The Diploma Thesis deals with the regulation of the tobacco market. The first part is dedicated to the theoretical view on regulation. It describes the historical development of the different points of view on regulation within economic schools, then it characterizes different types of market failure and within those it shows possible solutions in form of regulatory measures. The second part of the diploma thesis deals with tobacco and tobacco products market. In this chapter the current situation on the market is analyzed and some trends are derived, the chapter also deals with the largest producers of tobacco products nowadays. The last chapter deals with current tobacco control legislation. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and current European tobacco control legislation are looked at in detail and there is a comparison conducted of the level of tobacco market regulation in different parts of the world. The last part of the thesis delivers the evaluation of the level to which the current tobacco regulation is in line with the economic theory of regulation.

The main objective of my diploma thesis was to explain the principles and basic terms of drug policy in the Czech Republic, and to illustrate all the issues of government regulations in this area. This paper is trying to confront two different kinds of health services. The first one based on liberal principles, without any government intervention (system in USA), and the second one demarcating with regulations and restrictions, devoid of any free market fundamentals (system in EU). It describes the relationship between patient and doctor, and points out the different number of information, they dispose of. This paper is trying to explain the problem of skewed distribution of information in society. It presents how the government regulations in the free market area destroy the source allocation efficiency and goes against the satisfaction of customers' needs.

This research examines the mediation effects of prior experience, access to finance, government regulation, and workforce skills on entrepreneurial gender and corporate innovation in China. The aim is to study the factors that influence innovation decisions of women entrepreneurs and to promote corporate innovation in women-owned enterprises in developing countries like China. The data of this research comes from China Enterprise Survey conducted by World Bank in 2012. The findings revealed that prior experience, government regulation, and workforce skills have significant individual mediation effect on the relationship between entrepreneurial gender and corporate innovation. Also, prior experience, access to finance, government regulation, and workforce skills together played a significant overall mediating effect on corporate innovation in women-owned enterprises. The results of this study will provide important insights to women owners of enterprises, policy makers, and researchers to further understand the influence of prior experience, access to finance, government regulations, and workforce skills on corporate innovation in China and other emerging countries.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-09T13:50:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra Belloli de Vargas_.pdf: 981410 bytes, checksum: 0f1e4be33cacc2774570c9c222a6aef3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T13:50:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra Belloli de Vargas_.pdf: 981410 bytes, checksum: 0f1e4be33cacc2774570c9c222a6aef3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-18 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho tem como objetivo de estudo as práticas de controladoria adotadas por empresas sob regulação governamental. Buscou-se levantar as práticas de Controladoria, identificar em qual estágios de desenvolvimento de acordo com o IFAC essas práticas se classificam e se essas práticas se diferem das utilizadas por empresas de segmentos não regulados. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa. As práticas de controladoria foram selecionadas a partir de estudos já realizados sobre o tema, cujos pesquisadores elencaram as mais utilizadas. Após esta etapa aplicou-se a metodologia Delphi com o objetivo de identificar, na opinião dos especialistas, quais as práticas mais utilizadas. Foram validadas 27 práticas e, a partir desse resultado, elaborou-se o questionário de pesquisa. O número de empresas convidadas a responder a pesquisa, foi de 49 empresas. A amostra da pesquisa é composta por 14 empresas classificadas pela BOVESPA no segmento de utilidade pública, abrangendo os setores elétrico, água e saneamento e gás, correspondendo a 29% da população. A análise dos dados foi realizada com uso da estatística descritiva, ranking médio e análise da variância. A coleta dos dados ocorreu no período de 28/06/2015 a 15/10/2015. Os principais resultados, sob a percepção dos gestores das 14 empresas participantes apontam que as práticas de controladoria mais utilizadas são planejamento estratégico, orçamento operacional, valor presente líquido, análises quantitativas (simulações) e análise do custo de capital. Observou-se que a adoção das práticas difere quanto ao grau de utilização. Já as práticas menos utilizadas são: orçamento flexível, gestão de estoques – just-in-time, custo do ciclo de vida e custo padrão. Foi possível, também, identificar avanço em relação aos estágios de desenvolvimento das práticas estabelecidos pelo IFAC, as empresas estão adotando práticas classificadas no quarto estágio, demonstrando avanço em relação a pesquisas anteriores. / The objective of the presented master´s thesis is to analyze the controllership practices adopted by companies under government regulation in the context of their real applicability. It attempted to raise the managment accouting practices, identify which stages of development according to the IFAC these practices are classified and whether these practices differ from those used by non-regulated segments. It is a descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The controllership practices were selected from studies whose researchers listed the most used ones. After this step applies to Delphi methodology in order to identify, in the opinion of experts, which the most commonly used practices. The Delphi methodology was applied on these variables in order to identify, according to experts, which were the most common practices used. The 27 (twenty-seven) practices had been validated, and then a questionnaire was made. The number of companies invited to take the survey was 49 (forty-nine). The survey sample consisted of 14 (fourteen) companies listed on the BOVESPA utility segment, covering electricity companies, water and sanitation and gas, representing 29% (twenty-night percent) of the sample. Data analysis process was performed using descriptive statistics, average ranking and analysis of variance. Data collection began on June 28th, 2015 and ended on October 15th, 2015. The main results within the perception of managers regarding the 14 respondent companies indicate that the most common used controllership practices are net present value, strategic planning, quantitative analysis (simulations) and analysis of the capital of cost. It was observed that the adoption of certain practices differs from its level of use. Already the less used practices by companies are standard cost, inventory management - just in time, flexible budget, cost life cycle and cost of capital. It was also possible to identify improvement on the development stages of the practices established by IFAC, companies are adopting practices classified in the fourth stage, showing improvement over previous surveys.

