Background: The first quarter of 2006, acquisitions at a value of 2 600 billion SEK were announced. If this trend holds for the entire year, 2006 will go to history as the most active year of acquisitions ever. The fundamentals of an acqui-sition is to generate added value through different forms of synerigies that are potentially created from the combined companies or to pay a lower price than the company is actually worth. Company valuation has because of this increased in importance to determine what the correct price of a company is. The valuation of a company performed by a business broker is not always consistent with the price a company pays for another due to different strategic circumstances that affect the purchase price. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the valuation process in connection with acquisitions of unlisted companies. The study also aims to clearify the circumstances causing the purchase price to differ from the cashflow or book valuation. Method: To meet the purpose of this thesis, a qualitative approach based on three acquisition processes in the Jönköping region has been chosen. The collection of empirical data has been made through personal interviews with Svensk Företagsförmedling (SFF) in Jönköping with complementing telephone interviews. Conclusion: Based on the cashflow or book valuation, which is the foundation upon which the selected companies are priced, we can draw the conclusion that in every unique case the broker must be presented with several strategical variations the different acquistions presents. These strategic presumptions considered, a company should be valuated to its highest defendable value. The study also demonstrates that a company’s fundamental value alone only constitutes a guideline in coming negotiaions. The strategic categories goodwill, potential synergies and form of payment makes up the the negotiable part of the purchase price. / Bakgrund: Första kvartalet 2006 offentliggjordes företagsförvärv till ett värde av 2 600 miljarder kronor och om trenden med företagsförvärv fortsätter året ut, kommer 2006 gå till historien som det mest aktiva inom företagsförsäljningar någonsin. Det fundamentala i ett företagsförvärv är att generera mervärde genom olika former av synergier som potentiellt skapas mellan de sammanslagna bolagen eller att betala ett lägre pris än vad bolaget egentligen är värt. Företagsvärdering har därför fått ökad betydelse för att avgöra vad som är rätt pris för ett bolag i samband med ett företagsförvärv. Värderingen av ett företag stämmer inte alltid överens med det pris ett företag betalar i samband med ett förvärv på grund av olika strategiska förhållanden som påverkar köpeskillingen. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera värderingsprocessen i samband med förvärv av onoterade bolag. Studien har även för avsikt att klargöra de förhållanden som gör att köpeskillingen skiljer sig från den räkenskapliga värderingen. Metod: För att uppfylla syftet med uppsatsen har vi tillämpat en kvalitativ ansats baserad på tre förvärvsprocesser i Jönköpingsregionen. Insamlandet av empiriskt material har skett genom personliga intervjuer med Svensk Företagsförmedling (SFF) i Jönköping samt kompletterande intervjuer via telefon. Slutsats: Utifrån de räkenskapliga värderingsmetoderna som ligger till fundamental grund för en prissättning av de valda bolagen, kan slutsatsen dras om att i varje unikt fall måste värderaren uppmärksammas om de variationer de strategiska förhållanden varje enskilt förvärv utgör. Med hänsyn tagen till de strategiska förutsättningarna skall ett företag värderas till det högsta motiverade värdet. Studien påvisar att ett företags fundamentala värde enbart utgör ett riktmärke i en förhandlingssituation. De strategiska områdena goodwill, potentiella synergier och betalningssätt är exempel på förhål-landen som utgör den förhandlingsbara delen av köpeskillingen.

"Realism" is one of the enduring theoretical problems of the cinema. This study aims to broaden the parameters of the term by focusing on an often overlooked strain of thought that flows throughout the work of a number of prominent and seemingly incongruous thinkers such as Bazin, Kracauer, Benjamin, Barthes, Buñuel, and others. Realism, I contend, is undergirded by something far more elusive and irrational than verisimilitude or social commentary. To demonstrate, I will examine a body of contemporary American films that I will cast—perhaps provocatively—as realist. I rely heavily upon Deleuze to discuss how free indirect discourse and the disjunction of sound and image open realism to an oneiric and/or intersubjective realm.

