Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Hillslopes comprise the majority of unglaciated upland landscapes; they are the primary source for the production of sediment from bedrock, and the routing system by which sediment is delivered to the channel network. Yet the nature of hillslope response to changes in tectonic, climatic or base-level boundary conditions is poorly understood in terms of the spatial and temporal distribution of hillslope morphology. Here I exploit a previously published framework for exploring hillslope morphology in high relief landscapes (Roering et al., 2007), to address several critical questions: Does high resolution topography allow understanding of the processes and rates by which sediment is redistributed on hillslopes? If so, can hillslope morphology be used to map the spatial distribution of erosion rates and facilitate interpretation of the timing and magnitude of tectonic forcing, particularly in transient landscapes which are adjusting their erosion rates? And to what extent does variation in lithology influence hillslope evolution and morphology, and the ability to interpret process rates from hillslope form? In this thesis I sought to explain hillslope adjustment to changing boundary conditions through combining the predictions of analytical and numerical models with detailed analysis of real, high resolution topographic datasets (derived from LiDAR), focusing on two landscapes where the influence of tectonic forcing on base-level history is relatively well constrained, the Middle Fork Feather River in the northern Sierra Nevada, and the Dragon’s Back Pressure Ridge, on the Carrizo Plain, both in California. The Sierra Nevada of California is a west-tilted fault block composed primarily of granitoids formed during Mesozoic arc volcanism. The block underwent acceleration in uplift 5 - 3.5 Ma which is hypothesised to be caused be the drop-off of a dense root from the lower crust and replacement by hot asthenosphere, causing crustal buoyancy. A relict landscape has thus been uplifted and dissected by the major drainage routes crossing the range, which have eroded rapidly to form deep canyons. The fluvial network is characterised by breaks in slope (knickpoints) which migrate into the landscape to transmit the signal of increased erosion, setting baselevel conditions for adjacent hillslopes. Theoretical predictions for the morphology of hillslopes governed by a nonlinear sediment transport law, if the hillslopes have attained steady state (i.e. they are eroding in concert with base-level fall in adjacent valleys) reveal that the curvature of hilltops will be linearly proportional to erosion rates or rate of base-level fall. I present innovative techniques to extract hilltop networks and sample their adjacent hillslopes in order to test the utility of hilltop curvature for estimating erosion rates. This work is carried out in granitoid lithologies where the influence of bedrock heterogeneity is assumed no to be a first order control on hillslope morphology. Existing and new cosmogenic radionuclide analyses in the Feather River basin, California, suggest that erosion rates vary by over an order of magnitude from the remnant upland landscape to the incised river canyon. Hilltop curvature increases with erosion rates, allowing calibration of the hillslope sediment transport coefficient, which controls the relationship between hillslope gradient and sediment flux. This in turn allows the estimation of erosion rates throughout the landscape by mapping the spatial distribution of hilltop curvature. Additionally, despite the landscape containing gradient-limited hillslopes, hilltop curvature continues to increase with rising erosion rates, reflecting higher erosion rates than can be predicted by hillslope gradient. The distribution of hillslope morphology conforms well to predictions of a nonlinear sediment transport model, with measured values of hillslope relief varying with the product of hilltop curvature and hillslope length (proxy for erosion rate) in a manner similar to that predicted by Roering et al. (2007). Hilltop curvature can thus be used to estimate erosion rates in landscapes undergoing a transient adjustment to changing boundary conditions provided that the response timescale of hillslopes is short relative to channels. Having focused on a landscape with roughly uniform bedrock geology to isolate drivers of geomorphic change, I sought to evaluate whether these techniques could be extended across lithologic contacts and throughout the landscape. Underlying geology influences the efficacy of soil production and transport on hillslopes, and resistance to erosion by valley-forming processes. Here, quantitative analysis of LiDAR digital terrain models was performed to search for a topographic signature in two distinct lithologies in the Feather River catchment in northern California; granodiorite and deformed volcanics. The two sites, separated by <2 km and spanning similar elevations, are assumed to have similar climatic and denudation histories. Responding