Capital investments in the latest medical equipment and the replacement of aging facilities are important hospital decisions because they may have a significant influence on operating efficiencies and quality of care. However, hospitals experienced a minimal growth rate in capital expenditures which contributed to the aging of the hospital industry's asset base during the late 1990's and early 2000's. One of the underlying reasons behind this lack of growth might be the financial stresses that hospitals were facing after the Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997, which significantly reducedMedicare reimbursement and had an adverse impact on the financial viability of hospitals. The objective of this study is to empirically evaluate how changes in market, operational and financial factors influence changes in hospital capital investment in the post BBA period.The study employs a panel of nonprofit private and public, short-term general hospitals from 1998 to 2001. Six secondary databases were merged and analyzed by first difference transformation and instrumental variable estimation to eliminate unmeasured, time-invariant hospital characteristics, and to address the endogeneity and possible feedback effects of regressors in the model.The results of the study suggest that changes in hospital capital investment appear to be positively associated with changes in the ratio of primary care physicians to all physicians in market, the size of population, and the ratio of population age 65 over to all population in market. Also significant is change in the age of plant for hospitals that exhibits a negative association with change in capital investment. As expected, the study observes a strong positive effect of changes in liquidity and cash flow on changes in capital investment. However, the effect of change in debt ratio on change in capital investment appears to be marginally significant.Estimation of the effects of changes in variety of factors on changes in hospital capital investment especially in the post-Balanced Budget Act period indicates that hospitals appear to increase their capital expenditures to accommodate the increasing market demand for hospital services, and the results also show that availability of resources, especially financial ones, are most likely to influence capital investment during the financially stressed environment.This study contributes to a limited body of research examining factors affecting capital investment at the hospital level and demonstrates the important role of internal funds in predicting future hospital capital investment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJCC.pdf: 1255100 bytes, checksum: f56beba0f6e0c5c6ab4fd8495a0a8523 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-19 / In a very complex sector like the milk it is important to discuss the Govern action. This issue has been discussed very hard in all international meetings about trading. In the Brazilian case its possible to visualize two different periods of Government action, the regulation and the self-regulation. So, the processes between these periods has caused different kind of impacts to the actors. Among all the problems created are the exclusion of milk producers, workers and cooperatives. The main issue of this work are the changes happened in the beginning of ninety years, when the Government stopped regulating the milk sector. Another objective is to describe and analyze the formation of the milk policy network in the São Paulo state considering the institutional environment and the governance structure. The object of analyze is the milk policy network, the unit of analyze is the negotiation among the actors and the variable of analyzes are the power resources (constitutional, policy, financial, organizational, technological and juridical). / No caso brasileiro observam-se claramente dois períodos distintos com relação ao modo de regulação do setor lácteo, a regulação estatal e a auto-regulação. Existe, portanto, um processo de desregulamentação de mercado causando impactos variados a todos os atores do setor, além de conseqüências estruturais significativas. Dentre os problemas observados estão a nova estrutura de oportunidades criada e a exclusão de muitos atores, tais como pecuaristas, cooperativas, trabalhadores, entre outros. O tema central da presente dissertação é a desregulamentação do mercado lácteo nacional, tendo como foco a produção leiteira e as negociações que se desenvolvem no estado de São Paulo. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é analisar o processo de formação da rede de poder láctea paulista a partir das negociações dos atores envolvidos, do ambiente institucional constituído e da estrutura de governança estabelecida. Os recursos de poder (constitucionais, políticos, financeiros, tecnológicos, organizacionais e jurídicos) foram identificados nas fontes primárias e secundárias e descritos em ordem cronológica de modo a servirem de base para a análise da formação da rede de poder láctea paulista. A partir dos recursos de poder o presente trabalho buscou entender as mudanças estruturais da rede de poder láctea no estado de São Paulo, fundamentadas nos processos de busca e detenção dos mesmos entre os atores lácteos paulistas. Neste processo de análise, além de evidenciar o processo de formação da rede láctea paulista, foi possível mostrar os aspectos econômicos e políticos mais relevantes da desregulamentação estatal ocorrida durante a década de 90.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-24T13:56:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Danielle de Oliveira Lima Nascimento.pdf: 16716834 bytes, checksum: ed94111495a5f456cc286aef5258ca8b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-06-05T11:33:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Danielle de Oliveira Lima Nascimento.pdf: 16716834 bytes, checksum: ed94111495a5f456cc286aef5258ca8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T11:33:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Danielle de Oliveira Lima Nascimento.pdf: 16716834 bytes, checksum: ed94111495a5f456cc286aef5258ca8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-06 / Nanotechnology refers to the application of scientific knowledge in the control of matter at the nanoscale, in the range between 1nm and 100nm. Recent studies point to the risks that this new technology can cause to human life and to the environment, due to the insufficient knowledge of its properties and effects, being necessary the regulation of these products, their ethical implications and vigilant organs that accompany the discoveries Technological developments. Thus, this study aimed to perform an updated diagnosis based on national and international technical standards that govern the application of nanotechnology in health products through an integrative review. A total of 524 articles were found in three databases, LILACS, Scielo and PubMed, of which 61 articles were read from the final set. The methodology consisted of five steps: definition of the guiding question, search of studies in different databases, selection of studies, critical evaluation of studies and synthesis of data. The results obtained in the integrative review show that nations such as Japan, USA and of EU have demonstrated the highest level of development in nanotechnology, being representative in this study in order to compare with the advances of nanoscience in Brazil, therefore that there is no unanimous global regulation for nanotechnology worldwide, given the lack of scientific evidence regarding the risk to human health and the environment, suggesting that the regulation adopted should be based on the precautionary principle and be assessed on a case by case basis. This work served as a synthesis in the diagnosis of the needs for the construction of a regulation that is followed worldwide. / A nanotecnologia refere-se à aplicação de conhecimento científico no controle da matéria na escala nanométrica, na faixa entre 1nm e 100nm. Estudos recentes apontam para os riscos que essa nova tecnologia pode causar a vida humana e ao meio ambiente, devido ao insuficiente conhecimento das suas propriedades e efeitos, havendo a necessidade de regulamentação desses produtos, de suas implicações éticas e de órgãos vigilantes que acompanhem as descobertas tecnológicas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um diagnóstico atualizado baseado nas normas técnicas nacionais e internacionais que regem a aplicação da nanotecnologia em produtos para saúde através de uma revisão integrativa. Foram encontrados 524 artigos em três bases de dados consultadas: LILACS, Scielo e PubMed sendo que, do conjunto final foram lidos incluídos neste estudo 61 artigos. A metodologia constou com cinco etapas: definição da questão norteadora, a busca dos estudos em diferentes bases de dados, a seleção dos estudos, avaliação crítica dos estudos e a síntese dos dados. Os resultados obtidos na revisão integrativa denotaram que nações como Japão, EUA e da UE demonstraram destaque com o maior nível de desenvolvimento em nanotecnologia, sendo representativas nesse estudo de forma a comparar com os avanços da nanociência no Brasil, concluindo portanto que mundialmente não existe regulação para nanotecnologia que seja unânime para todas as nações, tendo em vista a falta de comprovação científica quanto ao risco a saúde humana e ao ambiente ,sugerindo que a regulação adotada deva ser baseada no princípio de precaução e que seja avaliado caso a caso. Este trabalho serviu como uma síntese no diagnóstico das necessidades para construção de uma regulamentação que seja seguida em âmbito mundial.