One of the world’s largest freshwater deltas (~4000 km2), the Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD), is located at the convergence of the Peace and Athabasca rivers and Lake Athabasca in northern Alberta, Canada. Since the early 1970s, there has been increasing concern regarding the ecological impacts on the PAD after flow regulation of the Peace River began in 1968, decreased discharge in the Peace and Athabasca rivers as a result of hydroclimatic changes in Western Canada, and increased Athabasca River water usage by oil sands development to the south. This thesis is part of an ongoing, multi-disciplinary project assessing current and past hydrological and ecological conditions in the PAD. Research conducted in this thesis aims to better understand the processes controlling water balance of lakes in the PAD using mainly stable water isotope data collected from lakes and their input sources. Isotope data are used to describe and quantify hydrological processes for individual lakes (seasonal and annual) and across the delta and are supported by other chemical and hydrometric data. An isotopic framework in d18O-d2H-space is developed for the PAD using evaporation-flux-weighted local climate data, and isotopic data collected from a reference basin, lakes throughout the PAD, and lake input sources (i.e., snowmelt, rainfall, and river water). The framework is comprised of two reference lines, the Local Meteoric Water Line, which is based on measured isotopic composition of precipitation, and the Local Evaporation Line, which is based on modelled isotopic composition of reference points. Evaporation pan data is used to assess short-term variations in key isotopic reference values, which are important for addressing short-term changes in the isotopic signature of shallow basins. This framework is used in subsequent chapters including assessment of seasonal and annual water balance of two hydrologically-contrasting shallow lakes, and to quantify the impacts of flood water and snowmelt on a set of 45 lakes in spring 2003. Five years of isotope data using time-series analysis and the isotopic framework suggested that a perched (isolated) lake and its catchment (forest and bedrock) in the northern, relict Peace sector captured sufficient rain, snow, and runoff to maintain a relatively stable water balance, and also that a low-lying lake in the southern, active Athabasca sector was regularly replenished with river water in both spring and summer. Snowmelt and rainfall were found to have diluted the perched basin by an average of 16% and 28 % respectively, while spring and summer floods were found to almost completely flush the low-lying lake. Using the spring 2003 regional dataset, flooded lakes were separated from snowmelt-dominated lakes through use of suspended sediment concentrations, isotope data, and field observations. Application of an isotope mixing model translated d18O values into a range of replenishment amount by either river water or snowmelt, which compared well with hydrological conditions at the time of sampling and previously classified drainage types of the lakes. Spatial mapping of replenishment amounts illustrated flooding of much of the Athabasca sector due to ice-jams, except for two sub-regions isolated from flooding by artificial and natural northern diversion of flow from the Athabasca River. It is also shown that most of the relict landscape of the Peace sector was replenished by snowmelt except for a few low-lying lakes close to the Peace River and its tributaries. Overall, improved understanding of lake and regional hydrology in the PAD, especially the ability to quantify the affects of various lake inputs, will improve the ability to develop effective guidelines and management practices in the PAD as lakes respond to future changes in climate and river discharge.