to increased erosion rates, transient hillslopes exhibit high gradient but low hilltop curvature in the metavolcanics relative to theoretical predictions for steady state hillslopes. However, hillslopes in the granodiorite have, for the most part, variation in hilltop curvature, hillslope length and hillslope relief similar to model predictions for steady state hillslopes. The curvature of hilltops adjacent to main stem channels implies that the coefficient of sediment transport is two times larger in the granodiorite (c. 8.8 m2 ka-1) than in the metavolcanics (c. 4.8 m2 ka-1). The data suggest that hillslopes get shorter as erosion rates increase due to the increased influence of debris flows in valley incision, suggesting that drainage density increases with erosion rate. The incision wave associated with more rapid erosion in the Feather River has propagated further into a basin developed on the metavolcanics and hence this substrate is less resistant to channel incision. I review an inventory of values for the transport coefficient for hillslope sediment transport but find that no clear patterns emerge with varying lithology. However in unconsolidated substrates, precipitation may play an important role in modulating sediment transport through variation in rain splash impact frequency and the frequency of wetting/drying, freeze/thaw, and expansion/contraction cycles. Finally I apply the same techniques to study hillslope morphology to a landscape where the tectonic history has a documented influence on landscape development. The Dragon’s Back pressure ridge, Carrizo Plain, CA, consists of a series of small catchments adjacent to the San Andreas fault, where previous detailed geologic mapping has allowed the spatial and temporal distribution of uplift to be constrained. This landscape offers a hitherto unique opportunity to study the temporal evolution of hillslope morphology via ergodic substitution. I show that the time evolution of a sensitive indicator of erosion rate, hilltop curvature, can be predicted using a nonlinear sediment flux law. Further to this, the temporal evolution of relief and hilltop curvature experiences hysteresis as the landscape grows and decays. Relative to steady-state predictions, hillslope morphologies exhibit higher than expected values for relief during active uplift or landscape growth, and lower than expected relief during landscape decay. Therefore landscapes growing due to fault activity can be distinguished from those with quiescent faults undergoing topographic decay.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Alexander P. Mathews / Nanoscale magnetite is being examined for possible uses as an adsorbent of heavy metals and for the enhancement of water treatment processes such as stripping of trichloroethylene (TCE) from contaminated water supplies and wastewaters. Methods for recovering nanoscale magnetite must be developed before the particles can be used in water treatment processes. This is necessary because expelling high amounts of particles into the environment will be unacceptable and costly; if captured they can be reused; additionally, they could potentially cause environmental impacts due to their stability in an aqueous environment and possible toxicity. Nanoscale magnetite is superparamagnetic, so it has a high magnetic susceptibility, and hence it is very attracted to magnetized materials. Utilizing the magnetic properties of magnetite may be one possible means of separating the particles from a treatment process. High Gradient Magnetic Separation (HGMS) has been studied for the separation of micron and even tenths of a micron size particles, but there is little experimental data for HGMS of nanoscale magnetite. This research looks to filter nanoscale magnetite through a HGMS and determine the capture efficiency of the filter. Subsequently, the filter was backwashed to determine particle recover efficiencies. The flow rate was adjusted to determine the dependency of particle capture efficiency on cross sectional velocity through the filter. Additionally, particle loading was changed to better understand the correlation of particle loading with capture efficiency. Filtrations for nanoscale magnetite dispersed with sodium tripolyphosphate were also completed as well as filtrations of nanoscale magnetite coated with silica and magnetite silica composites. Experimental data in this research indicates that magnetite nanoparticles can be captured at 99.8% efficiency or higher in a well-designed filtration system. Capture efficiencies around 99.8% have been found for magnetite. The silica coated magnetite and magnetite silica composites were captured at efficiencies as high as 96.7% and 97.9%, respectively. The capture efficiency of the dispersed magnetite is lower than non-dispersed magnetite and most promising at relatively low fluid flow velocities and particle loadings. The maximum capture efficiency for dispersed magnetite particles was 90.3%. Both magnetite and dispersed magnetite were successfully recovered using backwash at pH of 10 to 11.