In my master thesis I focus on the effect of World War 1 on labour unions power in the United States of America. The goal is to answer these questions: What factors influenced position of labour unions at the beginning of the 20th century? How did the position of labour unions change during World War I? World War I was already a second experience with war economy in the history of the USA (remember American Civil War). For the first time, though, labour unions played important role in the American economy. I have decided to analyze the effect of World War I on position of labour unions because I consider it an important one. In Chapter one I will analyze the influence of war inflation on real wages of employees and on the ratio between wages of union workers and non-union workers. Chapter two is dedicated to labour conditions (social programs, safety, unemployment benefits) and to their modifications which took place because of World War I. Chapter three is about labour legislation development (regulation of hours and wages, yellow dog contracts, anti-trust and immigration legislation) and its adjustments during the war years. In the Conclusion I sum up all the evidence and evaluate the influence of the World War I on the labour unions and their members.

Large, ever more complex, technological systems surround us and provide products and services that both construct and define much of what we consider as modern society. Our societal bargain is the trade-off between the benefits of our technologies and our constant vigilance over the safe workings and the occasional failures of these often hazardous sociotechnical systems during their operating life. Failure of a system's infrastructure, whether a complex subsystem or a single component, can cause planes to crash, oil rigs to burn, or the release of radioactivity from a nuclear power plant. To prevent catastrophes, much depends not only on skilled and safe operations, but upon the effective maintenance of these systems. Using the commercial nuclear power industry, of the United States, as a case study, this dissertation examines how nuclear power plant maintenance functions to ensure the plants are reliable and can safely operate for, potentially, eighty years; the current, government regulation defined limit, of their functional life. This study explores the history of U.S. nuclear maintenance regulatory policy from its early Cold War political precursors, the effect of the 1979 Three Mile Island reactor melt-down accident, through its long development, and finally its implementation by nuclear power licensees as formal maintenance programs. By investigating the maintenance of nuclear power plants this research also intends to expand the conceptual framework of large- technological-system (LTS) theory, in general, by adding a recognizable, and practically achievable, end-of-life (EOL) phase to the heuristic structure. The dissertation argues that maintenance is a knowledge producing technology that not only keeps a sociotechnical system operating through comprehension, but can be a surveillance instrument to make system end-of-life legible; that is both visible and understandable. With a discernible and legible view of system end-of-life, operators, policy makers, and the public can make more informed decisions concerning a system's safety and its continued usefulness in society. / Doctor of Philosophy / Large, ever more complicated, technical systems surround us and provide products and services that define much of what we consider as modern society. Our societal bargain is the trade-off between the benefits of our technologies and our constant vigilance over the safe workings and the occasional failures of these often hazardous systems during their operating life. Failure of a system's infrastructure, whether a complex subsystem or a single component, can cause planes to crash, oil rigs to burn, or the release of radioactivity from a nuclear power plant. To prevent catastrophes, much depends not only on skilled and safe operations, but upon the effective maintenance of these systems. Using the commercial nuclear power industry, of the United States, as a case study, this dissertation examines how nuclear power plant maintenance functions to ensure the plants are reliable and can safely operate for, potentially, eighty years; the current, government regulation defined limit, of their functional life. This study explores the history of U.S. nuclear maintenance regulatory policy from its early Cold War political precursors, the effect of the 1979 Three Mile Island reactor melt-down accident, through its long development, and finally its implementation by nuclear power licensees as formal maintenance programs. By investigating the maintenance of nuclear power plants this research also intends to develop a method to determine when a nuclear power plant, or other large technological system, is approaching or has reached the end of its reliable and safe operational life. The dissertation presents maintenance as a technology of knowledge that not only keeps a system operating through understanding of its components, but can be a general surveillance instrument to make system end-of- life legible. With a discernible and understandable view of end-of-life, operators, policy makers, and the public can make more informed decisions concerning a system's safety and its continued usefulness to society.

This diploma thesis aims to describe the nature and specifics of product safety, as well as analyze the legal background of toys safety and discuss practical aspects related to the toy market. Based on these findings it aims to vindicate the following hypothesis: "Current toy market trends clearly linked with European integration, globalization and technological progress lead to a need to introduce increasingly stringent legislation that would regulate the negative consequences of these trends." The diploma thesis is divided into three parts. The first part describes the theoretical basis of consumer protection in the Czech Republic and the European Union. Sources of legal regulation of consumer law, basic terminology as well as consumer organizations and institutions active in this area are described. The second part deals with the regulation of product safety, while an analysis of three major legislations affecting the product safety is carried out. The third part of this diploma thesis is crucial, while it characterizes the term "toy", analyzes legislation governing toys safety and contains comparison of the current and already invalid Government Regulation on technical requirements for toys. Specific aspects of the toy industry and its current trends are discussed as well as systematic intervention of responsible bodies in case when a dangerous toy is launched.