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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University.

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Automated grading systems have been researched at various universities for several years. Numerous systems have been developed that automate the process of grading by compiling, executing and testing the students submitted source code. However, such systems are mostly written as UNIX scripts and are restricted to performing one kind of activity. The instructors or teaching assistants have to resort to other methods in order to provide their feedback to the students. The core of this thesis is to research a TA feedback mechanism which will streamline the grading process for the professors and teaching assistants. A web-based grading tool has been developed that allows course staff to enter comments for students' programs directly through a web browser. The interface provides for full direct-manipulation editing of comments, which are then immediately viewable by students when they look up assignment results. Such an interface also has potential to support peer grading of assignments. Teaching assistants of introductory programming level courses were interviewed to learn about the different grading methods they use and were asked their opinion of our new grading interface. TAs were also asked to grade assignments using the traditional paper method as well as the computer using our new grading tool for comparison. Finally, an anonymous survey was sent out to various computer science faculties in different universities to gather information about the expectations they have with respect to TA grading activities for programming assignments and the learning outcomes that these professors desire for their students. / Master of Science

This descriptive, non-experimental, quantitative study was designed to answer the broad question, “What do grades mean?” Core academic subject middle school teachers from one large, suburban school district in Virginia were administered an electronic survey that asked them to report on aspects of their grading practices and assessment methods for one class taught during the 2008-2009 school year. The survey addressed the following topics: 1) primary purposes for grades, 2) attitudes toward grading, 3) assessment method, and 4) grading practices. Additionally, the study examined the relationship between teachers’ reported assessment and grading methods and student achievement. Overall results and results disaggregated by subject area, grade level, and student ability level suggest that teachers are consistent in what they consider the primary purposes for grades. The vast majority indicated that grades should communicate student levels of mastery of content and skills. However, sizable percentages of teachers reported that they also considered non-academic indicators such as effort, attendance, and paying attention in class when determining student grades, suggesting a lack of alignment between their reported beliefs and practice. The study examined the extent to which teachers’ reported grading and assessment practices were consistent with those recommended in the literature on measurement and assessment. The study findings are consistent with those of findings from previous studies suggesting that teachers engage in “hodgepodge grading,” a practice which incorporates non-academic factors into student grades. The results also show that teachers use a variety of assessment methods and types of questions when measuring student achievement. The results indicate that projects, student exhibits, essays, inclusion of zeros, and extra credit were associated with higher levels of student achievement. Conversely, norm-referencing, classwork, participation, and matching were negatively correlated with student grades and test scores.