One of the world’s largest freshwater deltas (~4000 km2), the Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD), is located at the convergence of the Peace and Athabasca rivers and Lake Athabasca in northern Alberta, Canada. Since the early 1970s, there has been increasing concern regarding the ecological impacts on the PAD after flow regulation of the Peace River began in 1968, decreased discharge in the Peace and Athabasca rivers as a result of hydroclimatic changes in Western Canada, and increased Athabasca River water usage by oil sands development to the south. This thesis is part of an ongoing, multi-disciplinary project assessing current and past hydrological and ecological conditions in the PAD. Research conducted in this thesis aims to better understand the processes controlling water balance of lakes in the PAD using mainly stable water isotope data collected from lakes and their input sources. Isotope data are used to describe and quantify hydrological processes for individual lakes (seasonal and annual) and across the delta and are supported by other chemical and hydrometric data. An isotopic framework in d18O-d2H-space is developed for the PAD using evaporation-flux-weighted local climate data, and isotopic data collected from a reference basin, lakes throughout the PAD, and lake input sources (i.e., snowmelt, rainfall, and river water). The framework is comprised of two reference lines, the Local Meteoric Water Line, which is based on measured isotopic composition of precipitation, and the Local Evaporation Line, which is based on modelled isotopic composition of reference points. Evaporation pan data is used to assess short-term variations in key isotopic reference values, which are important for addressing short-term changes in the isotopic signature of shallow basins. This framework is used in subsequent chapters including assessment of seasonal and annual water balance of two hydrologically-contrasting shallow lakes, and to quantify the impacts of flood water and snowmelt on a set of 45 lakes in spring 2003. Five years of isotope data using time-series analysis and the isotopic framework suggested that a perched (isolated) lake and its catchment (forest and bedrock) in the northern, relict Peace sector captured sufficient rain, snow, and runoff to maintain a relatively stable water balance, and also that a low-lying lake in the southern, active Athabasca sector was regularly replenished with river water in both spring and summer. Snowmelt and rainfall were found to have diluted the perched basin by an average of 16% and 28 % respectively, while spring and summer floods were found to almost completely flush the low-lying lake. Using the spring 2003 regional dataset, flooded lakes were separated from snowmelt-dominated lakes through use of suspended sediment concentrations, isotope data, and field observations. Application of an isotope mixing model translated d18O values into a range of replenishment amount by either river water or snowmelt, which compared well with hydrological conditions at the time of sampling and previously classified drainage types of the lakes. Spatial mapping of replenishment amounts illustrated flooding of much of the Athabasca sector due to ice-jams, except for two sub-regions isolated from flooding by artificial and natural northern diversion of flow from the Athabasca River. It is also shown that most of the relict landscape of the Peace sector was replenished by snowmelt except for a few low-lying lakes close to the Peace River and its tributaries. Overall, improved understanding of lake and regional hydrology in the PAD, especially the ability to quantify the affects of various lake inputs, will improve the ability to develop effective guidelines and management practices in the PAD as lakes respond to future changes in climate and river discharge.

<p>Background: The first quarter of 2006, acquisitions at a value of 2 600 billion SEK were announced. If this trend holds for the entire year, 2006 will go to history as the most active year of acquisitions ever. The fundamentals of an acqui-sition is to generate added value through different forms of synerigies that are potentially created from the combined companies or to pay a lower price than the company is actually worth. Company valuation has because of this increased in importance to determine what the correct price of a company is. The valuation of a company performed by a business broker is not always consistent with the price a company pays for another due to different strategic circumstances that affect the purchase price.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the valuation process in connection with acquisitions of unlisted companies. The study also aims to clearify the circumstances causing the purchase price to differ from the cashflow or book valuation.</p><p>Method: To meet the purpose of this thesis, a qualitative approach based on three acquisition processes in the Jönköping region has been chosen. The collection of empirical data has been made through personal interviews with Svensk Företagsförmedling (SFF) in Jönköping with complementing telephone interviews.</p><p>Conclusion: Based on the cashflow or book valuation, which is the foundation upon which the selected companies are priced, we can draw the conclusion that in every unique case the broker must be presented with several strategical variations the different acquistions presents. These strategic presumptions considered, a company should be valuated to its highest defendable value. The study also demonstrates that a company’s fundamental value alone only constitutes a guideline in coming negotiaions. The strategic categories goodwill, potential synergies and form of payment makes up the the negotiable part of the purchase price.</p> / <p>Bakgrund: Första kvartalet 2006 offentliggjordes företagsförvärv till ett värde av 2 600 miljarder kronor och om trenden med företagsförvärv fortsätter året ut, kommer 2006 gå till historien som det mest aktiva inom företagsförsäljningar någonsin. Det fundamentala i ett företagsförvärv är att generera mervärde genom olika former av synergier som potentiellt skapas mellan de sammanslagna bolagen eller att betala ett lägre pris än vad bolaget egentligen är värt. Företagsvärdering har därför fått ökad betydelse för att avgöra vad som är rätt pris för ett bolag i samband med ett företagsförvärv. Värderingen av ett företag stämmer inte alltid överens med det pris ett företag betalar i samband med ett förvärv på grund av olika strategiska förhållanden som påverkar köpeskillingen.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera värderingsprocessen i samband med förvärv av onoterade bolag. Studien har även för avsikt att klargöra de förhållanden som gör att köpeskillingen skiljer sig från den räkenskapliga värderingen.</p><p>Metod: För att uppfylla syftet med uppsatsen har vi tillämpat en kvalitativ ansats baserad på tre förvärvsprocesser i Jönköpingsregionen. Insamlandet av empiriskt material har skett genom personliga intervjuer med Svensk Företagsförmedling (SFF) i Jönköping samt kompletterande intervjuer via telefon.</p><p>Slutsats: Utifrån de räkenskapliga värderingsmetoderna som ligger till fundamental grund för en prissättning av de valda bolagen, kan slutsatsen dras om att i varje unikt fall måste värderaren uppmärksammas om de variationer de strategiska förhållanden varje enskilt förvärv utgör. Med hänsyn tagen till de strategiska förutsättningarna skall ett företag värderas till det högsta motiverade värdet. Studien påvisar att ett företags fundamentala värde enbart utgör ett riktmärke i en förhandlingssituation. De strategiska områdena goodwill, potentiella synergier och betalningssätt är exempel på förhål-landen som utgör den förhandlingsbara delen av köpeskillingen.</p>