O presente estudo foi realizado no reservatório Rio Grande (Complexo Billings), estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de analisar a heterogeneidade espacial ao longo de seu eixo principal e com isso também saber se a comunidade zooplanctônica varia junto com o gradiente de condições ambientais encontrado no reservatório. Para tal, o reservatório foi dividido em quatro porções com base em informações anteriores a este estudo que mostravam um gradiente de trofia variando de eutrófico próximo de seus tributários a oligotrófico próximo à barragem. Assim, em cada porção foram escolhidos três pontos, totalizando 12 pontos de coleta amostrados em duas épocas do ano. Algumas variáveis como clorofila-a, fósforo total, materiais em suspensão e condutividade elétrica diminuíram em direção a barragem, outras como a transparência e profundidade aumentaram, o que indica também uma diminuição da eutrofização na porção próxima à barragem onde há captação de água para abastecimento, embora os valores do IET tenham indicado em geral um ambiente eutrófico, chegando a ser mesotrófico próximo à barragem. O zooplâncton apresentou maior riqueza de espécies e abundância total na parte alta do reservatório, diminuindo em direção à barragem. Os Rotifera foram os organismos com maior número de espécies, foram quase sempre mais abundantes e seguiram o padrão geral de heterogeneidade na abundância, já os Copepoda, formados apenas pela ordem Cyclopoida, apresentaram padrões diferentes do geral em ambos os períodos. Os Cladocera foram pouco presentes. Assim, a presença de certas espécies ou grupos do zooplâncton apontaram para um ambiente eutrofizado e instável, com a presença de espécies oportunistas. Sendo assim, a comunidade zooplanctônica acompanhou o gradiente de condições ambientais do reservatório com alterações em sua abundância e composição, mostrando ser um bom indicador de mudanças ambientais. Esse gradiente ao longo do eixo principal é comum em reservatórios por ser um sistema de transição, mas no reservatório Rio Grande também pode haver influência antrópica vinda do despejo de cargas poluidoras ou do manejo, com a aplicação de algicidas para tratamento da água. Por meio de ACPs, as variáveis limnológicas e as características do zooplâncton dividiram o reservatório em três compartimentos dentro desse gradiente encontrado; tais compartimentos variam suas dimensões constantemente com o passar do tempo, mostrando assim um ambiente dinâmico, mas com compartimentos bem definidos. / The present study was done in the Rio Grande reservoir (Billings Complex), São Paulo state, with the aim to analyze the spatial heterogeneity in the main axis and also to know if the zooplankton community varies with the gradient of environmental conditions found in the reservoir. To this end , the reservoir was divided in four portions based on previous information to this study that showed a trophic gradient varying from eutrophic near of its tributaries to oligotrophic near of the dam. Thus, in each portion it was chosen three points, totalizing 12 points sampled in two seasons. Some variables as chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus, suspension materials and electric conductivity decreased towards the dam, others such as the transparency and depth increased, what indicates a decrease of the eutrophication in the dams portion where there is a captation point for water supply, although the IET values have indicated, in general, a eutrophic environment being mesotrophic near of the dam. The zooplankton presented large richness of species and total abundance in the upstream zone of the reservoir decreasing towards the dam. The Rotifera were the organisms with the largest number of species, being almost always the most abundant group and followed the general pattern of the heterogeneity in the abundance. On the other hand, the Copepoda, only formed by the order Cyclopoida, presented different patterns of heterogeneity in both periods. The Cladocera were rarely present. Therefore, the presence of some species or groups of zooplankton pointed to a eutrophic and instable environment, with the presence of opportunist species. Hence, the zooplankton community accompanied the gradient of environmental conditions of the reservoir with abundance and composition changes showing to be a good indicator of the environmental changes. This gradient along the main axis is common in reservoirs inasmuch as it is a transitional system, but in the Rio Grande reservoir can also have anthropic influence due to the discharge of pollutant loads or management applying algicides to water treatment. Through PCAs, the limnological variables and zooplankton characteristics divided the reservoir in three compartments inside this gradient found; such compartments vary their sizes constantly during the time showing thus a dynamic environment, but still with well-defined compartments.

Ce travail de recherche s’est porté premièrement sur l’analyse de la structure verte, son organisation spatiale, son évolution, sa gestion et ses usages dans le cas de l’agglomération tourangelle. En second lieu nous avons analysé l’influence des activités anthropiques, plus particulièrement les opérations de gestion et les pratiques des usagers, sur les communautés des pelouses des espaces verts publics. Troisièmement, nous avons examiné l’effet du gradient urbain, sur la composition botanique des boisements urbains.L’analyse spatiale de l’évolution de la structure verte tourangelle a permis de démontrer que les espaces verts qui n’étaient pas protégés par un statut particulier (patrimoine, valeur écologique, zone inondable, etc.) ont disparu, ont été fragmentés ou fortement artificialisés. Ce travail a mis en évidence la structuration spatiale des communautés floristiques en fonction du gradient de fréquentation, dans les pelouses, et du gradient urbain dans le cas des bois. En présence d’une gestion intensive, comme dans les pelouses urbaines, l’effet des variables du milieu semble atténué. / This research work focused firstly on the analysis of the green structures, their spatial organization, evolution, management and uses in the area of greater Tours. Secondly, we analyzed the influence of the anthropological activities, particularly management operations and users' practices, on the communities of the lawns of public green spaces. Thirdly, we examined the effect of the urban gradient on the botanical composition of urban afforestations.The spatial analysis of the evolution of the green structures of Tours has demonstrated that green spaces which were not protected by a special status (heritage site, ecological value, flood-risk area, etc.), have disappeared, been split up or become highly artificial. This work highlights the spatial structure of the floristic communities according to the gradient of frequencies in lawns, and the urban gradient in the case of wooded areas. In the presence of intensive management, as with urban lawns, the effect of the environment's variables appears to be reduced.