培養終身學習者是學校教育的重要任務，轉變評估理念、將評估作為促學手段是教育政策的導向，將二者有機結合到課堂中，即利用課堂評估培養學生成為終身學習者的實踐訴求是研究源起。本研究依託自主學習概念界定終身學習者所需素養，調查中國大陸三所中學的課堂評估實踐可否培養自主學習者以及影響因素。研究由四個問題引導展開：促進自主學習的課堂評估特徵在中國中學體現如何？中國中學生自主學習狀況如何？各項課堂評估特徵對學生自主學習各維度的影響關係為何？不同課堂評估特徵對自主學習有不同影響的原因為何？本研究選取河北省與廣州市三所中學12個高二班級，通過問卷、訪談、（課堂與實物）觀察收集數據，研究課堂評估及學生自主學習狀況。共計有分屬生物、語文、英語三門學科的630名學生與12位教師參與。採用描述統計、多元方差分析、結構方程建模等量化統計方法並結合質化分析，研究結果如下： / 第一，參與研究中學課堂評估實踐在促進自主學習的特徵上處於中等水平，學科比較發現英語科水平最低。評估採用傳統任務形式，明顯模仿高考試題，包含不同題型，考查多種認知能力。學生自評以評分與評後反思跟進為主，互評僅為評分且互評機會少，學生無參與評估決策機會。教師對學生參與評估的指導主要在於精確評分，將評估視為管理工具，故剝奪學生參與決策機會。課堂口頭反饋是主要教師反饋渠道，反饋側重認知內容。課堂評估氛圍安全，阻礙學生積極應對課堂評估的主要是自尊。 / 第二，學生自主學習水平也在中等，英語科水平最低。學生的元認知調節針對學習內容、不關注認知策略，較多做評估後反思與調整，但缺乏計劃與監視，著重"回顧"。認知策略上多用記憶法，精細加工策略居中，組織策略最少。學生內部動機較高，認為學習內容有價值；外部動機主要有高考與重要他人的期待，相對不重視社會比較或在同伴中地位。對動機調節策略的運用無意識，當有意識調節動機時，往往採用回避或控制，而非真正調節動機。 / 第三，文獻指出七項評估特徵──評估任務、自評、互評、學生參與評估決策、教師指導與結構、教師反饋、評估氛圍──存在發展自主學習的契機，但本研究僅提供部分支持。其中可促進自主學習的包括自評、教師指導與結構以及教師反饋，評估任務及學生參與評估決策效用有限，利用互評、營造安全評估氛圍兩項策略未提升自主學習水平。 / 第四，九類因素影響課堂評估對自主學習的效用。除評估本身的質與量方面因素外，存在七類"情境"因素：學生執行、學生對待反饋、學生積極主動參與、學生依賴、學習動機與策略不易變、學科特征、師生關係。 / The New Curriculum Reform along with a series of official educational documents spells out the imperative for schools to foster lifelong learners; a formative assessment initiative also stands out in the reform. The present research explores the potential of integrating the two themes into regular classroom practice, i.e., formatively use classroom assessment (CA) to prepare students for lifelong learning. Four research questions guide this pursuit: How pro-SRL (Self-regulated learning) are Chinese high-school classroom assessment (HCA) practices in reference to seven assessment features? How well do Chinese high-school students regulate their learning? What is the impact of CA on students’ SRL? Why do CA strategies have varied impacts? / 630 high-school juniors and their 12 teachers, from 3 high schools in Hebei and Guangzhou, participated in the study. Questionnaire survey, interview, class observation and artifact collection were adopted to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The participants were chosen so as to represent various CA practices in different subject areas including biology, Chinese and EFL (English). / Quantitative analytical techniques including descriptive analysis, MANOVA, and SEM were employed in association with qualitative analysis to find: / Firstly, HCA moderately bore pro-SRL features, though there were variations among the three subjects, with EFL the lowest. Specifically, HCA mainly relied on traditional assessment tasks that were obviously modeled on Gaokao papers; these tasks tapped a range of cognitive abilities. Self-assessment and peer-assessment focused on rating and not much else. Students profited from self-rating through reflection and reaction, but peer-rating was minimally engaging. Meanwhile peer-assessment was rare. Teacher instruction on assessment techniques, if any, was primarily concerning rating accuracy. In addition to the lack of real self- or peer-assessment practice, students were not involved in making decisions regarding their own assessment. This is because teachers saw assessment as a way to control and manage. Teacher feedback was usually delivered orally during class, mostly focused on the specific assessment tasks. Classroom assessment was not much of a high-stakes event but viewed by the students as an occasion where they needed protect their self-esteem. / Secondly, students were medium-level self-regulated learners, and once again EFL students trailed others. When they metacognitively regulated their learning, the students took a retrospective approach, i.e., they reflected and reacted, but seldom planned and monitored. Also, they focused on what they learned, not how they learned what they learned. Memorization was the most common cognitive strategy, followed by elaboration, and organization. Students showed high intrinsic motivation; they deemed curricular materials relevant and important. Their extrinsic motivation was Gaokao-related, as well as fueled by their significant others’ expectations. Less high was the motivation to earn admiration from peers. Students were not knowledgeable about motivation-regulating strategies. As a result, they used volitional and avoidance approaches when learning motivation was low, though some of their learning activities had unintended effect of boosting motivation. / Thirdly, the seven CA features, i.e., assessment task, self-assessment, peer-assessment, student involvement in decision-making, teacher instruction and structure, teacher feedback as well as assessment environment, did not contribute to SRL equally. Among the seven, self-assessment most effectively supported SRL, followed by teacher instruction and provision of structure on assessment procedures, and then teacher feedback. Assessment task and student involvement in decision-making had mixed impacts. Peer-assessment and assessment environment did not improve SRL. / Fourthly, to make any conclusions practical, factors that interfered with the impact of assessment strategies were explored. Among the 9 factors, 2 were traits inherent in the strategies, i.e., the relevance of the strategies, including the implementation of them, to the concerned SRL dimension, and the frequency and consistency of their use. The remaining 7 were contextual, including student implementation, student response to feedback, student engagement, student reliance, fixed learning motivation and strategy use, the subject per se, and student-teacher relationship. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 張文霄. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 251-284). / Abstracts also in English. / Zhang Wenxiao.

Betygsättning är ett centralt inslag det svenska utbildningsväsendet i och med det att elever i den svenska gymnasieskolan betygsätts efter varje avslutad kurs. Föreliggande uppsats syftar till att studera hur elever i den svenska gymnasieskolan upplever betygsättning. Studien undersöker elevernas upplevelser av betygsättning genom intervjuer av åtta elever på en gymnasieskola i Mellansverige. Studien påvisar bland annat att elever upplever att det är kunskaper som primärt betygsätts men att externa faktorer såsom uppträdande och social kontakt med läraren kan påverka hur många möjligheter till omprövning eleven får. Vidare visar resultaten att betygsystemets utformning som sådant kan påverka elevers insatser i kurser i och med att ett visst betyg kräver uppnådda resultat på samtliga kunskapskrav och elever kan således sänka sitt engagemang i en kurs om möjligheten till ett visst betyg har upphört.