This document has two objectives: decomposition of a given trimmed surface into several four-sided subregions and creation of a diffeomorphism from the unit square onto each subregion. We aim at having a diffeomorphism which is easy and fast to evaluate. Throughout this paper one of our objectives is to keep the shape of the curves delineating the boundaries of the trimmed surfaces unchanged. The approach that is used invokes the use of transfinite interpolations. We will describe an automatic manner to specify internal cubic Bezier-spline curves that are to be subsequently interpolated by a Gordon patch. Some theoretical criterion pertaining to the control points of the internal curves is proposed and proved so as to ensure that the resulting Gordon patch is a diffeomorphism. Numerical results are reported to illustrate the approaches. Our benchmarks include CAD objects which come directly from IGES files.

Thèse de doctorat : Lettres : Paris 12 : 2007. / Thèse uniquement consultable au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. : 544 réf. Index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 227-245). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 227-245). Also available in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

In this dissertation we present four papers as chapters. In Chapter 2, we extended the techniques used for the Klein-Gordon Chain by Iooss, Kirchgässner, James, and Sire, to chains with non-nearest neighbor interactions. We look for travelling waves by reducing the Klein-Gordon chain with second nearest neighbor interaction to an advance-delay equation. Then we reduce the equation to a finite dimensional center manifold for some parameter regimes. By using the normal form expansion on the center manifold we were able to prove the existence of three different types of travelling solutions for the Klein Gordon Chain: periodic, quasi-periodic and homoclinic to periodic orbits with exponentially small amplitude. In Chapter 3 we include numerical methods for computing quasi-periodic solutions. We developed very efficient algorithms to compute smooth quasiperiodic equilibrium states of models in 1-D statistical mechanics models allowing non-nearest neighbor interactions. If we discretize a hull function using N Fourier coefficients, the algorithms require O(N) storage and a Newton step for the equilibrium equation requires only O(N log(N)) arithmetic operations. This numerical methods give rise to a criterion for the breakdown of quasi-periodic solutions. This criterion is presented in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5, we justify rigorously the criterion in Chapter 4. The justification of the criterion uses both Numerical KAM algorithms and rigorous results. The hypotheses of the theorem concern bounds on the Sobolev norms of a hull function and can be verified rigorously by the computer. The argument works with small modifications in all cases where there is an a posteriori KAM theorem. / text