O presente estudo foi realizado no reservatório Rio Grande (Complexo Billings), estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de analisar a heterogeneidade espacial ao longo de seu eixo principal e com isso também saber se a comunidade zooplanctônica varia junto com o gradiente de condições ambientais encontrado no reservatório. Para tal, o reservatório foi dividido em quatro porções com base em informações anteriores a este estudo que mostravam um gradiente de trofia variando de eutrófico próximo de seus tributários a oligotrófico próximo à barragem. Assim, em cada porção foram escolhidos três pontos, totalizando 12 pontos de coleta amostrados em duas épocas do ano. Algumas variáveis como clorofila-a, fósforo total, materiais em suspensão e condutividade elétrica diminuíram em direção a barragem, outras como a transparência e profundidade aumentaram, o que indica também uma diminuição da eutrofização na porção próxima à barragem onde há captação de água para abastecimento, embora os valores do IET tenham indicado em geral um ambiente eutrófico, chegando a ser mesotrófico próximo à barragem. O zooplâncton apresentou maior riqueza de espécies e abundância total na parte alta do reservatório, diminuindo em direção à barragem. Os Rotifera foram os organismos com maior número de espécies, foram quase sempre mais abundantes e seguiram o padrão geral de heterogeneidade na abundância, já os Copepoda, formados apenas pela ordem Cyclopoida, apresentaram padrões diferentes do geral em ambos os períodos. Os Cladocera foram pouco presentes. Assim, a presença de certas espécies ou grupos do zooplâncton apontaram para um ambiente eutrofizado e instável, com a presença de espécies oportunistas. Sendo assim, a comunidade zooplanctônica acompanhou o gradiente de condições ambientais do reservatório com alterações em sua abundância e composição, mostrando ser um bom indicador de mudanças ambientais. Esse gradiente ao longo do eixo principal é comum em reservatórios por ser um sistema de transição, mas no reservatório Rio Grande também pode haver influência antrópica vinda do despejo de cargas poluidoras ou do manejo, com a aplicação de algicidas para tratamento da água. Por meio de ACPs, as variáveis limnológicas e as características do zooplâncton dividiram o reservatório em três compartimentos dentro desse gradiente encontrado; tais compartimentos variam suas dimensões constantemente com o passar do tempo, mostrando assim um ambiente dinâmico, mas com compartimentos bem definidos. / The present study was done in the Rio Grande reservoir (Billings Complex), São Paulo state, with the aim to analyze the spatial heterogeneity in the main axis and also to know if the zooplankton community varies with the gradient of environmental conditions found in the reservoir. To this end , the reservoir was divided in four portions based on previous information to this study that showed a trophic gradient varying from eutrophic near of its tributaries to oligotrophic near of the dam. Thus, in each portion it was chosen three points, totalizing 12 points sampled in two seasons. Some variables as chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus, suspension materials and electric conductivity decreased towards the dam, others such as the transparency and depth increased, what indicates a decrease of the eutrophication in the dams portion where there is a captation point for water supply, although the IET values have indicated, in general, a eutrophic environment being mesotrophic near of the dam. The zooplankton presented large richness of species and total abundance in the upstream zone of the reservoir decreasing towards the dam. The Rotifera were the organisms with the largest number of species, being almost always the most abundant group and followed the general pattern of the heterogeneity in the abundance. On the other hand, the Copepoda, only formed by the order Cyclopoida, presented different patterns of heterogeneity in both periods. The Cladocera were rarely present. Therefore, the presence of some species or groups of zooplankton pointed to a eutrophic and instable environment, with the presence of opportunist species. Hence, the zooplankton community accompanied the gradient of environmental conditions of the reservoir with abundance and composition changes showing to be a good indicator of the environmental changes. This gradient along the main axis is common in reservoirs inasmuch as it is a transitional system, but in the Rio Grande reservoir can also have anthropic influence due to the discharge of pollutant loads or management applying algicides to water treatment. Through PCAs, the limnological variables and zooplankton characteristics divided the reservoir in three compartments inside this gradient found; such compartments vary their sizes constantly during the time showing thus a dynamic environment, but still with well-defined compartments.