第2537号 / 新制||農||1097(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R5||N5435(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 田尾 龍太郎, 教授 土井 元章, 准教授 中野 龍平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T20:24:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 katiabatistadoamaral.pdf: 5840188 bytes, checksum: bc96f4a6457a961cca6e272ba1aaaa5d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-26T20:29:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 katiabatistadoamaral.pdf: 5840188 bytes, checksum: bc96f4a6457a961cca6e272ba1aaaa5d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T20:29:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 katiabatistadoamaral.pdf: 5840188 bytes, checksum: bc96f4a6457a961cca6e272ba1aaaa5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O roedor Nectomys squamipes, também conhecido como rato d’água, é considerado o mais importante reservatório silvestre do parasito Schistosoma mansoni no Brasil, contribuindo para a epidemiologia da esquistossomose mansônica humana. Além disso, quando infectado, não apresenta sinais clínicos da doença, apresentando lesões teciduais extremamente brandas decorrentes da infecção. Parâmetros relacionados à infecção esquistossomótica em modelos murinos de infecção experimental já foram bem documentados; porém, em modelos de infecção natural, ainda são pouco conhecidos. A relação parasito-hospedeiro neste modelo de infecção natural é de grande relevância e motivou o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Foi realizado estudo comparativo da esquistossomose mansônica em N. squamipes naturalmente infectado pelo parasito S. mansoni e no camundongo Swiss experimentalmente infectado, nas fases aguda e crônica da infecção, através de análises histopatológicas, bioquímicas e ultraestruturais, objetivando obter uma melhor compreensão de como o rato d’água lida com o parasitismo pelo S. mansoni. Foram realizadas análises de frequências e tipos de granulomas, suas áreas médias e do comprometimento tecidual dos órgãos alvos da infecção (fígado e intestinos), nos dois modelos experimentais. A participação dos eosinófilos durante a resposta inflamatória granulomatosa também foi avaliada, visto que estas células estão presentes em grandes números nos granulomas. Dosagens bioquímicas das transaminases hepáticas auxiliaram na avaliação do dano hepatocelular. Além disso, a influência da esteatose hepática neste modelo de infecção natural foi estudada, visto que seus efeitos não são conhecidos em animais silvestres. Assim, dosagens séricas de glicose, colesterol total e triglicerídeos foram importantes para avaliar o perfil glicêmico e lipídico dos animais estudados. Os tecidos hepáticos dos animais foram submetidos à espectroscopia Raman, para avaliar o grau de insaturação presente. Finalmente, análises ultraestruturais ajudaram a aprofundar o conhecimento sobre os papéis dos eosinófilos e dos corpúsculos lipídicos presentes nos hepatócitos nestes dois modelos de esquistossomose mansônica. Os resultados revelaram que N. squamipes apresentou excelente modulação das lesões teciduais no fígado, com baixo comprometimento tecidual neste órgão e uma reação granulomatosa mais exacerbada no intestino delgado, favorável à eliminação dos ovos do parasito nas fezes. Além disso, os níveis séricos das transaminases não se alteraram em decorrência da infecção neste roedor silvestre, ao contrário do que ocorreu no camundongo Swiss. N. squamipes infectados e não infectados apresentaram os maiores graus de insaturação presentes nos tecidos hepáticos. Características ultraestruturais intrigantes dos eosinófilos de N. squamipes foram observadas por MET. Através dos dados obtidos, concluímos que o rato d’água apresenta uma relação ecológica bem estabelecida com o parasito S. mansoni, sendo que esta adaptação ao parasitismo pode estar relacionada ao metabolismo lipídico deste reservatório silvestre. / The rodent Nectomys squamipes, also known as water rat, is considered the most important wild reservoir of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil, contributing to the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis. Furthermore, when infected, it shows no clinical signs of the disease with extremely soft tissue injuries resulting from infection. Parameters related to the infection in murine models of experimental infection have been well documented; however, in natural infection models, they are still largely unknown. The host-parasite relationship in this model of natural infection is highly relevant and motivated the development of this work. So, It was conducted a comparative study of schistosomiasis in N. squamipes naturally infected by the parasite Schistosoma mansoni and in Swiss experimentally infected mice, at the acute and chronic phases of the infection through histological, biochemical and ultrastructural analysis, aiming to gain a better understanding of how the water rat handles with parasitism by S. mansoni. Analysis of frequencies and types of granulomas were held, their average areas and tissue impairment of the target organs of infection (liver and intestines) in both experimental models. The involvement of eosinophils during granulomatous inflammatory response was also evaluated, as these cells are present in large numbers in the granulomas. Biochemical testing of liver transaminases contributed to the evaluation of hepatocellular damage. Furthermore, the influence of hepatic steatosis in the natural infection model was studied, since their effects are not known in wild animals. Thus, serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides were important to assess the glycemic and lipid profile of the animals studied. The liver tissues of animals were subjected to Raman spectroscopy, to assess the degree of unsaturation. Finally, ultrastructural analysis helped to deepen understanding of the roles of eosinophils and lipid bodies present in hepatocytes in these two models of schistosomiasis. The results revealed that N. squamipes showed excellent modulation of tissue lesions in the liver, with low tissue impairment and a more exacerbated granulomatous reaction in the small intestine, favoring the elimination of the parasite eggs in feces. Furthermore, serum transaminases levels did not change as a result of the infection in wild rodents, unlike what occurred in Swiss mice. N. squamipes infected and uninfected showed the highest degree of unsaturation present in liver tissue. Intriguing ultrastructural characteristics of N. squamipes eosinophils were observed by TEM. Through the data obtained, we concluded that the water rat has a wellestablished ecological relationship with the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, and this adaptation to parasitism may be related to lipid metabolism of this wild reservoir.